Memorandum 1

MEMORANDUM

To: Design Management and the Singapore Science Centre From: NARNYA; Natalie Agus, Crystal Tee, Benny Ng, Mak Wai Yong, Lisa Tjide Re: Project I Exhibition Design Proposal

I). INTRODUCTION How often have we found ourselves fabricating surprisingly unique scenarios? Regardless of JK Rowling's World of Wizardry or specific characters such as Wolverine from the X Men, both are perfect representations of Counterintuition - the instance whereby one is unable to easily derive an explanation for such encounters contrary to one's instinctive knowledge and beliefs. We may even realise our absorption with the creation of these unnatural scenarios as a means to embellish the otherwise "mundane" reality, to the extent that we transform into obsessed, myopic individuals who overlook these otherwise omnipresent elements. Nature conceals these elements and highly rewards the discerning who uncovers this treasure, undoubtedly, those who fail to notice this aspect of the sciences, conclude science as a technical, and even boring endeavour. Ultimately, the last glimmer of hope lies in the young (between ages of 9 16) those who have just begun their venture into science and are yet to form any biased perceptions at all. We have arrived to our design mission: "To inspire appreciation via the demonstration of subtle, but counterintuitive concepts, for an ultimate greater purpose of reviving interest in applied sciences in the human race." Throughout the design process, we will work by closely aligning our mission to our ideas but not forgetting to consider our user's needs and wants. We will go through a series of functional evaluation to create something which is impactful, inspirational and bring out a new perspective of science.

II). BACKGROUND RESEARCH

Background research involves further exploration of the meaning behind exhibit and our mission. The result of this research is the list of possible scenarios, cross referred with published texts, webpage, and patents that are related so we that we can have an idea whether our scenarios are justifiable. Our mission was inspired by the mission of our user, the Singapore Science Centre: "To promote interest, learning and creativity in science and technology, through imaginative and enjoyable experience and contribute to the nation's development of its human resource1," The aim of exhibition here is not merely to display scientific facts but also to be a creative platform for the visitors to get inspired while at the same time are entertained. It gives the reason for the visitors to take a second look at the exhibition or to visit the Science Centre again because of the level of inspiration it gives. We now look into the scientific aspects that is currently displayed in Science Centre to get a general idea of its scope:

http://www.science.edu.sg/aboutus/Pages/ourvision.aspx

Fig 1: The list of science centre exhibits Exhibition Theme Brief description Candy Unwrapped To explore how the mind determines what tastes good. Earth: Our untamed planet To raise awareness of the potential environmental threats to the public. Uniquely you To explores the complex combination and interaction of genetic inheritance, environment and lifestyle influences. House of Blood To showcase the importance of blood. Climate Change To raise awareness of the hazards caused by global warning. Genome To explore the building blocks of life. Living with viruses To explore the delicate balance of the relationship between viruses, humans and other species that share a common environment. Marine Alcove To introduce visitors to the ocean, focusing on interesting facts about its physical environment and the creatures living there. Bioethics To expose the visitors to the challenges and dilemmas faced in the scientific field. Fire To deepen our knowledge about fire iSpace To discover a new perspective of infocomm technology. Sound Exhibition To explore the science of sound by learning more about sound waves and how they are transmitted. Mathematics Everyday To explore the many wonders and uses of mathematics in our lives. Space Science To discover about the science in the outerspace. Our Solar System To learn more about our solar system. Eco Garden To introduce the visitors to the beauty of nature. Waterworks To discover some intriguing facts about water and find out about the importance of water in our lives. The Mind's Eye To challenge our senses and reveal some of the secrets behind the illusions. Kinetic Garden To discover the inter-relationships between the different forms of energy. Invent! Its in you To act as a creative platform and a catalyst for the visitors to be motivated to invent things. Scientist For a Day To let the visitors have the experience in being a scientist.

Notes Temporary Permanent Permanent Temporary Permanent Permanent Permanent

Permanent

Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent

The broad themes of science that the Science Centre has suggest that we have almost no limitation in which field of science we would like to pick. Drawing from site visit experiences, we realize that many scientific discoveries are counter intuitive because they have the elements of surprise and excitement. The most recent example is the counter-intuitive paradigm shift from classical Newtonian physics into the modern Quantum physics in the early 20th century3. We would like to create an exhibit which people can easily relate to, constituting of things that are present in our daily lives. We have selected five scenarios which will be further explained below: 1). Levitation Inspired by the recent 2012 counter-intuitive blockbuster "Total Recall" (See Appendix I for details), we are now aware that modern physics is able to bring our perception towards world into a whole different level. It is illustrated in the movie how science gives us the imagination about the existence of floating cities, super-conductor
2

http://www.science.edu.sg/exhibitions/Pages/SCSExhibitionsHome.aspx Walecka, John Dirk. Introduction To Modern Physics: Theoretical Foundations. World Scientific 2008, p1-6.

transportation, and advanced software which is able to manipulate memories and we would like to bring the same impact yet being more realistic through the science centre exhibition. One of the most popular research topic currently which is also featured in the movie is the Meissner effect illustrated below (Fig. 2):

Fig 2, Ref: http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/mag netacademy/superconductivity101/page7.html

The magnet is suspended in the air because the force of gravity pointing downwards is cancelled out by the magnetic force pointing upwards and it does not topple because it is locked within the magnetic field4. This phenomenon inspires us to adopt levitation as one of our scenarios. From the typical physics exercise we came across, we found out that one of the possible ways to levitate an object with charge -q and mass m is by using the electric field to generate electric force which will cancel the force of gravity (Fig35):

+++++++++++++++++++++ Fig 3. Suggested exhibit: Electric field levitator Fe E Fg The upper and lower plates are equal but oppositely charged thus generating the Electric field downwards. The object has the charge of -q in order for it to experience upward electrical force.

----------------------------

Patents related: M12-15676. The useful application of the levitation concept is that it can be used as the alternative source of energy. One of the examples is Maglev7, whereby high speed transportation is made possible and efficient as train is levitated and
4

http://web.mit.edu/8.13/www/JLExperiments/JLExp39.pdf

5 6

http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/phys104/sol1s02p.pdf Question number 7. Refer to Appendix i(1) 7 http://www.google.com/patents/US5253591, Refer to Appendix i(2)

accelerated by the repulsion force provided by the magnetic field rather than using mechanical methods. Other examples include creating a city that floats and therefore allowing extra space for the growing population and also enabling us to launch satellites to the space more conveniently than using the conventional methods (eg: using fuel)8. Levitation opens such a broad and interesting list of applications, therefore we chose this as one of our scenarios for or exhibits. 2. Light - its deceptive role in vision. The process in which one begins his day is universal one opens his eyes, or in technical terms, one exposes his retinas to the incoming rays of light. Counter-intuitively, the windows to one's soul becomes one's window into the existential world which surrounds him. Vision has now evolved into a routine, an ordinary occurrence which one takes for granted, to the extent that one neglects the significant role of Light. The properties of Light (Fig 4) and its significance towards one's vision will now be explored and re-assessed. Theories regarding visible light have evolved over the centuries; it's behaviour as a particle and as a wave have confounded scientists and researchers alike, until resolved with Niels Bohr's Principle of Complementarity9 in 1927. Vision relies on the properties of visible light as part of the electromagnetic spectrum, where its interaction with
Fig 5: Human's eye anatomy

