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Background
Building Standard Law of Japan (BSLJ) --- Minimum building design requirements - completely revised in 2000 - Performance Based Design (PBD) AIJ Recommendations for Loads on Buildings (AIJ-RLB) 1993 - to be revised in 2004
Major Revisions
Introduction of the wind directionality factor (8 wind directions); Explicit introduction of wind load combinations; Correction and addition of topographic effects; Substantial fulfillment of aerodynamic shape factors
- Crosswind Detailed Method Simplified - Along-wind - Roof Along- Torsion Method - Cladding - Quasi-steady - Size Reduction Effects Quasi- Quasi-static - Resonance Effects Quasi-
U H = U 0 K D E H k rW
U0 : Basic wind speed KD : Wind directionality factor EH : Wind speed profile factor krW : Return period conversion factor
32 32 36 30 32 32 38 30
63%
100%
50%
100%
10m/s
Northern Hemisphere
Dangerous Semicircle
Evaluation of Directional R-year Recurrence Wind Speed in Tropical Cyclone Prone Region
Virtual Long-term Meteorological Data
Wind Directionality
(Tokyo, 100-year Recurrence)
1.
QX,100
Calculation of equivalent return period causing the same 100-year recurrence wind load effect in the most unfavorable case 150 200 years
QX,100
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Calculation of equivalent return period causing the same 100-year recurrence wind load effect in the most unfavorable case Calculation of average directional wind speeds UD based on the equivalent return period for various cases at each meteorological site
3.
Ave. (m/s)
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Chiba
12
E = Er E g
Er : Exposure factor for flat terrains E g : Topography factor for mean
wind speed
Z 1.7 ZG Er = 1.7 Z b Z G
Zb < Z ZG Z Zb
ZG Zb
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V IV
600 500
III II
0.5
1.5
Er
Topography Factor Eg
S
Escarpments HS XS HS XS
S
Ridges
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Topography Factor Eg
A series of wind tunnel tests and numerical simulations U+U
U U
Eg=(U+U)/U
Topography Factor Eg
Z E g = (C1 1)C2 H C3 + 1 S Z exp C2 H C3 + 1 1 S
C1 , C2 and C3 : Constants depending
on slope angle and distance from upper edge
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Topography Factor Eg
0
Eg
Proposed Formula Eg
1
-3 -3 --2 2 -1 -1 0 0 1 1
2 XS 2 Xs/Hs HS
1
3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
U = U 500 U 0
U 500: 500-year-recurrence wind speed U0
for the meteorological standard conditions : Basic wind speed (100-year-recurrence)
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I Z = I rZ E gI
I rZ
: Turbulence Intensity for flat terrains
Topography factor for fluctuation wind speed u
EI EgI = Eg
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I rZ
Z 0.1 ZG = 0.1 Z b Z G
0.05
0.05
Zb < Z ZG Z Zb
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WD = q H C D G D A
: Velocity pressure at reference height H CD : Aerodynamic shape factor GD : Gust loading factor A : Projected area GLF based on Base Bending Moment (Zhou & Kareem, 2001)
qH
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GD = 1 + g D
' Cg
Cg
1 + D 2 RD
D
RD
coefficients for alongwind OTM : Correction factor depending on mode shape : Resonance factor
WR = qH CRGR AR
qH CR GR AR
: Velocity pressure at reference height H = C pe C pi : Aerodynamic shape factor : Gust loading factor : Subjected area for roof beam
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1 rc
C pi = 0.4, CR 0
2 G R = 1 12.3rRe (1 + R Re ) + 0.3rc
C pi = 0
WD = qZ C DGD AF
qZ CD GD A
: Velocity pressure at height Z : Aerodynamic shape factor : Gust loading factor : Projected area
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GD = 1 + g D
Cg Cg
D 1 + RD
D
RD
coefficients for alongwind OTM : Correction factor depending on mode shape : Resonance factor
H 3 BD
UH
H D B
22
Z 2 W L = 3q H C L A g L 1 + L R L H
CL = 0.0082(D B ) 0.071(D B ) + 0.22(D B )
3 2
g L : Peak factor
RL
WT = 1.8qH CT AB
gT : Peak factor
Z gT 1 + T 2 RT H
RT
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Z = H
Mode shape
Lattice Towers
D =
M 5M D
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Mass-Damping Parameter L
Onset Velocity
I & II
All L 0.2 0.2<L 0.8 L > 0.8 L 0.4 L > 0.4 All
III, IV &V
U*Lcr 16L 11 1.2L +7.3 2.3 12 15 L 3.7 Not occur 4.5L +6.7 0.7L +8.8 11
D/B D/B1.5
T 0.05 0.05 <T 0.1 T > 0.1 T 0.05 0.05 <T 0.15 T > 0.15 T 0.05 T > 0.05
Mass-Damping Parameter T
Onset Velocity
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H UH 7 and 4.2 Dm f L Dm
fL
UH Dm H
Z 2 Wr = 0.8U r C r A H
Cr fL
UH H Z Dm
26
Displacement
Bending Moment
130%
115%
Ensemble averaged values of 12 samples The worst case was a 75% increase in tensile stress.
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WD
WLC = WD
Combination Factor
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Combination Factor
Building Height
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1.5 B 1
WL= WD WD D
0.5
(H = 40m)
Combination Factor
1.5 B 1
WL= WD WD D
0.5
= 0.35 (D/B)
1 2 3 Side Ratio D/B (H = 80m)
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2 + 2 1
= M x + m x ,max
1 2 2
0 (M x , M y ) 1
Along-wind Load
Crosswind Load
Torsional Load
WD
0.4 WL
WL
0.4 WT
( 2+2 1)W
LT
( 2+2 1)W
LT
WT
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32
WC = q H C C AC
C C = C pe C * pi C : Peak external pressure coefficient
pe * pi
: Coefficient accounting for the effect of the internal pressure Equivalent internal fluctuation pressure coefficient : Tributary area
- Buildings with rectangular sections (H>45m) - Buildings with rectangular sections with flat, shed, or gable roofs (H45m) - Circular arc roofs (H45m) - Dome roofs
C pi
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- Buildings with circular sections - Pitched free roofs with a rectangular plan - Lattice structures - Fences - Members with various sections - Nettings
, CY
Coefficients accounting for the effect of the internal pressure fluctuation for C * pi cladding and components
- Buildings without dominant openings
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35
20 20
20
15
20 15 15 20
20
20
20
Miscellaneous
Evaluation formulae for along-wind, crosswind and torsional acceleration responses Interference effects of neighboring buildings Uncertainty and dispersion of parameters included in AIJ-RLB-2004 - to achieve reliability based design
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