EP Manual Master 28-01-10

LaboratoryManualfor
ElectronicPrinciples
B.Tech. SEM.II(ALL)
Developedby
RizwanAlad
Supportedby
VasimVohra,HarekrushnaRathod,ShambhaviBhatt,TanmayBhatt MitulShah,TrushnaParikh,DipakRabari,NarendraChauhan
Reviewedby
Dr.NikhilKothari
January2010
FacultyofTechnology DharmsinhDesaiUniversity
Nadiad
Dearstudents,
This learning material consists of two parts. First part includes the contents related to the laboratoryactivities,andthequestionsforconceptualunderstandingarecoveredinthesecond part.
Themainobjectiveofprovidingthislearningmaterialistoencourageselflearningand advance preparation. The lab manual describes the methodology of conducting the experiment withtheory background. All experiments in the manual havebeen conducted in laboratoryearlieraspertheprocedurementionedhere.
DepartmentofElectronics&Communication,FacultyofTechnology,DharmsinhDesaiUniversity,Nadiad
A few sample data sheets are attached in the appendix for realizing the importance of specificationsofelectroniccomponentswhileperformingtheexperiments. Samplequestion paperswouldhelpyouforbetterpreparationfortheoryexaminations. Improvementisacontinuousprocess.Hence,thereisascopeofimprovementinthismanual. Yoursuggestionsforimprovementwillbeusefultous. Nevertheless, wehopethisfirst printedversionofthelearningmaterialfrom Departmentof Electronics&Communicationwillhelpyouunderstandthesubjectbetter.
PARTI
LABMANUAL
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Sr.No.
Title
PageNo. 05
1. StudyofDifferentTypesofLogicGates 2. NANDandNORasUniversalGate 08 3. TransistorasaSwitch 4. TransistorasanAmplifier 5. a)EffectofRConVoltageGainofCEAmplifier b)EffectofREonVoltageGainofCEAmplifier
10 12 15 17
6. EmitterFollowerasaBuffer 7. CommonBaseConfigurationofanTransistorAmplifier 8. BinarytoGraycodeandGraytoBinaryCodeConversion 9. HalfAdderandFullAdderusingBasicLogicGates 10. HalfSubtractorandFullSubtractorusingBasicLogicGates 11. MultistageAmplifierusingBJT 12. StudyofAM
19 22 25 29 32 35 39
LAB1 LogicGates
AIM:ToStudyDifferentTypesofLogicGates. COMPONENTS: IC7400(QuadTwoInputNANDGate), IC7408(QuadTwoInputANDGate), IC7432(QuadTwoInputORGate), IC7402(QuadTwoInputNORGate), IC7486(QuadTwoInputEXORGate), IC7404(NOTGate) APPARATUS:DCPowerSupply,Breadboard,ConnectingWires,Voltmeter.
THEORY: DigitalintegratedcircuitsoperatewithbinarysignalsoftenrepresentingBooleanvalues.Digital ICsarenormallyconsistingofnumberoflogicgateswhichmaybeinterconnectedoravailable separately as individual logic gates. The Digital Integrated Circuits are available in different typesofpackagese.g.Dualinlinepackage,Flatpackage.Dualinlinepackagearewidelyused DigitalICGatesclassifiednotonlybythelogicoperationbutbyspecificcircuitfamilies,e.g. TTL,CMOSetc.However,theexperimentsinthismanualarebasedonTTLversions. Booleanexpressionscanbeimplementedwiththehelpofdifferenttypesoflogicgatesfoundin digital ICs. This in turn also facilitates realization of binary arithmetic operations useful for designinganddevelopingadigitalcomputersystem. Thisexperimentintroducesafewlogicgatescapableofperformingbasiclogicoperationslike AND,NOR,NAND,ORusingdigitalICs.
ANDGATE(IC7408) TheANDgateperformslogicalmultiplication,knownasANDfunction.Ithastwoinputsandone output.ItisknownastwoinputANDgate.
Y=A1*A2 PinDiagramTruthTable A A2 Y A1 A2 Y
ORGATE(IC7432) The OR Gate performs logical addition, known as OR Function. It has two inputs and one output.ItisknownastwoinputORgate. Y=A1+A2 PinDiagramTruthTable A1 0 0 1 1 NOTGATE(IC7404) TheNOTgateperformslogicalcomplement,knownasNOTfunctionwithoneinputandone output. Y=(A1) PinDiagram TruthTable A2 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 1
A1 0 1
Y 1 0
NANDGATE(IC7400) ItisacombinationofNOTandANDgates.AtwoinputNANDgatehastwoinputsandone output. Y=(A1*A2) PinDiagram TruthTable
A1 0 0 1 1
A2 0 1 0 1
Y 1 1 1 0
NORGATE(IC7402) ItisacombinationofNOTandORgates.AtwoinputNORgatehastwoinputsandoneoutput. Y=(A1+A2) PinDiagram TruthTable
A1
A2
XORGATE(IC7486) Whenboththeinputsofthegatearesame,theoutputislow.Otherwisetheoutputishigh. Y=A1*A2+A2*A1
PinDiagram
TruthTable
PROCEDURE: 1. MounttheIConabreadboard.
A1 0 0 1 1
A2 0 1 0 1
Y 0 1 1 0
2. Connectappropriatesupplyvoltageasperthepinoutdiagram. 3. ApplyinputsignalsonthepinsoftheICasperthetruthtablegivenearlier. 4. Measuretheoutputvoltageandcompareitsbinaryequivalentwiththetruthtable. 5. Repeattheaboveprocedureforalltheabovelogicgates.
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENTQUESTIONS: 1. Whatisatruthtable? 2. WritetruthtablesofThreeinputOR,AND,NAND,NORGATES? 3. RealizethelogicexpressionY=A(XOR)B(XOR)C(XOR)DwithXORgates?
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LAB2 NANDandNORasUniversalGates
AIM:ToimplementbasiclogicgatesusingNORandNANDgates. COMPONENTS:IC7400(QuadTwoInputNANDGate),IC7402(QuadTwoInputNORGate) APPARATUS:DCPowerSupply,Breadboard,ConnectingWires,Voltmeter. THEORY: DigitalcircuitsarefrequentlyconstructedwithonlyNANDorNORgates;becausethesegatesare easierto fabricate with electroniccomponents. NANDandNOR gates aresaid tobeuniversal gatesbecauseanylogicoperationcanbeimplementedusingonlyonetypeofthesegates. ThispropertyofNANDandNORgatesisusefulinreducingthepackagecountinthedesignofa digitalsystem.Reductioninnumberofcomponentsmakesthesystemmorecompactandreduces thecostsignificantly.
NORasaUniversalgate TheconversionofNOT,ANDandORgateisasshownbelow.
Input 1 0
Output 0 1
Input
Outpu
A1 0 0 1 1
A2 0 1 0 1
Y 0 1 1 1
A1
A2
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A 0 0 1 1 NANDasaUniversalgate
A2 0 1 0 1
Y 0 0 0 1
A1
A2
TheconversionofNOT,ANDandORgateisasshownbelow.
Input 1 0
Output 0 1
Input
Output
A1
A2
A1
A2
A1
A2
A1
A2
PROCEDURE: 1. MounttheICsonbreadboardasshowninthefigure(eitherNANDorNOR). 2. Connectappropriatesupplyvoltageasperthepinoutdiagram.