Fig 4: Light dispersion

objects are crucial. When light falls on an object, its components changes, as certain wavelengths are absorbed, while the rest are reflected/ transmitted10 into one's eyes. The human eye is a highly complex organ that allow the detection and conversion of light into electro-chemical impulses in the neurons11, as light refracts through the lenses, ultimately converging upon the Retina (Fig 5). These impulses are then interpreted by the brain. The presence of Rod and Cone12 cells in the retina also provides the additional ability

of light perception and colour differentiation. As information is contained in the altered wavelengths of light, its crucial role in human vision is not only further re-affirmed, but also can be considered, to an extent, to be of a counter-intuitive nature due to one's likely negligence. Suggested exhibit: Which Wave? A possible demonstration of this concept would be an interactive exhibit where one is asked to replicate a particular scene based only on the ambient clues provided in the form of a sound clip. The theory behind this exhibit is similar
8 9

http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/extreme-machines/8-ways-magnetic-levitation-could-shape-the-future#slide-5 http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/Complementarity/CompCopen.html 10 http://www.andor.com/learning-academy/what-is-light-an-overview-of-the-properties-of-light 11 http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/amazing-human-eye 12 http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-vii-color-vision/color-vision/

to that of 20th century Radio-based Drama serials13, where the listener would be forced to replicate the scene from their imagination based on the auditory clues provided. Similarly, the exhibit would contain a collection of ambient sound clips at several locations unique to Singapore (eg. Marina Bay Sands, Singapore Zoological Gardens). The listener would be exposed to a randomly selected sound-clip, to be emitted from provided headphones. He would then be tasked with completing a rough template of the photograph on a touch-screen based device by inputting some pictorial elements. After which, deviations from the actual photo would be calculated based on an algorithm and the listener's reliance on the sense of sight would be revealed. Apart from educating consumers with scientific concepts of counter-intuition, this exhibit would also serve to provide National Education in the young, as well as raise awareness to the handicapped; those who are forced to rely on other senses apart from sight for their daily navigation and understanding of their environment. 3. Light Bending Considering the concepts of lights wave- particle duality form in modern physics, and bearing in mind our theme of counter intuition, our group began to challenge common assumptions regarding light. One of these assumptions would include: light always travels in a straight line. However, this is not necessarily true. Light has characteristics of a wave, and their peaks and troughs can interfere with one another causing constructive and destructive interferences. These constructive interferences create light while the destructive interferences create dark spots and but carefully controlling the initial positions of the wave, it is possible to make it such that there is constructive interferences only at points along the curve14. Inspired by controversial physics theories taught during our physics lessons in school, we decided that perhaps we could explore along this concept of light bending and create an exhibit that showcase this counter intuition. Integrating some of the concepts learnt from physics in the past, light can indeed be bent through simple experiments and manipulation of several properties of light (e.g. refraction and reflection). Suggested exhibit: Total Internal Reflection Light has many different properties and can be manipulated to show different aspects of its properties. When light passes through a denser medium, the ray bends away from the normal resulting in the exit angle being greater than the incident angle15. This exit angle will approach 90 degrees for some critical incident angle and when the incident angle is greater than the critical angle, there will be a phenomenon known as Total internal reflection16 Possible exhibit to showcase phenomenon: shooting a laser through water at specific angle to induce the total internal reflection properties of light as shown in Figure 6 below17:

13 14

http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/radio-show.htm http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/04/light-bends-by-itself.html 15 Total reflection., Born, M. and Wolf, E., Principles of Optics, 7th Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 49-53 (1999). 16 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/totint.html 17 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBQ8fh_Fp04

Fig 6: Laser light bends through water

The fact that this scenario uses everyday materials (water, light) which people can easily relate to and the theory is simple for 9-16 year olds to grasp, we decided to keep this scenario in view. Scenario 4: Sound Waves Human has 5 senses, namely sight, sound, smell, touch, taste18. However, we are making use of these five senses to carry out activities for granted. In this scenario, we want to create something which reminds people of their five senses, either one or more. Many of the current exhibits in science center involve largely visual exhibits. Thus, we thought of integrating two of our most significant senses: sight and hearing. How many people actually know that sound is a form of energy? Can we see sound? How do we know if sound exists? What can we do if we can see, and capture this form of energy? Sound is one of the six forms of energy. Similar to light, sound is a form of wave. Sound travels through air and it cannot travel without a medium. The wave travels through a series of compression and rarefaction of the air particles in the air19. Besides entertainment purposes, the science centre aims to raise peoples interest in the field of science. Through the use of interesting and beautiful phenomena, it captivates peoples interest and hopefully will motivate them to explore the scientific knowledge behind them. A few examples that are related to sound are as such: 1. Dancing Fluid Sound has the power to moved fluids. As the sound plays, the vibration of the speakers creates causes stress on the non-Newtonian fluid. As we exert a certain amount of force on the fluid, the particles in the molecules will arrange itself in such a way that resembles a solid. Hence, this causes the fluid to move and changes shape, creating an effect which looks like a dancing fluid20:

18 19

http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm http://www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow2/apr99/soundsci.html 20 http://www.google.com/patents/US20070256736 (See Appendix iii, 1)

Fig 7: Dancing Newtonian Fluid (put above a speaker)21

Deriving from idea of the five senses that human has, we want to create something which triggers humans five senses in as many ways as possible. By focusing on the idea of sound, and the fact that sound is a form of energy, we would like to show the counterintuitive aspect of sound. Thus, we came out with the idea of capturing sound energy visually. It shows that our five senses actually works together. This differs from the general misconception that our senses functions independently22. 2. Cymatic imaging - further derivation from Newtonian fluid. We are further inspired to make use of sound energy to produce patterned images instead of random vibration such as those reflected by the Newtonian fluid. The existing example is Cymatic imaging, which operates with the basis of sound. Cymatic imaging is produced through the use of cymascope. Within the cymascope, sound is produced. As sound waves travels through the plate, it causes vibrations on the plate. The vibration causes the particles in the water to move and shift. The molecules then move in a way such that a geometric pattern is formed. At different frequency, different pattern will be formed. Fig 8, Image References: http://www.cy mascope.com/ gallery.html

http://www.m etageum.org/ Metageum07/J ohnReid.htm

21

22

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yp1wUodQgqQ

http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih3/hearing/guide/info-hearing.htm

The cymascope serves as a platform to show the beauty of science, hoping that more visitors may relate to and appreciate science in a new perspective. Scenario 5: Pendulum Wave Every time when we go to the childrens playground, we see a child screaming in joy, enjoying his or her time on the swing. Did we ever stop and notice the significance of this motion? Yes, its a simple harmonic motion. The topic of simple harmonic motion falls under one of the core topics in classical physics. As defined by Serway & Jewitt23, An object moves with simple harmonic motion whenever its acceleration is proportional to its position and is oppositely directed to the displacement from equilibrium.

where k is a constant and x is the distance away from the equilibrium position24. To a child, it might just be an object to ride on and have fun. However, the pendulum has played a significant part in the advancement of scientific knowledge, from the first studies by Galileo to time keeping in the form of the pendulum clock to even demonstrating the rotation of earth about its axis.To properly define a pendulum, it is an idealised case of a mass hanging from a massless, inextensible string and swinging to and fro in a plane with small amplitude displacement and energy is not lost from the system.

