SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

COMPUTATIONAL METHOD BS 404

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS: A system of linear equations (or linear system) is a collection of linear equations involving the same set of variables. For example,

is a system of three equations in the three variables . A solution to a linear system is an assignment of numbers to the variables such that all the equations are simultaneously satisfied. A solution to the system above is given by

Since it makes all three equations valid. A "system" of equations is a set or collection of equations that you deal with all together at once. Linear equations (ones that graph as straight lines) are simpler than non-linear equations, and the simplest linear system is one with two equations and two variables.

SYED MAMNOON AKHTER

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SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

COMPUTATIONAL METHOD BS 404

EQUIVALENT SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS:

EXAMPLE:

x+2y+3z=5, x-y+6z=1 and 3x-2y=4 Above system can be expressed by the help of matrices.

The first matrix of each representation of a linear system contains the coefficients appearing in the system. This matrix is called the coefficient matrix. The essential information of such system is this coefficient matrix A together with the column matrix B of the known terms. We can denote such system shortly as AX=B. Then X is the column matrix of the unknowns. Therefore we can gather all essential data of the system in one matrix, by adding the column matrix of the known terms to the coefficient matrix. For the first system we have then

SYED MAMNOON AKHTER

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SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

COMPUTATIONAL METHOD BS 404

This matrix is called the enlarged matrix of the system. Conversely, when we have the enlarged matrix of a system, we know the system and we can start calculating the solutions. EQUIVALENT SYSTEMS: Two systems are equivalent if and only if they have the same set of solutions. Now we'll define some basic actions by witch a system is transformed in an equivalent system. Action 1 : Multiply one of the equations with a real number different from 0. This is equivalent with: Multiply one of the rows, of the enlarged matrix of the system, with a real number different from 0. Action 2 : Multiply one of the equations with a real number, and add the result to another equation, leaving the original equation unchanged. This is equivalent with: Multiply one of the rows, of the enlarged matrix of the system, with a real number, and add the result to another row, leaving the original row unchanged.

SYED MAMNOON AKHTER

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SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

COMPUTATIONAL METHOD BS 404

Action 3 : Interchange two equations . This is equivalent with : Interchange two rows of the enlarged matrix of the system. Action 4 : Delete an equation that is equivalent with 0 = 0 This is equivalent with : Delete a row, of the enlarged matrix of the system, that contains only zero's. Action 5 : If an equation of a system is equivalent with 0=k, with k not zero, then the system has no solutions. This is equivalent with : If a row, of the enlarged matrix of the system, is composed of zero's, except for the last number, then the system has no solutions. Row-transformations Each of the actions transforming a system to an equivalent system, is equivalent to a transformation of the rows of the enlarged matrix of the system. These are the so called 'row transformations'.
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SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

COMPUTATIONAL METHOD BS 404

Now, it can be shown that, by a appropriate consequence of only these 5 actions, we can solve any system of linear equations. The method, to do this in a efficient way, is called the method of Gauss. The Gauss method: We'll illustrate this method by means of 1 example. Example 1 Take the system 2x-3y+2z=21 x+4y-z=1 -x+2y+z=17 or equivalently

R1 <-> R2

SYED MAMNOON AKHTER

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SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

COMPUTATIONAL METHOD BS 404

R2 + 2.R3

R3 + R1

(1/6).R3

R3-R2

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SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

COMPUTATIONAL METHOD BS 404

(-1/4).R3

Now we shall return to the system. x+4y-z=1, y+4z=55, z=13

Working from z to x, we find easily z=13; y=3; x=2. Now we state the method. Only use the row transformations described above and work from top-row to bottom-row. 1. Make in each row, the first non-zero element (called the main element) equal to 1 2. Transform, beneath this main element, all the elements to 0 3. If there comes a row of all zero's, delete this row 4. If there comes a row composed of zero's, except for the last number, then the system has no solutions.

SYED MAMNOON AKHTER

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SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

COMPUTATIONAL METHOD BS 404

Remark: All these matrices are called row-equivalent. The resulting matrix is called an 'echelon' matrix. It is also possible to transform, the matrix such that each main element is the only nonzero element on its column. In that case the resulting matrix is called row-canonical.

SYED MAMNOON AKHTER

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