12
3. Apply inputsignals on thepins of the IC as per the truth table andobserve the outputofeachgateonvoltmeter. 4. Measuretheoutputvoltageandcompareitsbinaryequivalentwiththetruthtable. 5. PerformtheaboveprocedureforbothNANDandNORgates.
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMNETQUESTIONS: 1. ExplaintheTermUniversalGate? 2. WhatisthedifferencebetweenBasicgatesandUniversalGates? 3. ConstructXORandXNORgatesusingUniversalGates?
13
LAB3 TransistorasaSwitch
AIM:ToStudytheswitchingcharacteristicsofBipolarJunctionTransistor. APPARATUS:BreadBoard,DCPowerSupply,Multimeter,FunctionGenerator,CRO COMPONENTS:TransistorBC547/BC548,Resistors10Kand1K. THEORY: Digital circuits are often called switching circuits because their Operating Point (Q Point) switchesbetweentwopointsontheloadline.Inmostdesigns,thetwopointsaresaturationand cutoff.Atransistorwithbasebiasingcanbeoperatedincutofforsaturationregionwithhigh andlowoutputvoltagerespectively.Inthecutoffregion,thetransistoractslikeanopenswitch whileinsaturationitactslikeaclosedswitch. Atransistorcanbeoperatedincutoffifthebasecurrentiszeroorifthebaseemitterjunctionis reversebiased.AsaresultnovoltagedropisobservedacrossRcandcollectorvoltageequals toVcc.IfIBincreasestoaverylargevalue,thetransistorconductsandthevoltagedropacross Rc reachesahighvaluetowardsVcc.Sincecurrentismaximumthetransistor workslikea closedswitch.Itoperatesinthesaturationregionwhenboththebaseemitterandcollector basejunctionareforwardbiased. TooperatethetransistorinsaturationregionitisnecessarytoselectthevalueofRB isten timesthevalueofRC.Thisiscalledhardsaturation.
Mathematicallywecansaythat, IC=IB (i) (ii)
VCE=VCCICRC
Thus,incutoffregion, VBE0V,IB0;Therefore,IC0
14
Substitutingthisvalueinequation(ii) ThenVCEVCC
Similarlywecanfindoutthat, Insaturationregion,VCE0 CIRCUITDIAGRAM: VCC=+5V; VIN=0or5V R2=10K R1=1K Transistor=BC547(NPN)
PROCEDURE: 1. Connectthecircuitusingbreadboardasshowninthefigure. 2. ProvidethecircuitwiththeDCpowersupplyof5V. 3. ApplyinputvoltageVin0V(groundtheinputterminal). 4. MeasurethebasecurrentIBandoutputvoltageVout. 5. ApplyVin5V. 6. MeasurethebasecurrentIBandoutputvoltageVout. 7. Applyasquarewavesignal5V(pp)betweenbaseandemitteroftransistorusinga FunctionGenerator. 8. ConnectCRObetweencollectorandemitteroftransistor. 9. ObservewaveformonCRO.
OBSERVATIONTABLE: Vin(V) IB(mA) Vout(V)
15
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENTQUESTIONS: 1. Whyanordinaryjunctiontransistoriscalledbipolar? 2. InhowmanymodestheBJTworks?Alsodiscussthebiasingpatternforeachofthem? 3. Showthefollowingregionsinatransistorcharacteristics (i)Active(ii)Saturation(iii)Cutoff
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LAB4 TransistorasanAmplifier
AIM:Tostudythetransistorasanamplifier. APPARATUS:BreadBoard,CRO,D.C.PowerSupply,FunctionGenerator COMPONENTS:CROProbes,ConnectingWires,Resistor,Capacitor,Transistor(BC547) THEORY: Oneofthemostimportantfunctionsofelectroniccircuitisamplification.Almostallelectronic systemsuseamplifiers.Anamplifiermaybedefinedasacircuitthatincreasespowerofan inputsignalbyfurnishingtheadditionalpowerfromadcsource. Transistor is madeupof twodiodes connectedback to back.Attheinputside,oneofthe diodesisforwardbiased,whichhasthelowerresistanceandtheotherdiodeisreversebiased, whichhashigherresistance.Thus,lowerresistanceisconvertedintohigherresistance. Whenasignalisappliedattheinputterminalofaproperlybiasedtransistor,abasecurrent startsflowing.Duetotransistoraction,muchlargerACcurrent( timesbasecurrent)flows through output terminals. As described above, the resistance is higher at the output side producingalargervoltagedrop.Thereforealargevoltageappearsacrosstheoutputterminals. Inthis wayaweaksignalapplied between inputsterminals appear inamplified formatthe outputterminals.
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
17
PROCEDURE: 1.Connectthecircuitasshowninfigureusingbreadboard. 2.ApplyVcc=10VfromDCpowersupply. 3.ApplyinputACsignal(Vin)of12mVat1KHzfrequencyfromfunctiongenerator. 4.Checktheoutputvoltage(Vout)onCRO. 5.Calculatevoltagegainandcomparetheresultswiththeoreticalgain. 6.AlsoincreasebiasingvoltageVccandmeasureVout. 7.PlotthegraphofVCCversusvoltagegain. OBSERVATION: ForVCC=10V Vin(peak) Vout(peak) Gain(Practical) Gain(Theoretical)
GainCalculation: TheveninResistanceandTheveninVoltage,
18
EmitterCurrent, EmitterDynamicResistance, Nowoutputresistance, SoVoltageGain, NowifweconsiderinputbaseresistanceZin(base),
Soactualinputvoltage,
HenceVout=(Av)(Vin(actual))=1.13Volt ObservationTable:
Sr. No. RTH (k)
VCC(V)
VTH(V)
IE(mA)
re()
RC(k)
Av
AV
VccBiasingVoltage IEEmitterCurrent AvTheoreticalGain GraphforVCCVs.Gain
RTHTheveninssResistance reEmitterDynamicResistance AVObservedGain
VTHTheveninsVoltage RCOutputResistance *transistorgoestosaturation
19
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENTQUESTIONS: 1. Discusstheneedoftransistorbiasing? 2. WhatisaDynamicEmitterResistance?HowitisdifferfromDCemitterresistance? 3. Whatisasignificantofsmallsignalanalysisintransistoramplifier?
20
LAB5 EffectofRCandREonVoltageGainofCEAmplifier
AIM:a)Tostudytheeffectofcollectorresistance(RC)andb)emitterresistance(RE)onthe voltagegainofaCEamplifier. APPARATUS:BreadBoard,CRO,D.C.PowerSupply,FunctionGenerator COMPONENTS:CROProbes,ConnectingWires,Resistors,Capacitor,Transistors(BC547) THEORY: CEamplifiers areusedto amplifyvoltagelevel oflowamplitude orweaksignals. They are foundtypicallyinsoundamplifiersandwirelessreceivers. VoltagegainofCEamplifiercanbecontrolledeither(a)bychangingthecollectorresistanceRC orb)bychangingtheemitterresistanceRe. a) ThevoltagegainofCEamplifierisgivenasAv= (RC/Zi).Thevoltagegainisdirectly proportionaltoRC.AsRCincreases,voltagegainincreasesandasRCdecreasesvoltagegain alsodecreases. WiththechangeinthevalueofRCtheslopeofloadlinechangesandaccordinglytheQpoint also changes. For a fixed Vcc and IB as RC increases the Q point moves upward (towards saturationregion)onloadlineandhence,possibilityofthetransistoroperationenteringinto saturationregionincreases.Therefore,effectofRConthevoltagegainoftheamplifiercanbe observedintheactiveregiononly.Outsidetheactiveregiontheoutputwillbedistorted. However,caremustbetakenwhiledeterminingtheminimumvalueofRC.Increasedcollector current due to reduced RC causes increase in the power dissipation of the transistor. If it increasesbeyondthemaximumspecifiedvalue,thetransistormaygetdamaged. CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
21
PROCEDURE: 1. Makerequiredconnectionsonthebreadboardasshowninthecircuitdiagram. 2. ApplyVcc =10Vfrom DCPowerSupply andinputACsignalof 8mVat1.38KHz frequency. 3. Vary the value of collector resistance RC and note down the corresponding output voltage. 4. Notedownthevalueofcollectorresistanceatwhichdistortionstarts. 5. PlotthegraphofV0vs.RC.
OBSERVATIONTABLE: Vin(peak) (mV) RC (K) V0 (V) Av=V0/Vin
CONCLUSION:
22
ASSIGNMENTQUESTIONS:
1. WhatisthesignificanceofemitterbypasscapacitorinCEAmplifiercircuit? 2. WhyCEconfigurationismostpopularinamplifiercircuits?
23
b)EffectofEmitterResistanceontheGainofCEAmplifier THEORY: Voltagedropacrossemitterresistance(RE)inaCEamplifierintroducesnegativefeedbackin thebasecircuit,whichwillrestrictthevoltagegainoftheamplifier.Thisnegativefeedbackwill changebecauseofchangeinthevalueofeitherIC orRE.Hence,afixedvalueofRE inthe designoftheamplifierattemptstocontrolthevoltagegainincaseofunexpectedchangeinIc, whichmaybeduetothecurrentgainorrisein temperature.ItmaybenotedthatThus,the mainroleofREistokeeptheQpointstable.Thisstabilityisachievedattheexpenseofvoltage gain. Inthisexperiment,weexaminetheeffectofREonaCEamplifiersvoltagegain.Thefocusison controllingvoltagegainbychangingREratherthanIctochangethenegativefeedback.Voltage gainwouldbesimilarlyaffectedduetochangeinIc. Asdiscussedearlier,thevoltagegainofCEamplifierisgivenasAv=(RC/Ri)andRiisgiven as[hie+(1+)RE].Sincethevalueofhieisverysmallcomparedto(1+)RE,theAvcanbe approximated as RC/RE. Thus, voltage gain is inversely proportional to RE. As already observedintheparta)thischaracteristiccanalsobeexaminedintheactiveregiononly. CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE: 1. Makerequiredconnectionsonthebreadboardasshowninthecircuitdiagram.
24
2. ApplyVCC=10Vandi/pacsignalof0.8Vat1.38KHzfrequency. 3. Vary the value of collector resistance RE and note down the corresponding output voltage. 4. Notedownthevalueofemitterresistanceatwhichdistortionstarts. 5. PlotthegraphofV0vs.RE. OBSERVATIONTABLE: Vin(peak) (V) RE (K) V0 (V) Av=V0/Vin
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENT: 1. Howcanthegainbeadjustedbyhelpofincreasing/decreasingEmitterResistance? 2.Whatisthefrequencyresponseofamplifier?Whyitisrequired?
25
LAB6 EmitterFollowerasaBuffer
AIM:TostudytheCommonCollectortransistorconfigurationasabuffer. APPARATUS:BreadBoard,CRO,D.C.PowerSupply,FunctionGenerator COMPONENTS:CROProbes,ConnectingWires,Resistor,Capacitor,Transistor(BC547) THEORY: Abufferisacircuitusuallyplacedbetweentostagesofamultistageamplifierorbetweenthe outputofavoltageamplifierandtheload.Itsmainroleistoincreasethedrivingcapacityofthe output signal due to low output impedance and reduce the loading effect with high input impedance. IntheCommonCollectororGroundedCollectorconfiguration,thecollectoriscommonandthe inputsignalisappliedatthebase,whiletheoutputistakenfromtheemitterterminalasshown in figure. This type of configuration is commonly known as a Voltage Follower or Emitter Follower circuit. The Emitter Follower configuration is very useful for impedance matching applicationsbecauseoftheveryhighinputimpedance,intheregionofhundredsofthousands ofohms,andithasrelativelylowoutputimpedance. Thecommonemitterconfigurationhasacurrentgainequaltothe valueofthetransistor itself.Inthecommoncollectorconfigurationtheloadresistanceissituatedinserieswiththe emittersoitscurrentisequaltothatoftheemittercurrent.Thenthecurrentgainofthecircuitis givenas:
ThistypeofbipolartransistorconfigurationisanoninvertingcurrentamplifierwithinphaseVin andVout.However,itsvoltagegainisalwaysclosetounitybutlessthan1.Therefore,itisused asabufferratherthanavoltageamplifier.
26
In this experiment, this configuration of transistor is studied by changing input signal and measuringthecorrespondingoutputs.Thiswillinturn,demonstratethevoltagegain,whichwill beobservedtobeunityforallcombinationsoftheinputandoutputvoltages.
27
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE: 1. Makerequiredconnectionsonthebreadboard. 2. ApplyVcc=12VandinputACsignalof20mVat1KHzfrequency. 3. ChecktheoutputvoltageonCROandmeasurethegain. 4. Repeattheexperimentwithdifferentinputsignals. 5. Comparecalculatedandpracticalgain. 6. IncreaseVccandmeasuretheo/pvoltage. OBSERVATIONTABLE: VCC=12V
Vin (peak)
Vout (peak)
Gain (Observed)
Gain (Calculated)
28
Vin=1V(pp),1KHzfrequency
VCC
Vout (peak)
Gain (Observed)
Gain (Calculated)
TheoreticalGainCalculation: TheveninResistanceandTheveninVoltage,
EmitterCurrent,
EmitterDynamicResistance,
SoVoltageGain,
CONCLUSION:
29
1. Definealpha()andbeta()ofatransistor?Howthesearerelatedtoeachother? 2. Atransistorhas=0.98.Ifemittercurrentofthetransistoris1mA.Determinethebase currentandgainfactor? 3. WhatarethemainpurposesforCCAmplifierinelectronicscircuits?
30
LAB7 CommonBaseTransistorConfigurationasanAmplifier
AIM:TostudytheCommonBaseTransistorConfigurationasanamplifier. APPARATUS:BreadBoard,CRO,D.C.PowerSupply,FunctionGenerator COMPONENTS:CROProbes,ConnectingWires,Resistor,Capacitor,Transistor THEORY: The Common Base circuit is generally used in single stage amplifier circuits such as microphonepreamplifierorRFradioamplifiersduetoitsverygoodhighfrequencyresponse. Thecommonbaseterminologyisderivedfromthefactthatthebaseiscommontoboththe inputandoutputsideoftheconfiguration.Inaddition,thebaseisusuallyatgroundpotential. Theinputsignalisappliedbetweentheemitterandgroundterminals.Thecorrespondingoutput signalistakenbetweenthecollectorandgroundterminalsasshowninfigure. Theinputcurrentflowingintotheemitterisquitelargeasitisthesumofboththebasecurrent and collector current. Therefore, the output collector current is less than the input emitter currentresultinginacurrentgainforthistypeofcircuitoflessthan,butclosetounity. Thistypeofamplifierconfigurationisanoninvertingvoltageamplifiercircuit.SignalvoltagesVin and Vout are inphase. This type of configuration has low input impedance and high output impedancewithahighvoltagegain.However,thevoltagegainofthisconfigurationwillbelower than that of the CE configuration. We observe the voltage gain for different values of the collectorresistanceRC.
CIRCUITDIAGRAM: TheCommonBaseConfiguration, R1=10k;R2=2.2k RC=6.6k;10k C=1F