Using newtons 2nd law for rotational dynamics gives

Where the period of the oscillation is given by

Where L is variable which depending on the case, can either be the length of a pendulum or mass of a Spring-mass oscillating system25. We are planning to expose the visitors to the following questions: Possible Concepts to teach regarding periodic motion
23 24

(http://www.phy.olemiss.edu/~thomas/weblab/221_exp_procedures_spr2006/221_Simp_Har_Mo_Pro_F_2010.pdf) ( The Penguin Dictionary of Science)(http://www.credoreference.com.libproxy.nlb.gov.sg/entry/penguinscience/simple_harmonic_motion_shm) 25 ( David H. Van Winkle. )http://www.physics.fsu.edu/courses/fall01/psc2801c/psc2801c/labs/spring.htm

Does period of a periodic motion depend on mass? Does period of a periodic motion depend on amplitude? Does period of a periodic motion depend on length of pendulum?

Scenario Idea: Pendulum Waves26 In this set up, the pendulums have monotonically increasing lengths, designed to give each specific periods, which is decreasing in this case (Fig 9). The exhibit should be placed in a vacuum box to remove the effects of air resistance, hence removing a variable in this exhibit. When the pendulums are set into sideways displacement, they move like a wave due to the variance in the wavelengths of the pendulum. Observation tells that the wavelength of this wave would shorten progressively as time passes. At half a cycle, half of the pendulums would be at maximum displacement in the positive direction while the other half would be at maximun displacement too but in the negative direction.

Fig 9: Pendulum Wave

Below is the justification of choosing this scenario idea:

Pros It is easy to build. Requires little maintenance, as we can enclose the setup in an enclosed box and use a mechanism to displace the pendulums and to launch the experiment. Cons Cannot change other variables like masses.

Can be some form of lever for visitors to launch Concept not difficult. Visitors will learn the concept of periodic motion and what affects the period of a pendulum system. At the same time, they will learn more about kinetic and potential energy

26

http://www.mapleprimes.com/maplesoftblog/121168-Pendulum-Waves and http://www.instructables.com/id/Unique-Pendulum-Wave-and-ReleaseMechanism/?ALLSTEPS

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Interesting to observe. We could even extend and add sound to map the movement of the pendulum. Makes observation easier for the younger audience.

After doing research for some of the possible scenarios which we will build our exhibit upon, we will now focus on site and customer need analysis in order to align our exhibit to their preference.

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III) SITE AND CUSTOMER NEED ANALYSIS

A). SITE ANALYSIS Location Level Dates of visit : Singapore Science Centre : 1 - Bioethics : Saturday, 22 September 2012 (1000-1300) and Friday, 5 October 2012 (1400-1700)

The assigned location to us is the area within the Bioethics, near the Earth; our untamed planet. Appendix A shows that the Bioethics is accessible through the Tesla Coil location which appears to be the central location of the Science Centre as it connects to every other exhibition rooms. This suggests that the site is easily accessible. There is no need to take the lift or stairs hence people with disability may reach the location conveniently. Below is the floor plan of the location: Earth, our untamed planet area and other exhibitions

6m lights Assigned ~AC Pathway towards other exhibition/ alternative exit from other exhibition exhibition area 10m Lightings: Relatively dim Temperature: 23C (Friday) and 21C (Saturday)

Bioethics Entrance Exit Toilets

Figure 10: Exhibition Area Site analysis and observation result:

Type Crowd Flow Description There is only one entrance and exit, located side by side just near our exhibition area and separated by a thin wall in between. The hallway on the left of the area connects the visitor directly towards the earth and genome exhibition thus skipping our exhibition area. The maximum number of people the area can contain is approximately 300 people (The whole Remarks and Evaluation It is best if the exhibits are placed along to the walls in area to encourage a more ordered crowd flow by leaving the middle part of the location empty (the blue arrows). People may easily browse through the exhibits which are aligned with the wall. The fact that there is no clear entrance and exit in the area shows that it is possible that the visitors may just enter and exit the exhibition in a random manner. It also

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SUTD population fits in there).

Dimension

Width : 6m Length: 10m Height: 8m

Ambience

Visitor compositions

Quite noisy, there's three televisions showing the documentaries about wildlife on the wall outside the Bioethics room. There is a lot of children who runs around and causing noise due to various reasons (excitement, chat with their peers and parents, etc). Children age 7-12: 50% Teenagers age 13-16: 15% Adults: 20% Tourists and other age groups: 5% (See appendix 2) - pictures of children in the tesla coil and at the entrance hallway towards the area

encourages easier evacuation in case of emergency because the exhibits do not block any pathway. Assuming that five groups are selected for the exhibition, leaving a 2m by 10m pathway through the middle of the area, by average each object can occupy 8 metre square of area. (eg: 2m by 2m dimension). Our exhibit is preferred to not produce any noise. If required, usage of headphones is needed because a speaker will not deliver the needed clarity due to the noisy ambience.

General observations

Power supply

80% of the visitors like to touch more than observing or merely see the exhibition (See Appendix 3) Level one is very crowded as compared to the level 2. (See Appendix 1) 1 out of 8 people read the exhibit descriptions for more than 30 seconds. Long exhibit description tends to be skipped (See Appendix 6). When people are interested in the exhibits, they spend more time reading the description, try to understand the mechanism behind it and take pictures. There is one electricity plug in view. It has a type G socket and have a standard specification of 230V and 50Hz.

Children are attracted with objects that allow interaction such as the "cloud ring" and "down with gravity". Teenagers typically are fascinated with all exhibitions but they do not read much on the descriptions. Adults usually tag along with their children and they visit the science centre for the sake of introducing science to the young. They are typically attracted with videos and interactive exhibition. The tourists are typically diligent in studying the exhibits and they have considerably obvious amount of interest in science. We need to create something which caters to the needs of most visitors, not just the children. Instead of merely capturing their attention, we need to leave a longlasting impression in them about science and drive them to be more inspired and passionate in learning about it. Besides, we also hope to help the young to find their identity in science, meaning to find out whether or not science is their passion and if yes, which field of science that they love the most. It is best if the description of the exhibits is made as simple as possible (in the laymen term) so everyone can relate to it and understand the fundamentals behind it, however still holds a good amount of clarity as well as quality.

Most Popular Exhibit

Egg Hatching

Aesthetic

Objects with unique shape and filled with vibrant color usually captures visitors' attention.

Our exhibit must not require a power supply that exceed this specification. Nonetheless, it seems like there are extra power supplies connected by cables that are attached to the ceilings (hidden from plain site). It is best that we does not use too much power and make an exhibit that has high efficiency of power as an effort to save the earth. It should not consume too much power and waste too much energy because it will clash with the intention of the Earth exhibition located just next to our area. It is surprising that the most successful exhibit is actually the least designed exhibit. We should bear in mind that we should not over design our exhibit. Instead of thinking what needs to be added, we should be thinking as well what things can be removed yet increasing the efficiency or the value of our product. However, this doesn't guarantee that visitors will be satisfied with what the exhibit displays.

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Site analysis is coupled with customer need analysis in the next section and at the end of this section we will apply our result to our chosen scenarios.

