PRACTICUM REPORT CALORIE WORK

Name NPM Faculty Department/Major Practicum Code

: Christopher Kevinly : 1206223846 : Engineering : Civil Engineering / Civil Engineering International Class : KR 02

Week of Experiment : I

Basic Science Education Executor Unit (UPP-IPD) The University of Indonesia Depok

KR-02 Calorie Work

I. Purpose of the Practicum To calculate the calor capacity of a conductor wire.

II.

Apparatus

a. An adjustable voltage source b. A 2-gram conductor wire c. Thermometer d. Volt meter and ampere meter e. Camrecorder f. An adjustable power supply g. Personal Computer and automatic remote control

III.

Theory Basis In term of physics, Heat is defined as a sort of energy which flows from a higher temprature object to the lower one when both of the objects in touch each other until the temprature of both objects are the same and thermal balance is reached. Heat is also defined as the thermal energy which is possesed by a kind of substance. If the temprature of the object is high, the heat which is contained by the object is huge. However, if the temprature is low, the heat which is contained is low. From the former experiments which have been conducted before, the ammount of the heat of an object or substance is based on 3 factors: the mass of the substance/object, the type of the object (Specific Heat) and the change of the temprature,

So, it can be defined mathematically by:

Where: Q m c = The Heat which is required (Joule) = The mass of the object (Kg) = The specific heat of the substance (J/Kg K) = The initial temprature. (K) = The final temprature (K) In the heat theory, there is two concept which is nearly alike but different. The two concept is The Heat Capacity (C) and the Specific Heat (c). The heat capacity is the ammpunt of heat which is needed to rise the temprature of the substance by 1 oC or 1 K.

Where: C = Heat Capacity (Joule/oC)

The specific heat is the ammount of heat required in order to increase the temprature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K. The tool which is used in order to know the specific heat is called calorimeter.

Where: c = Specific Heat (Joule/kg oC)

According to both equation, the relation between the specific heat and the heat capacity can b notated by:

The law of conservation of energy for heat fulfills the principle which was proposed by Joseph Black, or the Blacks Principle. In a mixture of two substances, the ammount of the heat which is released by the substance with the higher temprature is the same as the ammount of heat that is recived by the substance which posseses the lower temprature, which can be mathematically stated as:

And according to the law of conservation of energy itself, energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can only be changed into the other phase. In this experiment, the electrical energy will be changed into heat. So it can also be mathematically stated as:

With

Where W V I t = Electrical energy (Joule) = Voltage (Volt) = Electrical current (Ampere) = Time (Second)

The electrical energy is an energy which is created by the electrical current in a closed electrical system.

In this experiment, the conductor wire is coiled around a thermal sensor. The wire will be connected to the voltage source so there will be an electrical current flowing through the wire and resulting in the creation of heat from the electrical energy. The change of temprature which will be observed by the thermal sensor will then be recorded by the instrumental system. The voltage of the wire can be adjusted, so the change of temprature can be varied according to the voltage which is given to the wire. IV. Procedure of the Experiment 1. This lab experiment can be conducted by clicking on the rLab button which is located below the schedule page. 2. Activate the webcam by clicking on the Video button on the page. 3. Add the voltage V0 to the wire, also by clicking on the web. 4. Turn on the power supply by clicking the option button below the voltage. 5. Gain the data of the temprature for each voltage for 30 seconds by clicking the ukur icon. 6. Before begining the second, third or fourth attempt, always remember to make sure that the temprature of the wire is the same with the initial temprature. 7. Repeat the procedure for V1, V2 and V3.

Figure 1. The apparatus of the experiment

V.

Result and Evaluation

a. Data processing According to the data we obtained, we can plot the graph:
30 25 20 V0 15 10 5 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 V1 V3 V2

Figure 2. Graph of Temprature (Y) to time (x)

And according to the graph above, the heat is equal to the electrical energy, therefore:

So if it is assumed as a linear line ( Y = mX), so T ~ Y, V~X, and m ~ then

V0 = 0 t2
9 36 81 144 225 324

t
3 6 9 12 15 18

T
16.9 16.9 17.0 16.9 16.9 16.9

T2
285.61 285.61 289 285.61 285.61 285.61

tT
50.7 101.4 153 202.8 253.5 304.2

21 24 27 30 165

16.9 16.9 16.9 16.9 169.1

441 576 729 900 3465

285.61 285.61 285.61 285.61 2859.49

354.9 405.6 456.3 507 2789.4

co = 0 J/kg oC V1= 0,67 t2

16.9 17 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.8 17.9 18.1 18.2 175.5 9 36 81 144 225 324 441 576 729 900 3465