31
VCC=10Volts TransistorBC547(NPN)
PROCEDURE: 1. Makerequiredconnectionsaspercircuitdiagramonthebreadboard. 2. ApplyVcc=10Vdcandi/pacsignalat1kHzfrequency. 3. ChecktheoutputvoltageonCROandcalculatethegain. 4. VarythevalueofRCandmeasuretheoutputvoltageandcalculategain. GainCalculation: Basevoltage,
Emittercurrent,
Internalacemitterresistance,
32
Voltagegain,
OBSERVATIONTABLE: RC Vin(pp) Vout(pp) Gain
CONCLUSION:
1. WhatisEarlyEffect?ExplainhowitaffectstheBJTcharacteristicsinCBconfiguration? 2. WhatarethevariouspropertiesofCommonBaseTransistorAmplifier?
33
LAB8 GrayCodeConversion
AIM:ToImplementandverifyGraytoBinary&BinarytoGrayCodeconverters. APPARATUS:IC7486,BreadBoard,PowerSupply,ConnectingWires,MultiMeter.
THEORY: Binaryinformationconsistingof0and1isnormallyencodedduringinformationtransferfrom onedevicetoanother.Binarypatternvariesindifferenttypesofbinarycodesdependingon theirapplications.ThemostpopularASCIIcodehasbeenusedinprinters andtexteditors. Graycodesareusefulinthedesignofdigitalcircuits. TheavailabilityofalargevarietyofcodesforthesamediscreteelementsofInformation,results in the use of different codes by the different digital systems. Therefore, it is sometimes necessarytoconvertonecodeintotheother. ToconvertbinarycodeBtograycodeG,theinputlinesmustsupplythebitcombinationof elements as specified by code B and the output lines must generate the corresponding bit combinationsofcodeG.AcombinationalcircuitperformsthistransformationbymeansofEX ORgates.Theinputcombinationsforthebinarycodecontainfourvariableswhichgivessixteen combinations.Thetruthtableforthebinarytograycodeconverterisasshownbelow.Where
a) BinarytoGrayCodeConverter

CircuitDiagram
34
TruthTable
BinaryCodeInput b[3] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 b[2] 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 b[1] 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 b[0] 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 g[3] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
GrayCodeOutput g[2] 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 g[1] 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 g[0] 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
b) GraytoBinaryCodeConverter
35

CircuitDiagram
TruthTable GrayCodeInput g[3] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 g[2] 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 g[1] 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 G[0] 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 b[3] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 BinaryCodeOutput b[2] 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 b[1] 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 b[0] 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 36
1 PROCEDURE:
1. Implementthediagramasperthecircuit. 2. ProvidethepowersupplyVCCequalto5.0V. 3. Applytheinputasshowninthetableandmeasuretheoutputvoltage. OBSERVATIONTABLE:

BinaryCodeInput b[3] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 g[3] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 b[2] 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 g[2] 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 b[1] 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 g[1] 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 b[0] 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 BinaryCodeOutput g[0] 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 b[3] b[2] b[1] b[0] g[3] GrayCodeOutput g[2] g[1] g[0]
GrayCodeInput
37
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENTQUESTIONS: 1. WhatisGraycode? 2. DeriveBooleanequationofg[3],g[2],g[1]andg[0]usingBooleanalgebra. 3. How do you convert Gray code numbers to corresponding Binary numbers using a converter?
38
LAB9 HalfAdderandFullAdder
AIM:ToimplementtheHalfADDERandFullADDERcircuitusinglogicgates. COMPONENTS: IC7408(QuadTwoInputANDGate) IC7432(QuadTwoInputORGate), IC7486(QuadTwoInputXORGate), APPARATUS:DCPowerSupply,Breadboard,ConnectingWires. THEORY: Digital circuits are the basic building blocks of digital computer systems. A binary adder designed using logic gates can be useful for performing arithmetic operations in a digital computer. In this experiment, two versions of adder circuits are introduced. A simple half adder is consideredinthefirstphase.Itgeneratessumandcarryasaresultof1bitaddition.However, ahalfadderwillnotbeabletoproduceacorrectresultforadditionofmorethen1bitasitdoes nottakeintoaccountthecarrygeneratedbythepreviousstage. Afulladdercircuiteliminatesthelimitationsofhalfadder.Whileperformingadditionofthebits appearingatitsinputitalsoconsidersthecarrygeneratedfromtheadditionofpreviousstage. Asaresultanadderofanysizecanconstructedusingrequirednumberoffulladderstages. Obviously,fulladdersarefoundinpracticaladdercircuits. a)HalfAdder
39
Fig.1HalfAdder
Truthtable
A 0 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 1
SUM 0 1 1 0
CARRY 0 0 0 1
b)FullAdder
40
Fig.2FullAdder
Truthtable Inputs A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Cin 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 SUM 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 Outputs CARRY 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
PROCEDURE: 1. ConnectthecircuitasshowninFig1. 2. ForDifferentvaluesofAandBasshowninthetruthtable,notedowntheSUMand CARRYoutputs. 3. ConnectthecircuitasshowninFig.2 4. Repeatthestep2.
OBSERVATIONTABLE: HalfAdder Inputs A 0 B 0 41 SUM Outputs CARRY
0 1 1
1 0 1
FullAdder Inputs A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Cin 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 SUM Outputs CARRY
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENTQUESTIONS: 1. WhatisdifferencebetweenHalfAdderandFullAdder? 2. DesignafulladderusingNANDgates. 3. DesignahalfadderusingNORGates.
LAB10 HalfSubtractorandFullSubtractor
AIM:ToimplementtheHalfSubtractorandFullSubtractorcircuitusinglogicgates. COMPONENTS: IC7404(NOTGate) IC7408(QuadTwoInputANDGate),
42
IC7432(QuadTwoInputORGate), IC7486(QuadTwoInputEXORGate), APPARATUS:DCPowerSupply,Breadboard,ConnectingWires. THEORY: Conventionallyadigitalcomputerperformssubtractiononbinarynumberswiththehelpof2s complement.However,subtractioncanbedonebyevenbyusing1scomplement.Thesame conceptisdemonstratedinthisexperimentusingsimplecircuitsthatperformsubtractionon singlebitinputs. HalfSubtractorandFullSubtractorbothproducedifferenceandborrowoutputs.Asobserved earlierincaseofHalfAdder,aHalfSubtractordoesnotconsidertheborrowproducedbythe previousstageof1bitsubtractor.Hence,itisnotsuitableforcarryingoutsubtractionofbinary numbersconsistingofmultiplebits. SinceaFullSubtractor producesdifference andborrowbasedontheinputs aswellasthe borrowfromthepreviousstage,itcanbeusedinbinarysubtractionofnumberwithmorethan1 bitwidth.
HalfSubtractor:
Fig.1HalfSubtractor
43
Truthtable Inputs A 0 1 0 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 Outputs DIFFERENCE BORROW 0 0 1 0
FullSubtractor:
Fig.2FullSubtractor
Truthtable Inputs A 0 0 B 0 0 BORIN 0 1 0 1 Outputs DIFFERENCE BOROUT 0 1 44
0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1
PROCEDURE: 1. ConnectthecircuitasshowninFig1. 2. ForDifferentvaluesofAandBasshowninthetruthTable,NotedowntheSUMand CARRYoutputs. 3. ConnectthecircuitasshowninFig.2 4. Repeatthestep2.
OBSERVATIONTABLE:
Inputs A 0 1 0 1 B 0 0 1 1
Outputs DIFFERENCE BORROW
Inputs A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 BORIN 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Outputs DIFFERENCE BOROUT
45
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENTQUESTIONS: 1. WhatisthedifferencebetweenFullAdderandFullSubtractor?Alsogivethedifference betweenHalfAdderandHalfSubtractor? 2. Show how a Full adder can be converted to Full Subtractor with the addition of an invertercircuit. 3. DesignaHalfSubtractorusingNANDGates.
LAB11 MultistageAmplifier
AIM:TostudythemultistageCommonEmitteramplifier. APPARATUS:BreadBoard,CRO,D.C.PowerSupply,FunctionGenerator COMPONENTS:CRO,Probes,ConnectingWires,Resistor,Capacitor,Transistor(BC547)
THEORY: Theperformanceobtainedfromasinglestage amplifier isusuallyinsufficient. Designinga highpowersinglestageamplifierinvolvesseveralissueslikeQpointinstability,highcurrent and limited gain. Hence several stages may be combined together in cascade forming a multistageamplifiertherebyincreasingthevoltagegain.Insuchamultistageamplifier,outputof thefirststageisconnectedtotheinputofthesecondstage,whoseoutputbecomesinputof thirdstage,andsoon.
46
Inthisexperiment,theamplifiedandinvertedsignaloutofthefirststageiscoupledtothebase of the second stage. The amplified and again inverted output of the second stage is then coupled to the load resistance. Here we have taken two stages of CE amplifier into consideration.Sothesignalacrosstheloadresistanceisinphasewiththeinputsignalaseach stageinvertsthesignalby180o.Therefore,twostagesinvertthesignalby360o,equivalentto 0o. Thus, even number of stages of a multistage amplifier give inphase signals and odd numberofstagesgivesignalsoutofphase. Totalvoltagegainoftheamplifierisgivenbytheproductofindividualgains[AV=AV1*AV2].The inputimpedanceofthesecondstageistheloadresistanceonthefirststage. Thus,amultistageamplifiergivesalargevoltagegain,whichisrequiredtobestabilized.One way to stabilize the voltage gain is to leave some of the emitter resistance unbypassed, producingnegativeacemitterfeedback.Whenacemittercurrentflowsthroughtheunbypassed emitterresistancere,anacvoltageappearsacrossre.Thisproducesnegativefeedback.Theac voltageacrossreopposeschangeinvoltagegain.
CircuitDiagram
V1=V2=VCC=12V Vin=20mV(pp),1KHz.
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PROCEDURE:
1.Connectthecircuitasperthecircuitdiagram. 2.ApplysupplyvoltageVCC=12V. 3.Connectanacsignalof20mVpeakpeakattheinputoftheamplifierwith1KHzfrequency. 4.Check the output voltage on CRO at each stage independently without cascading and
calculatethegainateachstage.
5.Combinethetwostagesincascade.Checktheoutputvoltageandcomputethegainatthe
firststageofamplifier.
6.AlsocheckthefinaloutputvoltageonCRO,whichistheoutputvoltageatthesecondstageof
theamplifierandcalculatethegainatthisstage.
7.Obtainthetotalvoltagegainoftheamplifiergivenbytheproductofindividualgains.[AV=
AV1*AV2]
8.Comparethetheoreticallyandpracticallyobtainedvaluedofgainwithandwithoutcascading.
OBSERVATIONTABLE: a)Multistageamplifierwithoutcascading VIN(peak) Vstage1=Vstage2(peak) Gain(Practical)[AV1= AV2] Gain(Theory)[AV1=AV2]
b)Multistageamplifierwithcascading Vin (peak) Vstage1 (peak) Vstage2 (peak) AV1 Gain(Practical) AV2 AV AV1 Gain(Theory) AV2 AV
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CALCULATION: TheoreticalGainCalculation Stage1: TheveninVoltage, EmitterCurrent,
EmitterDynamicResistance,
SoVoltageGain,
Av1=RC||ZIN(stage2)/re +re=1.05
Stage2:
Sofinallytotalvoltagegain,AV=AV1XAV2=112.35
CONCLUSION:
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ASSIGNMENTQUESTIONS: 1. Defineandexplainthefollowingterms: (i)Gain(ii)FrequencyResponse(iii)Bandwidth 2. WhatarethedifferenttypesofcouplingschemesusedinMultistageAmplifiers? 3. Whatisamultistageamplifiercircuit?Whyitisrequired?
LAB12
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AmplitudeModulation
AIM:TostudythecharacteristicsofamplitudemodulationandgenerateAMsignal. APPARATUS:CRO,TwoRFFunctionGenerators,CROProbes THEORY: Modulationisoneofmethodsforpreparinginformationtobesentfromonelocationtoanother. Modulationisrequiredforthefollowingreason.
1. Totransmitthesignalsoverlongerdistance. 2. Toreducesantennasize.
Inmodulation,twosignalsareused,carriersignalandinformationsignalormodulatingsignal. Frequencyofcarriersignal(fc)isalwayshigherthanthefrequencyofinformationsignal(fm). Carrierwaveisvariedinaccordancewiththemodulatingwave(signal).Theresultantwaveis calledmodulatedwave. WehavebasicallythreetypesofAnalog(ContinuousWave)Modulationschemes;Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), and Phase Modulation (PM). Here we are concernedwithAM. Inamplitudemodulation,amplitudeofthecarriersignalisproportionaltothemodulatingsignal. ItsfigureofmeritisindicatedbyModulationIndex(m).
Incaseofm>1knownasovermodulation,informationintransmittedsignalsuffersfrompartial loss.Itwillbeacaseofcriticalmodulationwhenm=1.Atmosphericeffectscanleadcritical modulationtoovermodulationcausinglossofinformation.Therefore,forbettertransmissionm shouldbelessthanone.Itiscalledundermodulation. EquationofAMwave,
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ECmaxAmplitudeofcarrierwave fmFrequencyofmodulatingwavesignal fCFrequencyofcarrierwavesignal mModulationindex,forbettertransmissionmshouldbelessthan1 e(t)Transmittedmodulatedsignal (fCfm)Lowersidebandfrequency (fC+fm)Uppersidebandfrequency Frequencyspectrumcanbedeterminedbaseonthevalueofuppersidebandandlowerside bandfrequency. Thiscaninturnbeusefulforfindingthebandwidthofmodulatedsignal.It shouldmatchwiththebandwidthspecificationoftransmissionmedia. AMWaveform UnderModulationm<1,
AM Wav eform 6
4 Amplitude
-2
-4
-6
0.5
1.5 time
2.5
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OverModulationm>1,
AM W av eform 15
10 Amplitude
-5
-10
-15
0.5
1.5 time
2.5
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CriticalModulationm=1,
AM Wav eform 10 8 6 Amplitude 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10
0.5
1.5 time
2.5
PROCEDURE:
1. TakethetwofunctiongeneratorsFG1andFG2formodulatingsignalandmodulated
signalrespectively.
2. SelecttheAMmodeoffunctiongeneratorinFG2andobservemodulatedoutput. 3. ChangeamplitudeandfrequencyofmodulatingsignalfromFG1andmeasureEmaxand
Emin.
4. Findmodulationindexfromgivenformula. 5. Calculatebandwidthoftransmittedmodulatedsignalfordifferentmodulatingfrequency.
CALCULATION:
CONCLUSION:
ASSIGNMENTQUESTIONS: 1. Whatarethefrequencycomponentsinanamplitudemodulatedwave?
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2. Themaximumandminimumamplitudesofasinusoidalmodulatedwaveare800mV and200mV.DeterminethePercentageModulation? 3. Drawtheamplitudemodulatedwaveforinformationsignalisvoicesignal.Alsocalculate itsBW.
PARTII TUTORIALS
55
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Sr.No.
Title No.
Page
1. TransistorFundamentals 44 2. NumberSystems&DigitalSystems 3. TransistorBiasing 4. BinaryCodesandLogicGates 5. TransistorACModels 6. BooleanAlgebraandCombinationalCircuitDesign 7. VoltageAmplifiersusingBJT 8. CCandCBAmplifiers 9. PowerAmplifier 10. SignalandSystems 11. LinearSystemAnalysis 12. AmplitudeModulation 48 50 55 57 59 60 62 65 69 70 71
56
Tutorial1 TransistorFundamentals
Q1)Doasdirected:
1. Drawtheenergybandgapdiagramforbiasedandunbiasedtransistor. 2. Justify.Theemitterisheavilydopedintransistorfabrication. 3. Whatisoneimportantthingtransistordo?
4. Ifthebaseresistorisopen,whatisthecollectorcurrent?
5. Justifyindetail.Theemitterjunctionisalwaysforwardbiasedwhilethecollectorjunction isalwaysreversebiased,tooperatetransistorinactiveregion.
6. Whatarethefactorsaffectingthecurrentgain?
7. State true or false with reason. The base is thin and heavily doped in transistor fabrication.
8. Statetrueorfalse.Atransistoractslikeadiodeandavoltagesource.
9. WithreferencetotheoutputcharacteristicsofCEconfiguration,forhighervalueofVCE, ICisalmostindependentofVCE.Justifythestatement.
10. State three requirements that a biasing network associated with a transistor should fulfill.
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11. DrawandexplaintheinputandoutputcharacteristicsofatransistorinCEconfiguration. Indicatecutoff,saturationandactiveregions.
12. Classifytheamplifieronthebasisofthepositionoftheoperatingpointontheoutput characteristics.Supportyouranswerwithproperdiagram(s).
58
Q2)Solvethefollowing: 1. WhatisthevalueofICforIE=5.34mA&IB=475A? 2. WhatistheDCwhenIC=8.23mA&IE=8.69mA?
3. AcertaintransistorhasanIC=25mA&IB=200A.DeterminetheDC.
4. GiventhatDC=0.987,determinethecorrespondingvalueofDC.
5. GivenDC=120,determinethecorrespondingvalueofDC.
6. Abasecurrentof50Aisappliedtothetransistor&avoltageof5Vdroppedacross RC=1K.DetermineDCoftransistor.
7. AcertaintransistoristobeoperatedwithVCE=6V,ifitsmaximumpowerratingis250 mw,whatisthemostcollectorcurrentthatitcanhandle?
8. AtransistorhasaPD(max)=5Vat25 C.Thederatingfactoris10mw/ C.WhatisthePD (max)at70 C.