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B). Customer Need Analysis We conducted surveys and interviews (See appendix 4) at the same time while conducting the site analysis and the result is shown in terms of Like/Dislike Table and Affinity diagram: 1). Like/Dislike Table (See Appendix 5).
Customer Data: Project/Product Name Customer: A group of students between 9- 13 years old. Address: Undisclosed Type of user: Children who visit the science centre Willing to do follow up? No Interviewer(s): Benny Ng, Mak Wai Yong, Natalie Agus Date: 5th Oct 2012 Currently uses: Science exhibition

Question Typical uses.

1. Would you prefer an exhibit that is informative or purely interesting but does not really explain how it works? Why do you visit the science Centre? How interested are you in science? Can you relate what you learnt from school to the exhibits?

Customer Statement
1.

Interpreted Need

Importance

Something that shows 1. information, not just entertainment Brought by parents, but finds some of the exhibits 2. interesting Not too much

2.

2.

3.

Must be able to 1. The exhibit must be selfexplain the effect explanatory or have and not just a some sort of card to magic show explain the theory behind. None of the current exhibits are 2. Most children do not find interesting enough the exhibits interesting to generate enough to advertise it widespread interest. to their friends Do not really 3. Target group generally understand how finds it difficult to relate science works and science with their daily how it relates to their life. Hence, help is everyday life. needed to allow them to see the link. The scientific theories behind 4. By relating the science most of the current that the target group exhibits are to studied in school to the advance. exhibits can help them relate better generating their interest.

3.

4.

Not really

3.

4.

4.

Likes
1. Which was your favorite exhibit(s)? Do you prefer interactive or video/ shows (informative) exhibit? What about it do you like?

1.

2.

2.

DNA, ecogarden, 1. schrobe effect, spinning water, eggs hatching, magnets dance to music, climate change 2. Interactive exhibits feels a bit more fun Video exhibits teaches more and the videos are interesting

Do not need to be 1. Exhibit must be interactive but entertaining. If it is needs to be interactive or entertaining. informative, it cannot lose that entertainment Some found value. interactive exhibits more interesting 2. There is no significant while other found preference between video exhibits more interactive and video interesting (no clear exhibits and it depends preference). on individual users.

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Dislikes
1. Which is your least favorite exhibit? Do you prefer interactive or video (informative) in exhibit? What dont you like about the other?

1.

Those exhibits near the entrance

1.

2.

2.

I dont really learn a lot from the Interactive and its not even that fun Videos can get a bit boring 2. and wordy

Exhibits cannot be 1. Concept cannot be too simple and overly simplistic. must show an effect or behavior that is 2. If exhibit does include special/ unique interactive aspects, must take special care to not Interactive exhibits lose its learning value. are not fun enough Make sure the or do not provide a interactive part is fun good platform to and not merely transmit engaging. information. If decided to provide an exhibit in any video Video exhibits form, make sure its not might get too boring too technical but fun and if showcasing items attention grabbing. that require more specific terms

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2). Affinity Diagram

Age(years)

General Topic Interest

of

Specific topic(s)

Modes of exhibition

Percentage of people (%) 20

Evaluation

Remarks

Below 10

Environment

Biology

Interactions

Climate

40

Visitors generally prefer exhibits related to their surroundings. There is a high possibility that it is attributed to the better ease in identifying with these topics.

Keep in view. Lack of counterintuitive aspects to explore in this field.

Above 10 (11-14)

Physics (in depth science)

Electronics

Display

10

Magnetism

10

Lights

10

Aerodynamics

10

Visitors have background knowledge of science. Thus, preferring more in depth scientific exhibits as opposed to simple ones. A possible explanation would be the higher level of complexities in such scientific concepts required to generate interest in these audiences.

Generally, we are more familiar in this field of science and the in depth theory behind these topic provides a woweffect, hence adding on to the counterintuitive aspects of the exhibits.

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Results and Evaluation We need to create a medium that the visitors want so that our mission is conveyed successfully. From the information in the like/dislike table, affinity diagram, as well as the site analysis, we know that it is clear that all of our scenarios are seen as a counter intuitive phenomenon. The site visit also reminds us of the importance of safety and after further research, we found out that scenario 1 has safety issues. A charged particle which is accelerated will emit harmful electromagnetic radiation27 and electric field in an open environment may cause people to get electrocuted, leaving us the only option to confine it within a glass panel. Furthermore, from the affinity diagram (modes of exhibition) it seems that many visitors prefer a display that allow interaction such as buttons to press and control the inputs, or touchable devices in order to convince themselves about the underlying fundamentals behind the exhibits. Therefore we are unable to let the visitors to have interaction with the electric field levitator because it means that they need to accelerate the charge particles. As a result, we decide to add further modification to scenario 1 which is to replace the electric field with the safer alternative which is the magnetic field as illustrated below28:

Fb

Open solenoid core which allows us to control the strength of the magnetic field Ferromagnetic (iron, steel, etc) object of mass m

Fg

Figure 11: Electromagnetic levitator

Example of existing object:

Figure 12: Maglev Photo Frame Reference: http://gizmodo.com/183481/magneticlevitation-photo-

27 28

http://physics.fullerton.edu/~jimw/general/radreact/ http://www.cpdee.ufmg.br/~palhares/33-942s.pdf

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The fundamental idea is the same in the sense that the object is now able to levitate because the magnetic force upwards balance the gravitational force.:

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Thus we can let the visitor experiment with differing mass and magnetic field strength to find the zero net force point which allow the object to levitate, keeping them entertained. The simplicity of the fundamentals behind is also suitable for our target group (most of them have learned about force). And as mentioned in the background research, there are plenty benefits and application on levitation theories especially the ones using the magnetic field and therefore we will keep this idea for further improvement. Similarly for scenario 2, maintaining the current theme of bending light, we decided that in order to make the display more interesting, we could change the medium (which light passes) into one that allows us to dictate the path such as using concrete plastic or glass. Upon further research, we found out that such a technology does already exist in the form of an optical fiber. An optical fiber follows the same concept of total internal reflection as described before. It is made up of a hollow tube with 2 different layers. As the light passes one layer, it is refracted and as it hits the 2nd layer, total internal reflection occurs and light is reflected back within the tube30 as illustrated below31 (Figure 13):

Figure 13: Total internal reflection using fibre optics

In order to make this exhibit more interesting, perhaps we could alter the shape of the fiber optic cables to exaggerate the counter intuitive effect of light bending. However, from our site visits, we found that the Science Centre already has a display that shows this effect; hence, we cannot use this idea as a stand-alone exhibit. In order to utilize the concept of fiber optics, we have to make adjustments to it or perhaps integrate it with other ideas. From the Affinity diagram, we also notice that common favorite topics mentioned by the visitors are related to climate, ecology and biology. In the context of scenario 4, we look for the relationship between sound energy and our surrounding and we notice that there is something interesting about the images produced by the cymascope.
29 30

https://sbms.bnl.gov/sbmsearch/subjarea/118/1u04e011.pdf http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/selvaduray/page/papers/mate115/simonkwan.pdf. Related patent: www.google.com/patents/US5558422, http://computer.howstuffworks.com/fiber-optic2.htm

