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a Materialof construction. o Contents solidsor tendency fouling. of for The liquiddistributor designfollows four basicsteps: Selectionof the distributortype dependingon above mentioned criteria. Determination the principle liquiddistribution. of of Determination the liquidfeed system. of Hydraulic designof drip points.

. o o

Seleclionof the dislributortype

The selection the distributor of type is mainlyinfluenced by the columndiameter, operating rangefor the liquidand the
Table 1. Standardvalues for various basic distributor designs Distributor esign d type
Pan Liquid load (m3/m2h) Recommended column diameter (mm)

selectedmaterialof construction. Additionally, followthe ing considerations taken into account: are o Gas side pressure drop shouldbe low. o Low sensitivityto fouling or contents of solids in the l i qui d. . Low dropletentrainment. o Unequal gas distribution shouldbe avoided. o Maldistribution the liquidshouldbe avoided. of The following basic designs of liquid distributors are suitable for a wide range of applications:pan type (Figure1); decktype (Figure troughtype (Figure lad2); 3); der type (Figure and spraynozzletype. 4); Standardvalues for various basic designs of liquid distributors givenin Table1. are

Principles of distribufion

0.3- 200 5-200 0 . 3- 5 0 '100 43-200

1 0 0- 1 6 0 0 > 200 > 600 allsizes

all sizes

Deck Trough Ladder Spraynozzle

Figure 5. Trough with orifices at the bottom.

must be considered terms of optiSeveralkey principles in mal liquid distribution design. Applicableprinciplesare dependentupon criteriasuch as the volume of the liquid to be distributed, workingrange,the potential fouling its for and the allowable entrainment. The numberof drip pointsrangesbetween60 - 150/m2 depending on the particular application. Frequently, orifices at the bottom are used. Bottom orifices (Figure 5) could cover an operating range of 1:2.5,which is sufficientfor approximately 80% of all applications. Forwideroperating ranges. weirs or attacheddisorifices, pipeson the sidesof tribution individualtroughs and overflow drip tubes are available. Even very low liquid loads Figure 6. Various drip tube designs. (0.5 m3/m2h) be achieved can by using overflow drip tubes (Figure6). lt is recommended to test liquid distributorson suitabletest benchesin terms of liquid distributionquality underoperating conditions.

Liquid feed syslems

U ni forml i qui dfeed to t he l i qui d di stri butor ec t edf or a sel parti cul ar appl i cati o ns cr i t i i cal to the opti mump er f or m ance of thi s di stri but orThe . feed system must d i st r i but e l i qui d as evenl y as p ossi bl e to the enti rel i qui ddi st r i but or w hi l e taki ng i nto con si der ati on l i qui ddi scharge oci t y vel and l i qui d pressuref l uct uat i o n s .A l l l i q u i df e e d d e s i g n s are ai mi ng to route t he l i qui d evenl y, constant l y,and w i th a cal med fl ow t o t he d r i p h o l e s .T h e l i q u i df e e d system i s especi a l l y cr i t i cal in terms of high liquid l oads and l arge di am et er columns. Fundamental desi gn optionsare:

Figure 7. Trough type distributor with predistributor by orifice and ladder type feeding pipe.

Figure 8. Trough type distributor with two parting boxes and H type feeding pipe.

Figure 9. Flash gallery.

Figure 10. Double wall tube.

Ladder type feed sYstem for l o w and m edium liquid l o a d s (< 80 m3/m2h)and turndown 7). of ratios 1:3 (Figure with downcomers Parting box (Figur e f or high erliqu i dl o a d s 8) a n d wider oP er ating ra n g e s ( 1 : 1 0o r g r e a t e r ) . liquid A system that distributes is feed prior to the distributor not by required lowerliquidloads(up to columndiamand 5 m3/m2h) smaller for eters, particularly pan type dis- Figure L1.Vane type collectingtray' or tributors throughtype distributors box' with an integral Parting

second P ackedbed bel ow the col l ecti ngtraY . traysand redistributors Collecting are typicallyappliedin the following
CASES:

liquidfeed stream o An additional to be i ntroduced or needs removed. stages . A high numberof transfer and thus bed must be achieved, dePthis high. of o Maldistribution the downcom. ing liquidmust be avoided. o The weight (suPPortPlate) or the mechanicalstabilitYof the packedbed is limited' Feed syslems for lwo For less critical aPPlications, phose feeds total height of the requiredcollectl f su per heat edm ixtures a re fe d l i ng tray and subsequenti qu i ddi si n t o the c olum n, s Pec ial P re c a u tributorcan be reducedbY the use t i o n s m us t be t ak en in o rd e r to construction of a vane type collector obtain a thorough degasification 1 ) (Figure 1 . to the best degree Possiblebefore liquid in the collecting Typically, r f e e d enter st he liqui ddis tri b u too r tray is removedeithervia a circulatthe tray, collectivelY. trough or a draw off. ing collecting Flas h galler ie s (F ig u re 9 ) traY can be used as The collecting a re par tic ular lY s uitab l e fo r dow na sump. D uri ng equi P ment Figure 12. Deck type distributor with l a rg er c olum n diam etersa n d fo r i retai ned n thi s sum p' ti me, l i qui di s coveredgas chimneys. l a rg e feed v olum es . T he i n c o mThe height of the chimneYsdeteri n g feed is int r oduc ed ta n g e n mi nesthe vol umeof l i qui dthat can t i a l l y agains tt he c olumn w a l l . T h e fl a s h g a l l e ry a ccu tray the ln orderto preventleakage, collecting be retained. mu l ateJ the liquid s o th a t th e v a p o u r p o rti o n ca n is often welded or laminatedin the vessel by the vessel T d e g as ify . he liquid c an th e n b e ro u te d d i re c tl yi n to a Figure 12 shows a deck type redistributor manufacturer. d i str ibutor . withcoveredgaschimneys.By|eavingoutthebottom Doub|ewalItubes(Figure10)haveprovenSucceSSchangesto a collector' fices.the redistributor with a low low feed flows of feed flows ful when relatively w l e ve lv apour por t ionhav e to b e s u p p l i e d h i l e re d u ci n g Moferiol of construclion mi g a s -l i q u i d xtu re sp a ceat the s am e t ime.T h e i n c o mi n g A great variety of materials,both metals and plastics,are degasesin a centraltube that has slotsfacingdownwards The selectionof the matefor prcessed column internals. an boreholesin the upward direction.Overflowspouts on: rialdependsmainlY are arrangedin the encasingtube while the gas phase o The oP erati ng and m a x i m u m ( e m e r g e n c Y ) arrangedon the escapes pwardsby way of boreholes temperature. si d es . of . The composition gas and liquid' suitablefor low flows.These boxesare Flashboxesare and mainThe incoming i.e. considerations, investment o Economical in the columnnear the distributor. arranged is liquid tenancecosts. feed degasesin the flashbox wherethe stabilised and plantavailability' lifetime directeddownwardsand the vapourescapesupwards' o Desired for is equation utilised the designof liquiddistribToiricelli's on utors.Depending the liquidlevel(h), the liquidvelocity, and thus the liquidflow rate (Q),is calculated: Q=n'1t'A'(2'S'h)os paramto must The coefficientpr be adjusted the relevant thickness, the material eters.lt dependson the liquidlevel, the the the open area of the orifice, orificegeometry, liquid A and other parameters. minimumliquidlevel of viscosity 25 mm ls used.The numberof drip points(n) and the drip couldbe deter(d), respectively' holearea (A),or diameter range approximately mined. Regulardrip hole diameters 1 0m m .

Hydroulic design

lnthecaseofplastics,standardmaterialsareP PPH,PVC,PVDF,butspecialitiesarealsoprocess C-PVC,ETCFE,PTFE(TFM)'ln addiincluding Rauschert, tion to standardmetal materials,such as carbon or stainlnconel,Monel etc') or less steel types, alloys(Hastelloy, are titanium also used.

Conclusion

Collectingtroys ond redistributors

a co llec tingt r ay s an d redi s tri b u to rs re d e s i g n e da cco rdthe s am e p rinc ip l e sm e n ti o n e da b o v e . co l l e cti n g to i n g tr ay s ar e us ed to c o l l e c td o w n c o mi n gl i q u i d a t th e boltom of a packed bed and to allow for either removal o f this liquid f r om the c o l u m n o r re d i s tri b u teto a

C ol umn i nternal s are cruci al for the proper oper aand ti on of a packedtow er.The opti mumperforma nce thedesiredoperatingrangescanon|ybeachieve both tow er packi ngsand tow er i nternal sare car ef ully sel ectedfor each i ndi vi dualcase. A l thoughth e l at est of tool s are used, product i on and producti on machi nery ' manufacturi ng'n t he i i s sti l l a col umn i nternal stoday basi cS enseof thi s w ord. D esi gn,draw i ngsand pr oducand adaptedto t he pr octi on for each part are i ndi vi dual to i ess. Therefore, t i s recommended study car ef ul l yall w hen sel ecti ngcol umn i nt er nals rel evant parameters t for a project.