o
9. A2N3904haspowerrating625mW;Ic=20mAandVce=10V.Howsafeiftheambient temperatureis90 C?
0
10. A2N222transistor has valueof =0.99andthe emitter current flowing through it is around10mA,thendeterminethebasecurrent,collectorcurrentand.
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11. Ifthebasecurrentinatransistoris20Awhentheemittercurrentis6.4mA,whatare thevaluesofdcanddc?Alsocalculatethecollectorcurrent.
12. Inacertaintransistor,99.5%ofthecarriersinjectedintothebasecrossthecollector basejunction.Iftheleakagecurrentis6Aandthecollectorcurrentis10mA,calculate thevalueofdcandtheemittercurrent.
13. Designthetransistorusedasaswitchwithfollowingoutputspecifications:Eitheroutput voltageshouldbe0Vor10V.
14. DeterminethefollowingforthefixedbiasconfigurationofFig.1. a)IBQandICQ b)VCEQ c)VB d)VCe)VE
Fig.1
15. DeterminethevalueofQpointforFig.2.AlsofindthenewvalueofQpointifchange to150.

60
Fig.2
16. GiventheloadlineofFig.3anddefinedQpoint,determinetherequiredvaluesofVCE, RCandRBforafixedbiasconfiguration.
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Fig.3
62
Tutorial2 DigitalSystemsandNumbersystems
Q1)Answerthefollowingwithnecessaryjustification:
1. StatetheadvantagesofDigitalsystemsoverAnalogsystems. 2. DefinePositivelogicsystemandNegativelogicsystem. 3. Whatarethetwovoltagelevelsnormallyusedtorepresentbinarydigits0and1? 4. Thebaseorradixoftheoctalnumbersystemis___________. 5. Enlistthecharacteristicsof1sand2scomplementsystem.
Q2)Doasdirected: 1. Convertthefollowingnumberinto9scomplementand10scomplement. a)3465 b)782.54 c)4526.075
2. Subtractusing9scomplementand10scomplementmethod. a)27486 b)574.6279.7 c)376.3765.6
3. Convertthefollowingbinarynumberstodecimal. a)1011 b)1101101 c)1101.11
4. Convertthefollowingdecimalnumbertobinary.
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a)128
b)105.15
c)197.56
5. Addthefollowingbinarynumbers. a)11011+1101 b)10111.101+110111.01
6. Subtractthefollowingbinarynumbers. a)1011101 b)1100.10111.01 c)10001.011111.11
7. Findthe2scomplementand1scomplementformofthefollowingdecimalnumbers. a)173 b)65.5
8. Subtractusing2scomplementmethod:125.346.7
9. Convertthenumbers. a)2568 intobinary,hexadecimalanddecimal b)4F7.A816intooctal,binary c)1101112intooctal,hexadecimalanddecimal d)BC70.0E16intodecimal,binaryandoctal
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Tutorial3 TransistorBiasing
Answerthefollowingwithnecessaryjustification: 1. Find the value of base current and current gain in Fig. 1, if IC =5mA, VBB=10 V, =200,RB=330K,RC=820,andVCC=10V.
Fig.1 2. DifferentiateStiffandFirmvoltagedivider.AndfindwhetherthecircuitshowninFig.2 isstifforFirm?IfR1=10K,R2=2.2K,RC=3.6K,RE=1K,=200andVCC=10V.
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Fig.2 3. DesignaVDBcircuitshowninFig.2tomeetthefollowingspecifications. (a)VCC=10V (b)VCE@midpoint (c)Stiffvoltagedivider (d)IC=1mA(e)dc=70
4. DesignaVDBcircuitshowninFig.2tomeetthefollowingspecifications. (a)VCC=10V (b)VCE@midpoint dc=100 (c)Firmvoltagedivider (d)IC=10mA(e)
5. TheoperatingpointinthecircuitshowninFig.2isfixedsuchthatIC=2mA,VCE=4V.If RC=2k,VCC=10Vand=50,DeterminethevaluesofR1,R2andRE.AssumeI1=10IB.
6. Fig.3Showsthecircuitoffixedbiasedcircuitwith =100.Determinethevalueofbias resistorRBandvalueofthevoltagebetweenthecollectorandgroundifVBE=0,RC=300 andVCC=12V.
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Fig.3 7. Fig. 4 shows the circuit of collector to base bias using NPN transistor. Assuming VBE=0.7,RB=200K,=100,RC=20K,andVCC=20V.Calculatethecollectorcurrent ICandthecollectortoemittervoltageVCE.
Fig.4
67
8. Calculatethecollectorcurrentandthecollectortoemittervoltageofthecircuitshownin Fig.5.IfR1=40K,R2=4K,RC=10K,RE=1.5KVBE=0.5V,VCC=22Vand = 40.
Fig.5 9. InasinglestageCEAmplifierVCC=20V,R1=60K,R2=30K,RE=200and =50. ReferFig.5.
10. FindthevalueofVCC,RB and ofthecircuitshowninFig.6.IfcurrentthroughRB is 20A.
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Fig.6
11. APNPsilicontransistorisusedinacommoncollectorcircuitshowninFig.7,Find Quiescentpoint.
Fig.7
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12. ForthevoltagedividerbiasamplifiershownintheFig.8,whatistheacanddcload line?Determinethemaximumoutputcompliance.
Fig.8
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Tutorial4 BinaryCodesandLogicGates
Q1)Answerthefollowingwithnecessaryjustification:
1. Whatisthedifferencebetweenaweightedcodeandanonweightedcode? 2. StatetheimportanceofGraycode. 3. Givethedifferencebetweenanerrordetectingandanerrorcorrectingcode. 4. Whatisthemaximumnumberoftheoutputsofanylogicgate? 5. NANDandNORgateareknownasuniversalgates.Justifythestatement.
Q2)Doasdirected:
1. Expressthedecimalnumbersinto8421BCDcode: a)296 b)37.52 c)821
2. Expressthe8421BCDnumbersasdecimals: a)100000111001 b)011010010111.1011
3. ExpressthedecimalnumbersintoXS3code: a)19 b)251 c)78.2
4. ExpressXS3codeasadecimal: a)11001000 b)10011101.0111