31

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The images produced carry a certain patterning in it. In fact, in nature, many plants and animals also have such characteristics. There seem to be an algorithm governing these patterning occurring in our nature. Thus, from here, we have drawn a link between cymatic imaging and patterning in the environment. Inspired by a French artist, Bernar Venet, who has beautifully integrated the art and science, we hope that through this exhibit, it encourages the synthesis of topics. Patterning in our environment occurs in a subtle way such that human disregard the beauty of these patterning. Most of these patterns are found in plants, tree bark, skins of animals, etc. There seem to a natural DNA which controls the algorithm of the patterning in the living creatures. As compared to the simple biological science that youngsters learn in school, this exhibit provides as more than usual experience, beyond what human normally see. In terms of counterintuitivity, by bringing the visitors to look at the world at a different perspective, it would be itself be a counterintuitive experience. This exhibit may not be as counterintuitive as a normal exhibit in technical terms but it opens up peoples perception of the world. There might be world within world, a world that may be visible in animals terms. Such a result is what we are looking for. A question that we would like people to ponder when they leave the exhibit is Is what you see really is what it is? This experience could teach the younger generation to appreciate the environment around us. For example, fractal, a form of patterning, occurs all around us much more than we expected to be. From animals fur to the plants, fractals are formed with the basis of chaos theory. Although fractals occur in animals and plants, there is no obvious reason to the formation of these patterns. The formation of patterns does not generally bring about great changes to the survival of these things, but for some reason, the appearance of animals and plants are purposefully wired geometrically. Below (Figure 14) is the fractal of a broccoli32:

Figure 14: Fractal of a broccoli

32

http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/09/fractal-patterns-in-nature/

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Instead of looking at science as one isolated entity, this exhibit opens up possibility for people of different fields (especially the people working in the art field such as graphic or fashion designer) to draw out inspiration for their works. By showing the science behind these patterns, it amazingly brings out the science behind these beautiful patterns. Lastly, we are aware that many of the children visitors are below 12 years old and hence have a rudimentary concept of the Interaction between forces and masses. This can be seen from out questionnaire results (Appendix BLAH) that all of the children interview states that the watermelon falls faster than grape in vacuum. A search on Singapore Ministry of Education website was done and we found out that the primary focus was on the non-physical sciences and even though they do cover topics like forces and energy, the concepts taught were rather elementary. In addition, we got mixed response from them when we asked whether they preferred a display or interaction exhibit. Hence, there is a pertinent need to focus on the physical sciences and in this exhibit, the concept of periodic motion in pendulums were exhibited and imparted here. This topic is not listed in the primary school science syllabus and hence it would be interesting and insightful for our target audience. Moreover, to cater to the different preference amongst children for learning, the Pendulum Wave will show the concept behind periodic motion by incorporating visual and audio aids. This allows the audience to interact with the exhibit, making learning more enjoyable.

Emphatic Lead User Analysis Scenario involved: Scenario 2, Which Wave? The objective of this Empathic Lead User Analysis serves to confirm the hypothesis of the importance of vision, and subsequently, light in comparison to other senses in the daily lives of the human race. Methodology: The user would be tasked with accomplishing a series of tasks in a sparsely furnished room under a time limit33. Search tasks can include (but are not restricted to) the following: 1. Navigation 2. Obtaining items of variable shape, sizes, colour, texture, and sound when striked. 3. Placing a variety of items at a variety of locations in the room. 4 separate trials shall be carried out in the order as follows (variables are italicized)
Trial Description User is asked to complete tasks in a brightly lit environment without restrictions User is asked to complete tasks in a brightly lit Evaluation This is also known as the control. Since the user is most likely to accomplish this below the time limit, the timing should be recorded In the absence of vision, the user would depend on his other senses, such as that of touch and hearing. As it is likely that the user would

33

Time limit may vary depending on the complexities of the tasks.

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environment while blindfolded

be unable to accomplish all of the proposed tasks, a time limit should be imposed and the number of completed tasks recorded. The difference between the result in this scenario and that of the control would determine the relative importance of vision. This is meant to prove the hypothesis of the importance of light over vision. While the user has "regained" his vision, accomplishing the tasks should prove to be rather difficult in the absence of light, hence proving (or not) the hypothesis of the importance of light over vision. Simlarly, the user would be unable to accomplish all of the proposed tasks, therefore a time limit should be imposed and the number of completed tasks recorded. This aims to show the level of importance the sense of hearing in comparison to vision and light. Since the user is most likely to accomplish this below the time limit, the timing should be recorded

User is asked to complete tasks in a pitch black environment without restrictions

User is asked to complete tasks in a brightly lit environment while ears are plugged

Controlled variables There is a possibility where the user would make use of his familiarity with the environment to accomplish the tasks, hence defeating the initial objectives of the tests. A possible work-around of this loophole would include: 1. Decreasing the probabilities of familiarity by rearranging the furniture and orientation of the room before and after each test without the user's knowledge 2. Direct the user to begin each trial at randomly selected locations of the designated area. Evaluation of results Ultimately, the time taken or percentage of accomplished tasks for each user should be tabulated and ranked. This would allow the difficulty of each trial to be derived, hence proving or disproving the proposed hypothesis. Exhibit : Which Wave? ver 2.0 The proposed exhibit would now experience a shift in focus. Though still counter-intuitive, this display will focus on demonstrating the interaction of light, and hence its integral role in ones vision as opposed to the previous exhibit which demonstrated more blatantly the importance of light and vision over other senses. In contrary to having the same light falling on different objects and hence reflecting differently, this exhibit will explore different types of light falling upon the same object The exhibit would now consist of the following components: 1. A 2.5 metre tall sculpture, painted in a Red (wavelength: 650nm34), medium gloss.

34

http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html#red

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2. A framework to contain the sculpture, as well as to negate the bulk of light in the environment. Not high priority due to already dim lighting in designated area at Singapore Science Centre 3. A variety of coloured LED light sources to be mounted on framework: a. White LED35 (Wavelength: Broad Spectrum) Broad Spectrum is closely similar to sunlight, hence it would reproduce the perception of the sculpture in daylight. b. Red LED (Wavelength: 610nm - 670nm) Since this only contains coloured light in the Red spectrum, all of which would be reflected, Sculpture should appear its original colour - Red. c. Cyan LED (Wavelength: 490nm - 520nm) There is the absence of light in the wavelengths of Red, hence sculpture should appear Grey, as there are no Red wavelengths to be reflected. LEDs were selected over fluorescent or even incandescent light bulbs due to its higher conversion efficiency36 over traditional light sources, its ready availability in several colours as well as the added ability of quick response37 4. Timer This would allow the light being shone on the object to change every 8-10 seconds, such that there is only one type of light being cast on the sculpture at every one time.

Having ourselves aligning the scenarios according to our customers needs, we will now take a closer look of its functions and make further justifications.

35 36

Light Emitting Diode http://cool.conservation-us.org/byorg/us-doe/comparing_white_leds.pdf 37 http://www.avagotech.com/docs/AV02-1555EN

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IV). FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

The final stage of evaluation is to consider the function of each of our scenarios and make evaluations based on it. The methods used will first be the Black Box Modelling, and we will then move on to analyse what is inside the black box using functional analysis. The process is completed with activity analysis to further understand through user's point of view. We choose two of our scenarios (Levitation and Light Bending) to be further analyzed using all the three methods38. The other three undergoes some but not all the analysis method to avoid repetition in points to evaluate. Black Box Modelling of relevant object on each scenario Scenario 1: Levitation We chose to model the Maglev photo frame for our levitation scenario because of its relevance in the fundamental principal of levitation using magnetic field:

Materials:

Energy: Gravitational potential energy, Magnetic field energy, Human energy (chemical energy from food converted to mechanical energy to on the switch and attach the photo), Light energy to see the photo.