t
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 165

T2
285.61 289 292.41 299.29 306.25 313.29 316.84 320.41 327.61 331.24 3081.95

tT
50.7 102 153.9 207.6 262.5 318.6 373.8 429.6 488.7 546 2933.4

237.716 J/kg oC

V2 = 1.62 Volt

t
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 165

T
17.1 17.5 18.4 19.5 20.5 21.4 22.3 23 23.8 24.4 207.9

t2
9 36 81 144 225 324 441 576 729 900 3465

T2
292.41 306.25 338.56 380.25 420.25 457.96 497.29 529 566.44 595.36 4383.77

tT
51.3 105 165.6 234 307.5 385.2 468.3 552 642.6 732 3643.5

150,14 J/kg oC

V3 = 1.08 volt

t
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 165

T
16.9 17.2 17.6 18.1 18.5 18.9 19.3 19.6 19.9 20.2 186.2

t2
9 36 81 144 225 324 441 576 729 900 3465

T2
285.61 295.84 309.76 327.61 342.25 357.21 372.49 384.16 396.01 408.04 3478.98

tT
50.7 103.2 158.4 217.2 277.5 340.2 405.3 470.4 537.3 606 3166.2

181.69 J/kg oC After Gaining all the specific heat of all voltage, now we have to calculate the average value of these data in order to get the exact value of the wires specific heat.

In order to determine the type of the wire used in this experiment, we searched some sources and found out that the type of the wire which has the closest value of the specific heat compared to the specific heat we
o

C obtained in this experiment is silver, which have the specific heat of

236 J/Kg oC. if the wire is really a silver wire, it is possible to calculate the relative error of the experiment:

b. Analysis
i.

Experiment In the KR-02 experiment about the calorie work which is conducted online by rLab aims for knowing the value of the heat capacity of the conductor wire. This experiment is conducted by flowing a certain amount of electrical current on a wire, which will cause in the increase of temperature of the wire. This experiment has proven that the law of conservation of energy is true, since the electrical energy is converted into heat, indicated by the rise of the temperature.

The measurement is done once in three seconds during the 30 seconds of each experiment. There are 10 times of measurement in order to gain the most accurate data which is approaching the real value. The data which has been taken is supposed to reflect the real situation happens on the system. The voltage we used in this experiment is V0 = 0 volt, V1 = 0.67 volt, V2 = 1.62 volt and V3 = 1.08 volt. The variation of the voltage is done in order to know the effect of the amount of the voltage given to the system with the rise of the temperature, which is reflected on Figure 2, where each experiments has different slope or gradient. The data is recorded once in three seconds because we want the change of the temperature is clearly recorded. If the interval of the data recording is tighten, the change of the temperature which is recorded will be very small, so the graph will not clear.

ii. Result According to the result of the experiment, as the voltage rises, the increase of the temperature of the conductor wire will be more significant. This proves the law of the conservation of energy, which says that the amount of the energy will be always the same.
= V. . = . .

From the following equation, we know that the experiment we conducted is a success, since the rise of temperature ( ) is linearly related with the voltage (V). In this experiment, the result we got from the calculation the specific heat of the wire is 189.85 J/Kg oC. From the following

value, we searched the literature and the value of the material which is close to the value of our experiment, and the result is silver, which have the specific heat of 236 J/Kg oC. The relative error which is calculated in this experiment is quite high, which is caused by a systematic error. The systematic error is: Theatrical error, because in this experiment, it is assumed that all the electrical energy is converted into heat. But in fact, not all the electrical energy is not converted into the heat.

iii. Graph According to the graph from the data of the experiment, we can conclude that the value of the temperature is directly proportional to the value of the increase of the temperature. If the voltage is increased, the temperature change of the system will be more significant. This graph also reflect the significance of the change of the temperature of each voltage VI. Conclusion i. Every kind of energy can be converted into other form of energy, but it is nearly impossible to completely change the energy to the other form, since there will be some of the energy which is released to the nature. ii. The heat capacity is the amount of the heat required in order to rise an object or substance by 1oC iii. The specific heat is the amount of heat required in order to rise an objects or substance which weight 1kg by 1oC iv. The temperature will rise as the voltage is given and it will keep rising by time. The increase of the voltage will result in a more significant temperature rise. v. The specific heat of the wire which is used in this experiment is 189.85 J/Kg oC with a relative error of 19.56%.

VII.

Literature References Giancoli, D.C.; Physics for Scientists & Engeeners, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, NJ, 2000. Halliday, Resnick, Walker; Fundamentals of Physics, 7th Edition, Extended Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NJ, 2005.

VIII. Attachment
Time 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 Time 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 Time 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 Temp 16.9 16.9 17 16.9 16.9 16.9 16.9 16.9 16.9 16.9 Temp 16.9 17 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.8 17.9 18.1 18.2 Temp 17.1 17.5 18.4 19.5 20.5 21.4 22.3 23 23.8 I 23.84 23.84 23.84 23.84 23.84 23.84 23.84 23.84 23.84 23.84 I 35.48 35.48 35.48 35.48 35.48 35.48 35.48 35.48 35.48 35.48 I 51.9 51.9 51.9 51.9 51.9 51.9 51.9 51.79 51.9 V 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 V 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 V 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62

30 Time 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

24.4 Temp 16.9 17.2 17.6 18.1 18.5 18.9 19.3 19.6 19.9 20.2

51.79 I 42.55 42.55 42.55 42.55 42.55 42.55 42.55 42.55 42.55 42.55

1.62 V 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08