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5. ConvertthedecimalnumbertoGraycode: a)6b)20
6. ConvertBinarytoGrayCode.: a)1010 b)1110111
7. Whichofthefollowingwordscontainanerrorforoddparity? a)1011 b)11010101 c)110101 d)10010101
8. Drawthetruthtablefor2inputExNORgate.
9. DrawtheORgateusingtwotransistorlogicandalsomentionsthetruthtableforthe same. 10. Specifythetruthtablefor3inputNANDgate.
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Tutorial5 TransistorACModels
Q1)Doasdirected: 1. InaCEamplifier,thecapacitorproducesanacgroundiscalleda_______capacitor.
2. Ifvbe=10mVandie=75App,findacemitterresistanceoftheemitterdiode.
3. Why coupling capacitors and bypass capacitor are used in an amplifier? How the amplifierwillbeaffected,ifcouplingcapacitorsandbypasscapacitorarenotusedinan amplifier.
4. Whatisnonlineardistortion?Howitcanbereduce?
5. InputvoltageandoutputvoltageofaCEamplifierareinphase.Statetrue/false.Justify.
Q2)Answerthefollowing: 1. DrawadcequivalentandanacequivalentcircuitforaCEamplifiershowninFig.1.
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Fig.1
2. FindoutvoltagegainandoutputvoltageforanamplifiershowninFig.1.
3. ForanamplifiershowninFig.2findoutoutputvoltageandalsodrawitsacequivalent circuitusingTandmodel.Consider=200.
74
Fig.2
4. ForanamplifiershowninFig.2,drawwaveformsatpointsA,B,C,D,andEwiththeir voltagelevels.
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Tutorial6 BooleanalgebraandCombinationalCircuitDesign
Answerthefollowingwithnecessaryjustification:
1. WhataretheaxiomsoftheBooleanalgebra? 2. StatethedistributivelawofBooleanalgebra. 3. StateandProveDeMorganstheorem. 4. WhatdoyoumeanbyDualityinBooleanexpressions? 5. StatethedualexpressionforthefollowingBooleanexpressions. a) A(A+B)=Ab)((AB)+A+AB)=0
6. ReducethefollowingBooleanexpressions. a) A[B+C(AB+AC)] b) A+B[AC+(B+C)D]
7. ShowthatAB+ABC+BC=AC+BC. 8. ProvethatABCD+AB(CD)+(AB)CD=AB+CD. 9. Provethat(A+A)(AB+ABC)=AB. 10. DesignFulladderusingtwoHalfaddercircuits. 11. Design4bitGraytoBinarycodeconversion.
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12. Design3bitevenparitycheckercircuit.
77
Tutorial7 VoltageAmplifiersusingBJT
Q1)Answerthefollowingwithnecessaryjustifications: 1. Statetrueorfalsewithreasons.Thedistortionofanamplifiedsignalcanbereducedby reducingemitterresistance. 2. Whatisswampedamplifier? 3. Statetrueorfalsewithreason.Theemitterofaswampedamplifierhasanacvoltage. 4. DrawthemodelandTmodelofaselfbiascommonemitteramplifier.
5. Thefeedbackresistor______________. (a)Decreasesvoltagegain(b)increasesinputresistance(c)reducesdistortion(d) allofthese.
6. Statetrueorfalsewithreason.Iftheinputresistanceofthesecondstagedecreasesthe voltagegainofthefirststageincreases. Q2)Solvethefollowing: 1. FortheamplifiershowninFig.1,findoutoutputvoltageacrossR6.
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Fig.1 2. DrawTmodelfortheamplifiergiveninFig.2andfindoutoutputvoltage.
Fig.2 3. ForthetwostageamplifiershowninFig.3,drawmodelandfindoutoutputvoltage.
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Fig.3
80
Tutorial8 CCandCBAmplifiers
Q1)Doasdirected: 1. Drawthediagramofemitterfolloweranddescribeitsadvantages. 2. StatetheadvantagesofDarlingtontransistor. 3. DescribethepurposeofcascadingCE&CCamplifier. 4. ComparethecharacteristicsofCE,CC,CBamplifiers.
5. Drawtheschematicforzenerfolloweranddiscusshowitincreasestheloadcurrentout ofzenerregulator.
6. Theoutputvoltageofanemitterfolloweris a)0, b)Vg, c)Vind)Vcc?
7. Theinputimpedanceofthebaseofanemitterfollowerisusually a)Low b)High c)Shortedtoground d)open.
8. IfaCEstageisdirectlycoupledtoanemitterfollower a) low and high frequencies will be passed b) only high frequencies will be passed c)highfrequencysignalswillbepassed Q2)Solvethegivenexample: d)lowfrequencysignalswillbepassed?
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1. FindouttheinputimpedanceofbaseinFig.1if=200,whatistheinputimpedanceof stage?VCC=+10V,Vg=1V,Rg=500,R1=10k,R2=10k,RE=4.5k,RL=10k.
Fig.1 2. Find out voltage gain of Fig.1 if =150, what is the ac load voltage? VCC=+30V, Vg=1Vpp,Rg=600,R1=10k,R2=4.7k,RE=200,RL=200.
3. Calculate output impedance in Fig.1, VCC=+15V,Vg=1V (pp), Rg=600, R1 = 4.7 K, R2=10K,RE=2K,RL=6.8K.
4. InFig.2eachtransistorhasvalueof150,whatisoverallcurrentgainbasecurrentof Q1andinputimpedanceatbaseofQ1?VCC=+15V,Rg=600,R1=10K,R2=20K, RE=80,RL=40.
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Fig.2 5. Find out output voltage in Fig.3, VCC = +15V, Vin =2 mV(pp), Rg=60 , RE = 2.2 K, R1=10 K, R2 = 2.2 K, RL=10 K, RC=3.6 K,C1=47F,C2=47F, C3=1F.
Fig.3 6. FindoutoutputvoltageinFig.4,Vin=30V,R1=680,R2=2.2K,R3=2K,R4=1 K,RL=100,Vz=6.2V.
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Fig.4
84
Tutorial9 PowerAmplifier
Q1)Doasdirected:
1. Fill in the blank. For class B operation, the collector current flows for .. (a)Thewholecycle(b)halfthecycle(c)lessthanhalfthecycle(d)lessthanthequarter ofthecycle.
2. Fill in the blank. An audio amplifier operates in the frequency range of . (a)0to20Hz(b)20Hzto2kHz(c)20Hzto20kHz(d)above20kHz.
3. Fillintheblank.Whentransistoriscutoff. (a)Maximumvoltageappearsacrosstransistor(b)maximumcurrentflows(c)maximum voltageappearsacrosstheload(d)noneofabove.
4. Define:Distortionandcollectorefficiency. 5. Differentiate:VoltageandPoweramplifiers. 6. Transformercouplingisgenerallyemployedinpoweramplifiers.Justifythestatement. 7. Anamplifierhasonlyoneloadline.Statetrue/falsewithreason.
8. Formaximumpeaktopeakoutputvoltage,theQpointshouldbeatthecentreoftheac loadline.Statetrue/falsewithreason.
85
Q2)Answerthefollowing: 1. Ifthepeaktopeakoutputvoltageis12Vandtheinputimpedanceofthebaseis100 ohm,whatisthepowergaininFig.1?
Fig.1 2. WhatisthetransistorpowerdissipationandefficiencyofFig.1? 3. WhatarethevaluesofIcq,VCEqandreinFig.2?RepeatthesameexampleforR1=75.
86
Fig.2
4. DeterminethesaturationandcutoffpointsinFig.2.
5. WhatisthemaximumpeaktopeakoutputinFig.3?
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Fig.3 6. Calculatethe(a)outputpower(b)inputpowerand(c)collectorefficiencyoftheamplifier circuitshowninFig.4.Itisgiventhatinputvoltageresultsinabasecurrentof10mA peak.
Fig.4
88
7. AclassAtransformercoupledpoweramplifierhaszerosignalcollectorcurrentof50mA. Ifthecollectorsupplyvoltageis5V,find(a)themaximumacpoweroutput(b)thepower ratingoftransformerand(c)themaximumcollectorefficiency.
8. AcommonemitterclassAtransistorpoweramplifierusesatransistorwith =100.The loadhasaresistanceof81.6ohm,whichistransformercoupledtothecollectorcircuit.If thepeakvaluesofcollectorvoltageandcurrentare30Vand35mArespectivelyandthe corresponding minimum values are 5V and 1 mA respectively, determine: (a) the approximatevalueofzerosignalcollectorcurrent(b)thezerosignalbasecurrent(c)Pdc andPac(d)collectorefficiency.
89
Tutorial10 SignalandSystem
Q1)StateTrueorFalsewithjustification: 1. RMSvalueofMainVoltageisconsideredasaSignal. 2. ASignalV=Vm*
(t/RC)
carryInformation.
3. Therandomsignalalwayscarriesinformation. 4. Asignalr2=2sin(5t),0t2*piisunpredictablesignal.
Q2)Answerthefollowing:
1. AsignalisgivenbyV=2sin100t+3sin300t.WhatisthefundamentalfrequencyinHz? 2. PlottheAmplitudeandPhaseSpectrumofthefollowingsignal. a) V=5sin100t+10cos200t+5cos(300t+/3)
b) V=8sin50t+7sin(50t+/3)+12cos(100t+3/2)
c) V=2.5sin(1000t+75 )+4cos(1000t+95 )+5sin(1000t+65 )+cos(1500t+45 ) ConsiderXaxisasafrequencyintermsofHz.
3. Givethedefinitionofthesignal.Alsodifferentiatepredictableandunpredictablesignal.
90
4. Whyweusesinewavefortestingthecircuit?
5. WhataretherequiredconditionsforhavingtwoidenticalACsignal?
6. Brieflyexplaintheblockdiagramofthewirelesscommunication
7. Iftwosinewaveof1KHzand2V(pp)amplitudebutsecondsignalis60ooutofphase withrespecttofirstsignalsthandrawthesignalintimedomainandfrequencydomain.
8. Whataretheimportancesoffrequencydomainsignaldescription?
Tutorial11 LinearSystemAnalysis
Q1)StateTrueorFalsewithjustification: 1. Halfwavesymmetryindicatesoddharmonicspropertyofsignal. 2. IfinBJTamplifierVcc=12V,gainofamplifieris100andinputsignalispuresinewave at1V(pp),1KHzthanoutputsignalispuresinewave100V(pp),1KHz.
3. Thenegativefeedbackreducesharmonicdistortioninsystem. 4. Fornegativefeedbackloopgainofsystemmorethanone.
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Q2)Answerthefollowing:
1. Whatisthemethodforcheckinghalfwavesymmetryofsignal? 2. WhatistheadvantageofDCbiasinginamplifiercircuit? 3. Whatisthemeaningofsaturation?Whentheamplifieroperatesinsaturationregion?
4. Whatarethetwoconditionforavoiddistortioninpiecewiselinearsystem?Justifythese conditions.
5. Whatisthemeaningofsmallsignalanalysis? 6. Whataretheadvantageanddisadvantageofnegativefeedback?
7. A nonlinear device has the transfer characteristic given by V0=2Vi+0.5Vi2. If Vi=1+0.5sinwt,findouttheexpressionfortheoutputassumingsmallsignaloperation.
8. ThetransfercharacteristicofadeviceisgivenbyV0=2Vi+0.5Vi2+0.3Vi3.IfVi=2+sinwt, obtaintheexpressionfortheoutputandtotalharmonicdistortion.
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Tutorial12 AmplitudeModulation
Q1)Answerthefollowingquestionswithnecessaryjustifications: 1. Whymodulationismustinwirelesscommunication? 2. Whatarethedifferencebetweenamplitudemodulationandfrequencymodulation?
3. In modulation, frequency of carrier signal must be very high compare to maximum modulatingfrequency.Justify.
4. Inamplitudemodulation,modulationindexshouldbelessthanone.Justify. 5. BandwidthoccupiedbysignalinSSBmodulationislessthanAM.Justify. 6. ExplainconceptofFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing(FDM).
7. FindnumberofsignalinonechannelifchannelBWis10MHzandoneaudiosignalBW withoutmodulationis4KHz,considerAM.
8. WhatisthebasicdifferencebetweenAmplitudeModulatorcircuitandFrequencyMixer circuit?
Q2)Doasdirected: 1. Amodulatingsignalishumanvoicesignalthansketchthemodulatedsignalassuming Vc=2Vm.
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2. AmodulatingsignalisgivenbyVm=2sin(100t)+4sin(500t),ifVc=10sin(50000t)than findtheexpressionfor themodulatedsignalandsketch themagnitudespectrum for modulatingandmodulatedsignal.
3. AmodulatingsignalisgivenbyVm=2sin(100t)+4sin(2000t)+5sin(200t)+6sin(5000t) +7sin(700t).WhatisthebandwidthoccupiedbymodulatedsignalinAMandSSB.
4. AmodulatedsignalisgivenbyV0=(Vc+Vm(t))sin(108t).Findoutthesizeofthe /4 antennarequired. 5. A modulated signal is given by V0= (6+2f (t)) sin (Wct). What is the percentage modulationindexrequired?
6. AmodulatedsignalisgivenbyV0=(5+8f(t))sin(Wct).Canthesignalbedetectedby peakdetector?Explainbriefly. 7. DerivetheequationforRCtimeconstantinpeakdetectorcircuit.
8. Draw the block diagrams of super heterodyne receiver explain in brief and give its advantagewithrespecttostraightthroughreceiver.
9. Drawtheblockdiagramoffrequencymixerwithallspecifications,ifRFsignalfrequency 4MHzandrequireoutputfrequency455KHz.
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95
PARTIII
APPENDIX
96
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Sr.No.
Title No.
Page
1. AppendixATransistorConfiguration 2. AppendixBDatasheetofBJTBC547 3. AppendixCDatasheetofDigitalIC7400 4. AppendixDQuestionPaper
75 77 84 86
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AppendixA TransistorConfiguration
TransistorFabrication Emitter Base Collector
Parameter RelativePhysical Area RelativeDoping Implant DopingDensity (App.)
Emitte r 100 100 1
Bas e 10 1 0.1
Collector 1000 5 0.005
Defaultthumbrulesare
a) The junctionwith minimum area should beusedas aninput junction with forward biasingandtheothershouldbetreatedasanoutputjunctionwithreversedbiasing.
b) DopingImplantwilldecidetotalnumberofchargecareersavailableforcurrentflow;this representscurrentcarryingcapacityofastructure.Morenumberofchargecareersat outputstructurewillallowlargeramountofcurrentflowatoutput,resultingintoCurrent Gain. Larger ratio (Say ) between output doping implant to Input doping implant resultsintohighercurrentgain.
98
c) Doping density indirectly represents structure resistance. Higher the doping density lowers the device resistance. Larger ratio (Say ) between input doping density to outputdopingdensityresultsintohighervoltagegain.
Configuratio n
Output
Input
CurrentGain (Basedonabove app.)
Voltage Gain (Basedon aboveapp.) 1/0.005=200 Yes 0.1/0.005=20 Yes
Remark
CB
Collecto r
Emitter
5/100=<0 No
Maximum VoltageGain AV*AI= Maximum PowerGain Maximum CurrentGain
CE
Collecto r
Base
5/1=5 Yes
CC
Emitter
Base
10/1=10 Yes
0.1/1=<0 No
ComparisonofTransistorConfigurations Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Inputsignalapplied between Outputsignaltaken between InputCurrent OutputCurrent IE IC CollectorandBase Collectorand Emitter IB IC Emitterand Collector IB IE 99 EmitterandBase Characteristic CommonBase Common Emitter BaseandEmitter Common Collector BaseandCollector
THERMALCHARACTERISTICS Lowcurrent(max.100mA) Lowvoltage(max.65V). NPNtransistorinaTO92;SOT54plasticpackage. 1.TransistormountedonanFR4printedcircuitboard. PNP
Symbol VCBO
Parameter CollectorBaseVoltage:BC546:BC547/550:BC548/549
Value 805030
Units VVV
100
VCEO
CollectorEmitterVoltage:BC546:BC547/550:BC548/549
654530
VVV
VEBO IC
EmitterBaseVoltage:BC546/547:BC548/549/550 CollectorCurrent(DC) CollectorPowerDissipation JunctionTemperature StorageTemperature
65 100 500 150 65~150
VV mA mW C C
In
PC TJ TSTG
Symbol ICBO hFE VCE(sat)
Parameter CollectorCutoffCurrent DCCurrentGain CollectorEmitterSaturation Voltage
TestCondition VCB=30V,IE=0 VCE=5V,IC=2mA IC=10mA,IB=0.5mA IC=100mA,IB=5mA
Min. 110
Typ.
Max. 15 800
Units nA
90 200 700 900 580 660 300 3.5 9
250 600
mV mV mV mV
VBE(sat)
BaseEmitterSaturationVoltage
IC=10mA,IB=0.5mA IC=100mA,IB=5mA
VBE(on) fT Cob Cib
BaseEmitterOnVoltage CurrentGainBandwidthProduct OutputCapacitance InputCapacitance
VCE=5V,IC=2mAVCE=5V, IC=10mA VCE=5V,IC=10mA, f=100MHz VCB=10V,IE=0,f=1MHz VEB=0.5V,IC=0,f=1MHz
700 720
mV mV MHz
pF pF
Tj=25Cunlessotherwisespecied. CHARACTERISTICS 1.TransistormountedonanFR4printedcircuitboard. Note accordancewiththeAbsoluteMaximumRatingSystem(IEC 134). complements:BC556 LIMITINGVALUES hFEClassification APPLICATIONS DESCRIPTION andBC557.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
InputResistance OutputResistance CurrentGain(Ai) VoltageGain(AV) Application
VeryLow VeryHigh LessthanUnity High Asainputstageof multistageamplifier
Low High Medium Medium Foraudiosignal amplification
VeryHigh VeryLow High LessthanUnity Forimpedance matchingorasa buffer
Justify,WhyCEconfigurationiswidelyusedinamplifiercircuits.
101
AppendixB DatasheetofBJTBC547
FEATURESPINNING
PIN 1 2 3 emitter base collector
DESCRIPTION
102
SYMBO L VCBO
PARAMETER collectorbasevoltage BC546 BC547
CONDITIONS openemitter
MIN.
MAX.
UNIT
openbase opencollector Tamb25C;note1 65 65
80 50 65 45 6 6 100 200 200 500 +150 150 +150
V V V V V V mA mA mA mW C C C
VCEO
collectoremittervoltage BC546 BC547
VEBO
emitterbasevoltage BC546 BC547
IC ICM IBM Ptot Tstg Tj Tamb
collectorcurrent(DC) peakcollectorcurrent peakbasecurrent totalpowerdissipation storagetemperature junctiontemperature operatingambienttemperature
SYMBOL Rthja
PARAMETER thermalresistancefromjunctiontoambient
CONDITIONS note1
VALUE 0.25
UNIT K/mW
103
SYMBOL ICBO IEBO hFE
PARAMETER collectorcutoffcurrent emittercutoffcurrent DCcurrentgainBC546A BC546B;BC547B BC547C DCcurrentgain BC546A BC546B;BC547B BC547C BC547 BC546
CONDITIONS IE=0;VCB=30V IE=0;VCB=30V;Tj=150C IC=0;VEB=5V IC=10A;VCE=5V;seeFigs2,3 and4
MIN.
TYP. 90 150 270 180 290 520 90 200 700 900 660 1.5 11 2
MAX. 15 5 100 220 450 800 800 450 250 600 700 770 10
UNIT nA A nA
IC=2mA;VCE=5V; seeFigs2,3and4 110 200 420 110 110 IC=10mA;IB=0.5mA IC=100mA;IB=5mA IC=10mA;IB=0.5mA;note1 IC=100mA;IB=5mA;note1 IC=2mA;VCE=5V;note2 IC=10mA;VCE=5V IE=ie=0;VCB=10V;f=1MHz IC=ic=0;VEB=0.5V;f=1MHz IC=10mA;VCE=5V;f=100 MHz IC=200A;VCE=5V;RS=2k;f =1kHz;B=200Hz 580 100
VCEsat VBEsat VBE Cc Ce fT F
collectoremittersaturation voltage baseemittersaturationvoltage baseemittervoltage collectorcapacitance emittercapacitance transitionfrequency noisegure
mV mV mV mV mV mV pF pF MHz dB
2.VBEdecreasesbyabout2mV/Kwithincreasingtemperature. 1.VBEsatdecreasesbyabout1.7mV/Kwithincreasingtemperature. Notes
DepartmentofElectronics& Communication,FacultyofTechnology, DharmsinhDesaiUniversity,Nadiad
104
FE 200
105
50
0102101110102103 BC546A. 100
IC(mA)
Fig.2DCcurrentgain;typicalvalues.
300
200
100
0102101110102 BC546B;BC547B.
IC(mA)
10
FE
400
200
0102101110102103
IC(mA)
BC547C.
106
AppendixC DatasheetofdigitalIC7400
107
108
APPENDIXD
QuestionPaper
109
110
FACULTYOFTECHNOLOGY DHARMSINHDESAIUNIVERSITY,NADIAD ELECTRONICSPRINCIPLES 1 SESSIONALB.E.SEM.II(ALL)