Energy: Magnetic field energy, Light energy is reflected back to our eyes so we can see the photo, gravitational potential energy of the levitated frame.

Money, Photos (paper, plastic, ink), Surroundings (Floor tiles, wall, table, room) , Emotions (anxious, anticipating, curious), light source.

Maglev Photo Frame

Signals:

Materials: Photo in the frame, Surroundings (Floor, tiles, wall, table, room), emotions (excited, happy, satisfied).

Signals: Weight of frame detection, Change in magnetic energy of the magnet.

Legend: Energy Materials Signals

Visible: Photo frame levitates once inserted in the device indicating that a magnetic force is act upon it.

From the blackbox model, we make evaluations as illustrated in the table below:
Subject Input Energy alternative Remarks The input magnetic field energy is fixed within the metal of which the frame is going to be put underneath. It is better if this Further improvement Instead of using a permanent magnet, use a solenoid attached to a electric power supply instead so that the Purpose This allows interaction as mentioned in the CN analysis section, which is one of the primary preference of the visitors.

38

Note: Any similar points between the two scenarios will not be repeated. For example: it was mentioned in scenario 1 activity analysis that our exhibit need to be made noticeable, hence in scenario 2 activity analysis, the same point will not be mentioned.

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magnetic field can be varied so that various weights (not just the frame) can be levitated using it.

magnetic field can be controlled to match the weight of the object placed under it.

Interaction also allows a more active learning and may leave a lasting experience to the visitors, bringing us closer to fulfil our mission. Allowing user to levitate non ferromagnetic materials which are relatively lightweight, for example, plastic beads or drops of water.

Output Energy alternative

When input energy is electricity, there can be various output energy instead of just magnetic field which enables us to demonstrate features of levitation.

Generating sound waves, allowing small particles to be trapped within the nodes of the waves and put under pressure so that it will vibrate in place hence appears like it is levitating. The sound waves used can be ultrasonic so that it is outside the human hearing range, hence not causing noise pollution. If the magnetic field can be varied, any ferromagnetic materials (iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, etc) with mass within the range of the magnetic field variation can be levitated.

Materials photo frame

Only objects with similar weight as the frame can experience zero net force and levitate beneath the permanent magnet.

Allows more degree of freedom in terms of the range of ferromagnetic objects that can be levitated thus allowing more experience in exploring the principle behind magnetic levitation.

Signals Magnetic field control

There is no function with allows us to change the amount of the magnetic field produced by the device.

A small circular control can be attached using a cable to the device to allow us to vary the electric field generating the magnetic field. Can be attached to the wall or even hiding the device within the ceiling. Hiding the complexity of the device will make the object more simple yet artistic, thus inducing the sense of counter-intuitivity. Imbed the object with its own light source using warm tone LED either within the frame or from the upper plate itself. Add a light switch to the object.

Giving the user a broader sense of usage of the device and to personalize it instead of just using as it as it is.

Material table

The device is rather small and is more suitable to put on a table to be displayed.

It is more counterintuitive if you see objects can levitate without any aid in plain sight. More attention capturing and drives people to find out more about it (the mechanism is hidden, not so easy for people to guess correctly). A good lighting helps to add positive energy for the visitors. They may feel more comfortable observing things in a good intensity of light. In order to reduce energy wastage, visitors may press the switch as needed to see the object with better clarity.

Material Light source

External light source is required in order for us to admire the object. It should not be either too bright or too dim.

Signal - Light control

There is no control which allows us to switch on or off the lights for us to see the object.

In summary, we modify our object into a Magnetic Levitator version 2 which magnetic field strength may be varied by controlling the input electrical energy so that it may levitate different weight and have self illuminating function 25

using LED lights, as well as a levitator which its upper plate or whole body device is hidden from plain sight or be made less obvious so as to emphasize the counter intuitiveness theme behind it.

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We also are inspired to take a look into new modes of levitation using sound waves, and the device mechanism is shown in below:

The sample object may also be liquids and it can be put in the system using syringe as illustrated in this picture: Source: http://www.anl.gov/articles/no-magic-showreal-world-levitation-inspire-better-pharmaceuticals

Figure 15: Acoustic levitator.

Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/acoustic-levitation1.htm

The application of this device is significant in the pharmaceutical research field39. Drugs requires specific methods of separation and evaporation in order for the patients to get the right dose. Such manipulation of gravity helps the scientists in preparing and conducting research on drugs in a better way40.

39 40

http://www.google.com/patents/US4777823 - See Appendix i (3) http://news.softpedia.com/news/Achievement-Unlocked-Acoustic-Levitation-Video-293012.shtml

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Scenario 3: Light Bending Black Box Modelling of relevant object on each scenario

Energy: Electrical energy, Human energy (chemical energy from food converted to mechanical energy to turn on the laser). Materials: Money, Optical fiber, Surroundings (Floor tiles, wall, table, room) , Emotions (anxious, anticipating, curious), laser light source.

Energy: Light energy

Optical fiber
Total Internal Reflection

Materials: Laser light, Surroundings (Floor, tiles, wall, table, room), emotions (excited, happy, satisfied).

Signals: Click sound of the laser as its being turned on, light appearing from the laser.

Signals: Visible: light being reflected within the optical fiber. Light to be refected on surface.

Legend: Energy Materials Signals

From the blackbox model, we make evaluations as illustrated in the table below:
Subject Input Materialalternative Remarks The main material input is laser source (monochrome) and by varying input materials, the exhibit can be made more interesting. Further improvement Instead of shooting laser from a laser pointer straight, we can shine white light through a prism which will diffract the white light into a rainbow of colours. By using lens, we can focus the different coulours into a laser and shine it through the optical fiber Purpose We previously mentioned that the science centre already has an optical fiber exhibit. Hence, in order to improve my exhibit, using the diffraction of white light, we can not only make my exhibit different, but showcase another counter intuitive aspect of lightwhite light consist of a combination of many other lights. Futhermore, it makes the exhibit more interesting which from our CN analysis, would appeal more to our target group. Pictures instead of merely a point laser might be able to generate interest from our target group and generate more interest in our exhibit.

Output Energy alternative

The output laser light is currently being reflected within the optical fiber until it is eventually shone on a white surface.

Material Light source

In order to make the laser ray obvious, the surrounding must be dark.

The light shone on the surface is currently a light point. Similar to how laser light can now project images when a cap is added to the tip, maybe we can do something similar to the output laser to show a picture on the white surface instead. Reducing the amount of light around the object, perhaps by building a small shelter, of

Sometimes to yield a good design, we may not only add things on to our design but also reduce the

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InputElectric energy

Laser pointer is operated by battery and provides lesser power light ( although still adquate for viewing of the exhibit)

which people can enter and observe the exhibit. Provide a stronger laser pointed operated by electricity power point instead.

variables to make the amount just perfect for the visitors. From our site analysis, there are adequate power sources around and in order to get a clear view of the lights trajectory within the optical fibre, the laser could be more powerful and enhance the effect for our visitors.

