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CANCER

Dr. Anthoiny P. Toledo, MD, RN

Diagnostic Examinations

Diagnostic Examinations are done to:

‫ ﭻ‬1. Determine the presence of tumor and its extent.


‫ ﭻ‬2. Identify possible spread (metastasis) of disease or invasion
of other body tissues.
‫ ﭻ‬3. Evaluate the function of involved and uninvolved body
systems and organs.
‫ ﭻ‬4. Obtain tissue and cells for analysis, including evaluation of
tumor stage and grade.

Tumor Marker Identification

‫ ﭺ‬Description:
Analysis of substances found in blood or other body
fluids that are made by the tumor or by in response to tumor

‫ﭺ‬ Diagnostic Uses:


‫ﭺ‬ Breast
‫ﭺ‬ Colon
‫ﭺ‬ Lung
‫ﭺ‬ Ovarian
‫ﭺ‬ Testicular
‫ﭺ‬ Prostate Cancer
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

‫ ﭽ‬Description:
Use of magnetic fields and radiofrequency signals to
create sectioned images of various body structures.

‫ﭽ‬ Diagnostic Uses:


‫ﭽ‬ Neurologic
‫ﭽ‬ Pelvic
‫ﭽ‬ Abdominal
‫ﭽ‬ Thoracic Cancers

Computed Tomography (CT)

 Description:
Use of narrow-beam x-ray to scan successive layers of
tissue for cross-sectional view.

 Diagnostic Uses:
 Neurologic
 Pelvic
 Skeletal
 Abdominal
 Thoracic Cancers
Fluroscopy

 Description:
Uses of X-ray that identify contrast in body tissue
densities; may involve the use of contrast agents.

 Diagnostic Uses:
 Skeletal
 Lung
 Gastrointestinal Cancers

Endoscopy

‫ ﺕ‬Description:
Direct visualization of body cavity or passageway by
insertion of an endoscope into the body cavity or opening; allows
tissue biopsy, fluid aspiration, and excision of small tumors; both
diagnostic and therapeutic.

‫ﺕ‬ Diagnostic Uses:


‫ ﺕ‬Bronchial
‫ ﺕ‬Gastrointestinal Cancers
Nuclear Medicine Imaging

۞ Description:
Uses intravenous injection or ingestion of radioisotope
substances followed by imaging of tissues that have concentrated
the radioisotopes.

۞ Diagnostic Uses:
۞ Bone
۞ Liver
۞ Kidney
۞ Spleen
۞ Brain
۞ Thyroid Cancers

Positron Emission Tomography ( PET)

۩ Description:
Through the use of a tracer; provides black and white or
color-coded images of the biologic activity of a particular area,
rather than it’s structure; used in detection of cancer or it’s response
to treatment.

۩ Diagnostic Uses:
۩ Lung
۩ Colon
۩ Liver
۩ Pancreatic
۩ Head and Neck
۩ Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin
۩ Lymphoma and Melanoma Cancers
PET Fusion

‫ ۝‬Description:
Use of a PET scanner and a CT scanner in one machine
to provide an image combining anatomic detail, spatial resolution,
and functional metabolic abnormalities.

‫ ۝‬Diagnostic Uses:
‫۝‬ The same as PET.

Radioimmunoconjugates

‫ ﭹ‬Description:
Monoclonal antibodies are labeled with a radioisotope
and injected intravenously into the patient; the antibodies that
aggregate at the tumor site are visualized with scanner.

‫ﭹ‬ Diagnostic Uses:


‫ﭹ‬ Colorectal
‫ﭹ‬ Breast
‫ﭹ‬ Ovarian
‫ﭹ‬ Head and Neck
‫ﭹ‬ Lymphoma and Melanoma Cancers
Nursing Responsibilities:

‫ ﺖ‬Have a complete history and physical examination.


‫ ﺖ‬Relieve patients anxiety through:
*Explaining the test to be performed.
*The sensations likely to be experienced.
*Patients role in the test procedure.
‫ ﺖ‬Encourage the patient and family to voice their fears about
test results.
‫ ﺖ‬Support the family throughout the test period.
‫ ﺖ‬Reinforce and clarify information conveyed by the physician.
‫ ﺖ‬Encourage patient and family to communicate and share
concerns and to discuss their questions and concerns with
each other.

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