DATE: TIME: 05022008 ___________ 1Hour RollNo. MAX.MARKS:36
ST
Q.1: Answerthefollowing. 1.Justify,Mostdigitalcomputersdosubtractionby2scomplementmethod. 2.Statethedifferentwaystorepresentingsignednumbers. 3.Justify,Anoctalnumberis1/3rdthelengthofcorrespondingbinarynumber. 4.Whatistheadvantageoffrequencydomainsignaldescription? 5.StateTrueorFalsewithreason,Theunpredictablesignalsarealwayscarries information. 6.Justify,TheSinewavesignalisextraordinarysignal.
[06]
Q.2:Answerthefollowing. 1. Subtract16from44using8bit2scomplementarithmetic. [02] 2.Convert(367.28)10toitsequivalentoctalnumber. [02]
3. Justify, The binary number system is a positional weighted system. With proper example. 4.Plotthefrequencyspectrumofinputsignal V(t)=10sin100t+20cos(200t+/3)+6sin(200t+/4)+5sin(100t+/6). 5.Plottheamplitudespectrumof10V(pp),10KHztriangularwave. [03]
[02]
[03]
111
OR Q.2:Answerthefollowing. 1.Express(73)10in8bit2scomplementform. [02] 2.Convert(108.15)10toitsequivalentbinarynumber. 3.Givethedifferentmethodsforobtainingthe2scomplementofagivennumber. [02] [02]
4.Plotthefrequencyspectrumofrectangularpulsetrainwithperiodictime1ms,10V(pp) amplitudeand20%dutycycle. [06]
Q.3: Answerthefollowings.
[06]
1. Wecannotusesoftsaturationinbasebiascircuittodesignswitchingcircuitsinmass production.Statetrue/falsewithjustification. 2. Drawtheenergybandgapdiagramforbiasedandunbiasedtransistor. 3. Howcanwefindthecircuitinsaturation? 4. Whatarethefactorsaffectingthecurrentgain? 5. A2N3904haspowerrating625mW;Ic=20mAandVce=10V.Howsafeiftheambient temperatureis90 C?