In summary, we modified our object into a Optical fiber exhibit which the light source comes from a white light split into its individual lights which we will then focus it to a laser form and shot through the optical fiber, possibly made of plastic. At the end of the optical fiber, a cap is put with design imprinted such that a picture is displayed on the surface. The light source is electricity from the power supply and the switch is remote operated. One of the main adjustments made to the previous exhibit was the use of white laser light instead of a laser of a particular colour41. The methodology behind this mechanism is shown in figure 16 and 17 below42:

Figure 16: Defraction of white light through a triangular prism to give a spectrum.

Figure 17: Defraction of white light through a rectangular prism to give a spectrum.

After the light is split, we would then use a lens to focus an individual light colour through the optic fiber.

41 42

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eEyTw4wylk http://mervv.com/?p=285

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Scenario 4: Sound Wave

Sound energy Thin layer of water Water stays flat Formation of geometric pattern Kinetic energy Fluid flows and changes position Patterns

Insights and evaluation:

Subject Energy input (sound energy) Remarks Sound energy is the input of this system. Further Improvement The source of sound is produced by the cymascope itself. One possible change that could be made is to let the visitor use their own voice. The source of sound will be the visitors. Other than pure think later of water, a colored water could e used to make the image more interesting and attractive to the younger audience. A possible change to the output pattern is by making use the electric field or magnetic field to disturb the pattern and create a set of pattern which we desire. Purpose With this improvement, it brings about the participation of the visitors. And the cymatic image formed could be captured and the visitor will be able to keep the image of their own voice. Making the exhibit more attractive to the younger audience who prefer a variety of colors, as reflected in the observation table in the site analysis. This allows the visitors to interact and participate in the exhibit

Material input

Thin layer of pure water

Material output

Changes in shape. The end product is the movement of the water into different geometrical forms of shapes.

In summary, cymatic imaging has enabled us to see sound. In order to attract the younger audience (our target audience), we added colours to the exhibit. From what we learn through the talk by the director of Science Gallery in Dublin, Michael John Gorman, there is a transition of the way people relate to the exhibit, from interactive to participatory. In order to encourage participatory of the audience, we added an aspect of personalizing the exhibit to each person. We aim to create an experience which is special to each person. We hope that they would walk away with an imprint of our exhibit in their life.

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Scenario 5: Pendulum Waves Energy Human energy, Mechanical energy, Gravitational Potential energy

Energy Human energy, Gravitational Potential energy, Spring elastic energy Materials Pendulums, Strings, Stand, Vacuum Box to enclose the set-up, LEDs to lit up the setup Signals Pendulums being given equal displacements. The lever is being displaced

Pendulum Waves

Materials Pendulums, Strings, Stand, Vacuum Box to enclose the set-up, LEDs to lit-up the setup Signals Pendulums set in simple harmonic motion with individual periods, The lever is back to equilibrium.

Below is our evaluation from the Black Box Analysis:

Subject Input energygravitational energy of pendulums when they set into position by lever. The the are the Current The gravitational potential energy that can be attained by the system is now fixed, i.e. the initial displacement of the pendulums are fixed Improvement The design of the lever can be adjusted such that the displacements of the pendulums can be adjusted, hence changing the Gravitatioinal Potential energy of the system Rationale We were taught that simple pendulum motion only occurs when the angle of displacement is kept small. However in this experiment, this margin of error doesnt affect the wave effect as the periodic motion of the pendulums are relative to one another This lighting effects produces by the LEDs when in motion would attract audiences. In addition, it makes observation easier in the dim lighting condition. This polyrhythm can help to emphasize and highlight the variations of the periods of the individual pendulum motions and also at the same time the gradual variations of the pendulum wave as a whole over time. Children might respond well through the use of their senses and the usage of sound might even sustain their attention and improve learning.

Materialsmasses

Pendulum

With current design, the pendulum masses are of the same colour.

Light-emitting diodes(LEDs) can be attached to each pendulum masses

SignalViewing the Pendulum Wave motion

With current design, the pendulum wave motion can only be observed from the sides and top.

A sensor can be added to sense when each pendulum passes through a predefined position in motion, i.e. the maximum displacement in the positive direction. The signals captured from the sensor can be translated to musical notes, with each pitch complimenting with the respective pendulum.

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MaterialsMass pendulum system

of

With current design, the main aim is to find out about the relation between length of pendulum and how it affects the period of the motion in an attractive and engaging manner

Modifications can be made to the system to include a set of masses with fixed length and varying masses.

Theory tells us that mass of pendulums does not affect its periodic motion. Hence, this will be the learning point for the children

The black-box diagram allowed the set-up to be broken down into its inputs and outputs components. After evaluating the system, several changes can be implemented to make this set-up more engaging and provide a more effective learning process for the children. They are: 1. Varying the displacement from the equilibrium position. 2. Adding LEDs to the pendulum masses. This is to make the exhibit more attractive as from our Customer Analysis we realize that there was a mix response for interactive and visual exhibit. Hence , we can cater to a greater range of audience. 3. Adding the sensor and to translate the signals as musical notes. Again, this is to make the exhibit more engaging.

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Functional analysis for our scenarios Scenario 1: Levitation We then make a functional analysis of our Magnetic Levitator version 2 :

Main electrical switch is on.

Light switch is on.

Current goes through the LED, light is on.

Object's electrical switch is on.

Electrical current go through the solenoid.

By Fleming's right hand rule, magnetic field is generated around the solenoid similar to that magnetic field lines of a permanent magnet.

A ferromagnetic material is brought underneath the solenoid.

There is a change in magnetic energy of the system (the solenoid and the ferromagnetic material).

Attraction magnetic force between the ferromagnetic material and the solenoid is generated.

Setting electric field so that upward magnetic force balances downward magnetic force of the ferromagnetic material.

The ferromagnetic material levitates.

Object's switch is off.

Light switch is off.

From the functional analysis, we make further evaluation on our magnetic levitator:
Functional component analysis Further improvement Purpose

Attraction magnetic force between the ferromagnetic material and the solenoid is generated.

We can broaden our modes of levitation by using repulsion of magnetic field instead of attraction of magnetic field.

The solenoid is placed below and a diamagnetic object is placed above it. It will induce magnetic field in the opposite direction of that of the solenoid's hence repelling the solenoid and 'floats' above 43 it . Diamagnets do not follow Earnshaw's theorem and hence it has a relatively stable axis of levitation and will not topple like how ferromagnetic materials will repel each other when placed on top of 44 one another .

43 44

http://netti.nic.fi/~054028/images/LeviTheory.pdf http://www.physics.ucla.edu/marty/diamag/ajp601.pdf

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The ferromagnetic material levitates

We can make the object moves as it levitates, for example: rotating, oscillating.

A light motor with a simple replaceable battery is placed inside the object, hence when the switch is on using a remote control, the 45 object starts to rotate . To make the object oscillate, we can attach the solenoid both on top and below the object, parallel to each other and has the same axis of symmetry. After the magnetic and gravitational forces are in equilibrium, a soft either upward or downward velocity is given to the object, hence allowing it to oscillate vertically because it does not want to get too near with either plates due to the repelling magnetic forces. Using the principles of a gycroscope, an object may levitate for a short period of time due to its magnetic field's induced force, 46 similar to the fundamentals behind a Levitron .