0
[02]
Q.4: Answerthefollowings.(Anythree) [12] 1. DesignagoodvoltagedividerbiascircuitwithfollowingspecificationsVcc=20V; Ic = 5 mA;Vce@midpointwithstiffvoltagesourcerangingfrom80to400. 2. Showalltransistorapproximations&itseffectoninput&outputcurves&loadline.

112
3. InvoltagedividerbiasR1=10K,R2=2.2K,Rc=3.6K,RE =1K &Vcc=15V.Draw theloadlineandshowtheeffectif(a)Rcincreasedand(b)REdecreased. 4. Give all types of biasing with figure and state its advantage or disadvantage only. (descriptionnotrequired)
113
FACULTYOFTECHNOLOGY DHARMSINHDESAIUNIVERSITY,NADIAD ELECTRONICSPRINCIPLES 2 SESSIONALB.E.SEM.II(ALL)

DATE: TIME: 18032008 ___________ 1Hour RollNo. MAX.MARKS:36
nd
Q.1: Answerthefollowing.
[06]
1. StateTrueorFalsewithreason,Halfwavesymmetryindicatesoddharmonicsproperty ofsignal. 2. Whatisthedifferencebetweenfrequencyresponseandfrequencyspectrum? 3. Justify,Thenegativefeedbackreducesharmonicdistortioninsystem. 4. Justify,ThreeormorevariableEXORgatesdoesnotexistinmarket. 5. Convert10110111011011102todecimalbyusingHexadecimalConversion. 6. Justify2i/pNORgateisequivalentto2i/pbubbledANDgate.
Q.2:Answerthefollowing. 1. ThetransfercharacteristicofadeviceisgivenbyV0=2Vi+0.5Vi2+0.3Vi3.IfVi=2+sinw0t, findtotalharmonicdistortion.IfinthesystemAv=90thanfindtotalharmonicdistortion. [04] 2. Drawtheappropriatecircuitdiagramforfrequencyresponselikebandrejectfilterand explaininbrief. [02]
114
3. Draw the simplest possible logic diagram that implements the o/p of logic diagram showninfig.1 [03] 4. Reducethefollowingexpressionuptoitsminimumlevel (A+(BC))(AB+(ABC)). [03] OR Q.2:Answerthefollowing. 1. AnonlineardevicehasthetransfercharacteristicgivenbyV0=2Vi+0.5Vi .If Vi=1+0.5sinwt,findouttheexpressionfortheoutputassumingsmallsignaloperation. [03] 2. Findouttheequationofoutputvoltageforfrequencyresponseshowninfig.2,ifVi= 2sin200t+4sin500t+5sin800t+7sin2000t. 3. DrawaFouri/pNANDgateusingDiodeTransistorrealization. [03] 4. Reduce the following expression up to its minimum level (((AB)+ABC)+A(B+AB)). [03] [06] [03]
2
Q.3: Fillintheblankswithappropriateanswer. 1. TheD.C.loadseenbythetransistoramplifieris_____.
2. Whena.c.signalisappliedtoceamplifiertheoperatingpointmovesalong____load line. 3. Thephasedifferencebetweeninput&outputaccurrentinCEtransistor amplifieris ____. 4. ThegainofCEtransistoramplifierdoesn`tdependupon_____&_____.

115
5. Thecriticalfrequencyisthefrequencywhenasignal_________. 6. Thefrequenciesforwhichthesignalremainsunchanged,capacitoractsas_______.
Q.4: Answerthefollowings.(Anythree)
[12]
1. Draw the ce transistor amplifier circuit for the following specifications and its dc equivalentandacequilentcircuitsusingTmodelandmodel. TwostageceamplifierwithfirststagehavingVDBcircuitvaluesR1=22k, =3.3k ,Rc=5k ,Re=1k withbypasscapacitoracrossit. R2`=2.5k, Rc`=5k . ,Re`1= R2
SecondstageVDBcircuitvaluesR1`=15k, 220 ;Re`2=780
withbypasscapacitoracrossit&RL=10k
Vcc=+12V.boththestagesareconnectedwithcouplingcapacitorsattheinput andoutputoftransistor. 2. Fromthedatagivenintheabovequestion sourcehavinginputvoltage20mVwith internalresistanceof500 thenfindtheinputandoutputaccurrentandvoltages.Also
findthegaininequivalentmodel. 3. Asinglestageamplifierhasgainof60.ThecollectorloadRc=500 impedanceis1k. andtheinput
Findthetotalgainiftwosuchstagesarecascadedtogether.find
thedifferencebetweenthetotalgainofidealstagesandmultistageamplifier. 4. Anamplifierhasanopencircuitvoltagegainof1000,anoutputresistanceof15 and aninputresistanceof7k .Itissuppliedfromasignalsourceofe.m.f.10mVand internalresistance3k .Theamplifierfeedaloadof35. Determine:(i)thevoltage and(ii)powergain.
116
DHARMSINHDESAIUNIVERSITY,NADIAD FACULTYOFTECHNOLOGY B.E.SEMESTERII(ALL) ELECTRONICPRINCIPLES DATE: TIME: 3Hrs. MARKS[60]

Instructions: Assumesuitabledatawherevernecessary. Figuresintherightindicatefullmarksfortherespectivequestion.
RollNo.________ MAX
SECTIONI Q.1 Answerthefollowingwithnecessaryjustifications. [10]
1. A modulated signal is given by V=sin(wct)+1/8cos(wcwm)t1/8 cos(wc+wm)t. Find out

modulationindex.
2. StateTrueorFalsewithreason,Asignalr2=2sin(5t),0t2*piisunpredictablesignal. 3. Whatarethetwoconditionforavoiddistortioninpiecewiselinearsystem? 4. Justify,Thenegativefeedbackreducesharmonicdistortioninsystem. 5. AmodulatedsignalisgivenbyV0=(5+8f(t))sin(Wct).Canthesignalbedetectedby

peakdetector?Explainbriefly.
6. Convertthegivenoctalnumber(6715)8intocorrespondingHexadecimalnumber. 7. UseDeMorgantheoremtosimplifyF=(A+AB)+(CDE). 8. JustifystatementCombinationalcircuitdoesnotrequireanymemoryelement. 9. Given8bitSignednumberis11111001.IsitvalidPositiveorNegativenumber? 10. Whataretheadvantagesofdigitalsystemoveranalogsystem?
117
Q.2
Answerthefollowing.
1. PlottheAmplitudeandPhaseSpectrumofthesignal, V=2.5sin(1000t+75 )+4cos(1000t+95 )+5sin(1000t+65 )+cos(1500t+45 ) ConsiderXaxisasafrequencyintermsofHz. 2. DerivetheequationforRCtimeconstantinpeakdetectorcircuit. [03] [02]

o o o o
3. AmodulatingsignalisgivenbyVm=2sin(100t)+4sin(2000t)+5sin(200t)+6sin(5000t) +7sin (700t). What is the bandwidth occupied by modulated signal in AM and SSB.
[02] 4. Plottheamplitudespectrumof10V(pp),10KHzsawtoothwave. OR Q.2 Answerthefollowing. [03]
1. InanamplitudemodulatorcircuitusingCEamplifierVcc=10V,R1=40k,R2=20k, RC=3k,RE=3k,RL=1.5k.IfVm=2sin(wmt)andtheinputpeakofthecarrieris10 mV,findouttheminimum,quiescentandmaximumvoltagegain. 2. Drawtheblockdiagramofsuperheterodynereceiver. 3. Whataretheimportancesoffrequencydomainsignaldescription? [02] 4. ThetransfercharacteristicofadeviceisgivenbyV0=2Vi+0.5Vi2+0.3Vi3.IfVi=2+sinw0t, findtotalharmonicdistortion. [03] [04] [01]
Q.3
Answerthefollowing.(Anytwo)
1. (a)UseDeMorgantheoremtosimplifyF=(A+B)+(CDE) [03]
118
(b)Designathreebitevenparitycheckercircuit. 2. (a)ProvethatA+(BCD)=(A+B)(A+C)(A+D)usingDeMorgantheorem. (b)DiscusstheRCphaseshiftoscillator. 3. (a)DesignFourinputNANDgateusingDiodeTransistorlogic. (b)Discusstheloopgainofpositiveandnegativefeedbacksystem.
[02] [03] [02] [03] [02]
SECTIONII Q.4 Answerthefollowingwithnecessaryjustification. [10]
1. Theinstantaneousoperatingpointswingsalongthe__________. (ACloadline,DCloadline,bothloadlines,noneofthese) 2. WhentheQpointisatthecenteroftheacloadline,themaximumpeaktopeakoutput voltageequals__________.(VCEQ,2VCEQ,ICQ,2ICQ) 3. IfaCEstageisdirectlycoupledtoanemitterfollower__________. (onlyhigh frequencypassed,lowfrequencywillbepassed,lowandhighfrequencywillbepassed) 4. ADarlingtontransistorhasa =8000.IfRE=1k andRL=100 theinputimpedance ofthebaseisclosestto__________.(8k,80k,800k,8M) 5. Theinputimpedanceofthebasedecreaseswhen__________.( increases, decreases,supplyvoltageincrease,ACcollectorresistanceincreases) 6. Compared to a CE stage, a swamped amplifier has input impedance that is __________.(smaller,larger,equal,zero) 7. Iftheinputimpedanceofthesecondstagedecreases,thevoltagegainofthefirststage wills________.(decrease,remainsame,increase,equaltozero) 8. Whentheacbasevoltageistoolarge,theacemittercurrentis_________. (sinusoidal,constant,distorted,alternating) 9. TheemitterofaCEamplifierhasnoacvoltagebecauseofthe__________.
119
(DCvoltageonit,bypasscapacitor,couplingcapacitor,loadresistor) 10. IftheemitterresistancedecreaseswithTSEB,thecollectorvoltagewills__________. (decrease,staythesame,increase,equaltoVCC)
Q.5
Answerthefollowing.
[10]
1.Givethedifferenttypesofbiasingcircuitsinbriefwithcircuitdiagrams. 2. An ac source of 1V rms with an internal resistance of 3.6 k drives the Darlington amplifierwithfollowingcircuitparameters:VDBwithR1=100k,R2=100k,RC=0 , RE=360 ,VCC=+10Vand 1=2=100.FindoutVin,Vout,ZinandZoutforboth theindividualtransistors. OR Q.5 Answerthefollowing.
1. (a)Explaintheterms:Basespreadingresistance,StiffvoltagesourceandSwamping amplifier. (b)SketchtheLEDdrivercircuitandexplainwithexamples. [03] [02]
2. Designthetransistorasaswitchcircuitfordigitalinput.TakeVcc=+12V.Alsoexplain theworkingofthecircuitandgiveitsapplications. [05]
Q.6
Answerthefollowing.(Anytwo)
[10]
1. Analyze the CC amplifier by its equivalent ac model and derivations. Also give its application.
2. ShowthatclassApoweramplifieroperation.Deriveformulasforoutputpower,current gainandstageefficiency.Alsogiveitsapplications.
3. Sketch the circuits of CB and CE amplifiers and its models. Differentiate both in severalaspects.
120
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LaboratoryManualfor

1. StudyofDifferentTypesofLogicGates 2. NANDandNORasUniversalGate 08 3. TransistorasaSwitch 4. TransistorasanAmplifier 5. a)EffectofRConVoltageGainofCEAmplifier b)EffectofREonVoltageGainofCEAmplifier

ANDGATE(IC7408) TheANDgateperformslogicalmultiplication,knownasANDfunction.Ithastwoinputsandone output.ItisknownastwoinputANDgate.

NANDGATE(IC7400) ItisacombinationofNOTandANDgates.AtwoinputNANDgatehastwoinputsandone output. Y=(A1*A2) PinDiagram TruthTable

NORGATE(IC7402) ItisacombinationofNOTandORgates.AtwoinputNORgatehastwoinputsandoneoutput. Y=(A1+A2) PinDiagram TruthTable

XORGATE(IC7486) Whenboththeinputsofthegatearesame,theoutputislow.Otherwisetheoutputishigh. Y=A1*A2+A2*A1

2. Connectappropriatesupplyvoltageasperthepinoutdiagram. 3. ApplyinputsignalsonthepinsoftheICasperthetruthtablegivenearlier. 4. Measuretheoutputvoltageandcompareitsbinaryequivalentwiththetruthtable. 5. Repeattheaboveprocedureforalltheabovelogicgates.

ASSIGNMENTQUESTIONS: 1. Whatisatruthtable? 2. WritetruthtablesofThreeinputOR,AND,NAND,NORGATES? 3. RealizethelogicexpressionY=A(XOR)B(XOR)C(XOR)DwithXORgates?

PROCEDURE: 1. MounttheICsonbreadboardasshowninthefigure(eitherNANDorNOR). 2. Connectappropriatesupplyvoltageasperthepinoutdiagram.

ASSIGNMNETQUESTIONS: 1. ExplaintheTermUniversalGate? 2. WhatisthedifferencebetweenBasicgatesandUniversalGates? 3. ConstructXORandXNORgatesusingUniversalGates?

Mathematicallywecansaythat, IC=IB (i) (ii)

Similarlywecanfindoutthat, Insaturationregion,VCE0 CIRCUITDIAGRAM: VCC=+5V; VIN=0or5V R2=10K R1=1K Transistor=BC547(NPN)

OBSERVATIONTABLE: Vin(V) IB(mA) Vout(V)

ASSIGNMENTQUESTIONS: 1. Whyanordinaryjunctiontransistoriscalledbipolar? 2. InhowmanymodestheBJTworks?Alsodiscussthebiasingpatternforeachofthem? 3. Showthefollowingregionsinatransistorcharacteristics (i)Active(ii)Saturation(iii)Cutoff

EmitterCurrent, EmitterDynamicResistance, Nowoutputresistance, SoVoltageGain, NowifweconsiderinputbaseresistanceZin(base),

VccBiasingVoltage IEEmitterCurrent AvTheoreticalGain GraphforVCCVs.Gain

RTHTheveninssResistance reEmitterDynamicResistance AVObservedGain

VTHTheveninsVoltage RCOutputResistance *transistorgoestosaturation

ASSIGNMENTQUESTIONS: 1. Discusstheneedoftransistorbiasing? 2. WhatisaDynamicEmitterResistance?HowitisdifferfromDCemitterresistance? 3. Whatisasignificantofsmallsignalanalysisintransistoramplifier?

OBSERVATIONTABLE: Vin(peak) (mV) RC (K) V0 (V) Av=V0/Vin

ASSIGNMENT: 1. Howcanthegainbeadjustedbyhelpofincreasing/decreasingEmitterResistance? 2.Whatisthefrequencyresponseofamplifier?Whyitisrequired?

ThistypeofbipolartransistorconfigurationisanoninvertingcurrentamplifierwithinphaseVin andVout.However,itsvoltagegainisalwaysclosetounitybutlessthan1.Therefore,itisused asabufferratherthanavoltageamplifier.

1. Definealpha()andbeta()ofatransistor?Howthesearerelatedtoeachother? 2. Atransistorhas=0.98.Ifemittercurrentofthetransistoris1mA.Determinethebase currentandgainfactor? 3. WhatarethemainpurposesforCCAmplifierinelectronicscircuits?

CIRCUITDIAGRAM: TheCommonBaseConfiguration, R1=10k;R2=2.2k RC=6.6k;10k C=1F

PROCEDURE: 1. Makerequiredconnectionsaspercircuitdiagramonthebreadboard. 2. ApplyVcc=10Vdcandi/pacsignalat1kHzfrequency. 3. ChecktheoutputvoltageonCROandcalculatethegain. 4. VarythevalueofRCandmeasuretheoutputvoltageandcalculategain. GainCalculation: Basevoltage,

OBSERVATIONTABLE: RC Vin(pp) Vout(pp) Gain

BinaryCodeInput b[3] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 b[2] 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 b[1] 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 b[0] 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 g[3] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

GrayCodeOutput g[2] 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 g[1] 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 g[0] 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

1. Implementthediagramasperthecircuit. 2. ProvidethepowersupplyVCCequalto5.0V. 3. Applytheinputasshowninthetableandmeasuretheoutputvoltage. OBSERVATIONTABLE:

Truthtable Inputs A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Cin 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 SUM 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 Outputs CARRY 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

PROCEDURE: 1. ConnectthecircuitasshowninFig1. 2. ForDifferentvaluesofAandBasshowninthetruthtable,notedowntheSUMand CARRYoutputs. 3. ConnectthecircuitasshowninFig.2 4. Repeatthestep2.

OBSERVATIONTABLE: HalfAdder Inputs A 0 B 0 41 SUM Outputs CARRY

FullAdder Inputs A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Cin 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 SUM Outputs CARRY

ASSIGNMENTQUESTIONS: 1. WhatisdifferencebetweenHalfAdderandFullAdder? 2. DesignafulladderusingNANDgates. 3. DesignahalfadderusingNORGates.

Truthtable Inputs A 0 1 0 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 Outputs DIFFERENCE BORROW 0 0 1 0

Truthtable Inputs A 0 0 B 0 0 BORIN 0 1 0 1 Outputs DIFFERENCE BOROUT 0 1 44

PROCEDURE: 1. ConnectthecircuitasshowninFig1. 2. ForDifferentvaluesofAandBasshowninthetruthTable,NotedowntheSUMand CARRYoutputs. 3. ConnectthecircuitasshowninFig.2 4. Repeatthestep2.

Outputs DIFFERENCE BORROW

Outputs DIFFERENCE BOROUT

OBSERVATIONTABLE: a)Multistageamplifierwithoutcascading VIN(peak) Vstage1=Vstage2(peak) Gain(Practical)[AV1= AV2] Gain(Theory)[AV1=AV2]

CALCULATION: TheoreticalGainCalculation Stage1: TheveninVoltage, EmitterCurrent,

ASSIGNMENTQUESTIONS: 1. Defineandexplainthefollowingterms: (i)Gain(ii)FrequencyResponse(iii)Bandwidth 2. WhatarethedifferenttypesofcouplingschemesusedinMultistageAmplifiers? 3. Whatisamultistageamplifiercircuit?Whyitisrequired?

2. Themaximumandminimumamplitudesofasinusoidalmodulatedwaveare800mV and200mV.DeterminethePercentageModulation? 3. Drawtheamplitudemodulatedwaveforinformationsignalisvoicesignal.Alsocalculate itsBW.

1. Drawtheenergybandgapdiagramforbiasedandunbiasedtransistor. 2. Justify.Theemitterisheavilydopedintransistorfabrication. 3. Whatisoneimportantthingtransistordo?

11. DrawandexplaintheinputandoutputcharacteristicsofatransistorinCEconfiguration. Indicatecutoff,saturationandactiveregions.

12. Classifytheamplifieronthebasisofthepositionoftheoperatingpointontheoutput characteristics.Supportyouranswerwithproperdiagram(s).

Q2)Solvethefollowing: 1. WhatisthevalueofICforIE=5.34mA&IB=475A? 2. WhatistheDCwhenIC=8.23mA&IE=8.69mA?

8. AtransistorhasaPD(max)=5Vat25 C.Thederatingfactoris10mw/ C.WhatisthePD (max)at70 C.

11. Ifthebasecurrentinatransistoris20Awhentheemittercurrentis6.4mA,whatare thevaluesofdcanddc?Alsocalculatethecollectorcurrent.

12. Inacertaintransistor,99.5%ofthecarriersinjectedintothebasecrossthecollector basejunction.Iftheleakagecurrentis6Aandthecollectorcurrentis10mA,calculate thevalueofdcandtheemittercurrent.

13. Designthetransistorusedasaswitchwithfollowingoutputspecifications:Eitheroutput voltageshouldbe0Vor10V.

14. DeterminethefollowingforthefixedbiasconfigurationofFig.1. a)IBQandICQ b)VCEQ c)VB d)VCe)VE

15. DeterminethevalueofQpointforFig.2.AlsofindthenewvalueofQpointifchange to150.

16. GiventheloadlineofFig.3anddefinedQpoint,determinetherequiredvaluesofVCE, RCandRBforafixedbiasconfiguration.

1. StatetheadvantagesofDigitalsystemsoverAnalogsystems. 2. DefinePositivelogicsystemandNegativelogicsystem. 3. Whatarethetwovoltagelevelsnormallyusedtorepresentbinarydigits0and1? 4. Thebaseorradixoftheoctalnumbersystemis___________. 5. Enlistthecharacteristicsof1sand2scomplementsystem.

Q2)Doasdirected: 1. Convertthefollowingnumberinto9scomplementand10scomplement. a)3465 b)782.54 c)4526.075

2. Subtractusing9scomplementand10scomplementmethod. a)27486 b)574.6279.7 c)376.3765.6

3. Convertthefollowingbinarynumberstodecimal. a)1011 b)1101101 c)1101.11

5. Addthefollowingbinarynumbers. a)11011+1101 b)10111.101+110111.01

6. Subtractthefollowingbinarynumbers. a)1011101 b)1100.10111.01 c)10001.011111.11

7. Findthe2scomplementand1scomplementformofthefollowingdecimalnumbers. a)173 b)65.5

9. Convertthenumbers. a)2568 intobinary,hexadecimalanddecimal b)4F7.A816intooctal,binary c)1101112intooctal,hexadecimalanddecimal d)BC70.0E16intodecimal,binaryandoctal

Fig.1 2. DifferentiateStiffandFirmvoltagedivider.AndfindwhetherthecircuitshowninFig.2 isstifforFirm?IfR1=10K,R2=2.2K,RC=3.6K,RE=1K,=200andVCC=10V.

XORGATE(IC7486) Whenboththeinputsofthegatearesame,theoutputislow.Otherwisetheoutputishigh. Y=A1A2+A2A1