Object's switch is off & Light switch is off

To save energy, users are encouraged to off the light and the system's electricity supply.

To prevent hassle, it is better if we set a timer to the electricity supply on both the light and the object. Since most people averagely will spend about 3 minutes to observe the object, we can set the timer to about 210 seconds before it starts shutting off. The next visitor may on the switch again or should they want to observe longer, they may conveniently press to ON button again.

In summary, we can attach a timer to the electrical supply of the device and we can also levitate and add movement to our object using repulsive forces as illustrated in the existing device below:

Fig 18: Source: http://www.telovation.com/articles/levitat ing-globe.html We call this our Magnetic Levitator Version 3.

45 46

http://hackedgadgets.com/2010/08/30/levitating-rotating-globe/ http://www.levitron.com/

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Scenario 2: Which Wave? Lights and timer to be connected to Electrical Outlet Electrical Outlet to be switched on Timer randomly selects one of the 3 lights to switch on

Light ONE switches on for 8 seconds

LED burns: Replacement LED

Light TWO switches on for 8 seconds

Light THREE switches on for 8 seconds

Electrical Outlet switched off

EVALUATION While the exhibit is rather simple in operation, the frequent switching on and off of LED lighting every 8 seconds may result in more frequent changing of LEDs required, despite the relative long lifetime of LEDs to be approximately 50 000 hours47. Therefore much human maintenance is required in maintaining the exhibit which could be costly in addition to the initial high cost of replacement LEDs

47

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/lifetime_white_leds_aug16_r1.pdf

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Scenario 3: Light Bending

Main electrical switch is on.

Laser light switch is on via remote

Current goes through the white laser, light is on.

Light passes through a triangle prism

White light splits into its spectrum of colours

Isolating one colour, light is focused and directed into a more concentrated form using a lens

Light directed towards a glass fibre optics glass/ plastic

Coloured laser is reflected internally within the optical fibre.

Laser light leaves the optical fiber

Laser light passes through a cap with a chosen shape

A picture of the shape, displayed within the cap, is seen on the white surface (screen)

Object's switch is off remotely

Light switch is off.

From the functional analysis, we make further evaluation on our Optical fiber: Functional analysis component
Isolating one colour, light is focused into a more concentrated form using a lens

Further improvement
Instead of isolating just one colour, we could utilising all the colours to make a spectrum of 48 laser lights .

Purpose
By only using one colour initially, the other colours of the spectrum is essentially wasted. Hence, if we use all the spectrum, this would also give our exhibit an enhanced effect and not something that is too simple. Since from our target group consist of many young children, through our CN analysis ,we determined that these children would appeal more to exhibits that are relatively more colourful. Optical fiber glass can used in various shape and the effect of total 49 internal reflection would still remain . Source: Hence, we can exaggerate the counter intuitive effect that light can 50 bend in various shapes as well .

Light directed towards a glass optical fiber

If we do utilize all the colours from our diffracted laser, we must also have multiple optical fiber

48 49

http://www.ehow.com/how_8677910_refract-light-through-glasses.html http://www.rp-photonics.com/fibers.html

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Laser passes through a cap with a chosen shape

Object's switch is on/ off with a remote

glass/plastic for the lights to pass through. Since light is internally reflected, we can shape the optical fiber in many different shapes. Since now we have more lights and colours exiting the various optical fiber, we can now include different shapes that the light passes through to perhaps form a pattern. Remote control must be linked to the object with a wire (can be a long wire).

This is mainly to improve our exhibit aesthetically. By varying the different shape and sizes of the output laser, we can now begin to form different patterns as our end result or even letters or names. If names are generated, people would be better able to relate to the exhibit and hence find it more appealing and interesting.

Wireless remote controls are typically easier to lose. If we were to leave the exhibit without any supervision, a visitor might accidently lose the remote rendering our exhibit non-operational by the next. Hence, by attaching a long connecting wire, the effect of controlling the exhibit from a far would still occur reducing the chance for our visitor to lose the remote.

In summary, we can ultilise all the colours of the spectrum by further separating the colours using lens. These individual colours are then passed through more optical fibers of various shapes and as it exist the optical fiber, it is shone through caps/ lens of various shapes depicting different images or patterns.

50

http://www.physlink.com/news/070704TwistedFibers.cfm, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlo2XeB2qt4&feature=related.

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Scenario 5: Pendulum Waves

Set up the experiment, ensuring stand is placed on an equal and stable surface. Pendulums of varying lengths are being hanged. Turn on the power switch which powers the LEDs.

Lever is being pushed and the plastic hand that is attached to it comes into contact with the pendulums. User can vary the displacement using the lever.

Lever is continually being pushed to the end and this results in the pendulums being pushed similarly to their maximum displacement. Pendulums gain maximum Gravitational Potential Energy at this point.

Lever arm is being released.

Simultaneously, the Pendulums are being released from their maximum displacement and undergoes simple harmonic motion

Sensors placed strategically would detect the motions of these pendulums.

Signals from the sensors are being transmitted to a computer programme

Computer programme then emits the respective musical notes, creating a polyphony.

Evaluations for the Pendulum Wave Set-up

Functional analysis component Mass of the pendulum Further improvement Currently, only the length of the pendulum can be changed. If it is possible to build and adapt, we can add another set of pendulums of equal length but of varying weights. Most likely the interchanging of the pendulum set would be mechanical and being controlled by a button instead of allowing the visitors to manually change the set. Purpose/Reason This might be boring for our target audience after a while as it does not fully illustrate the equation describing pendulum motion. This would make this exhibit more intriguing for our audience. Since the exhibit is left without supervision, there is a chance of visitors losing parts of the pendulum set if visitors are allowed to change the pendulum set.

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Lifespan of the pendulum set

The exhibit can be enclosed in a plastic enclosure to minimize the damage done to it by unnecessary handling by the visitors.

Due to constant mechanical movements of the pendulums in the pendulum system, it might be subjected to much wear and tear. This would not affect the viewing and learning experience of the exhibit.

Lifespan of the lever

Right now the lever is used to displace the pendulum weights from its equilibrium position. There is no restriction to the displacement of the pendulums and it is up to user to determine. The lever should be locked in place after launching the pendulum set instead or it can also be launched by electronics means

Due to lack of supervision, there might be a possibility of the lever being misused and might damage the lever of even the pendulum balls

In summary, we can add another set of pendulum but this time, we vary the weighs instead of the lengths. This is to extend the scope of the concepts demonstrated. Do minimise wear and tear of the pendulums and the lever, they can be electronically controlled instead.

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User Activity Analysis for our scenarios Scenario 1: Levitation Our last step of functional analysis to the levitation scenario is the user activity analysis: Assuming that the object is placed within a non transparent box of size 1m by 1m with one of its side open for the public to interact within the space and 'hangs' objects, having its component all hidden within the upper and lower compartment of the box and provided with a series of buttons to control connected to the device within the container using cable, we derive the following activity analysis:

Visiting the exhibit due to various reasons (friends' suggestion, flyers, internet, interest to science, by chance, parents suggestion, etc) and arrive at the Science Centre entrance. Failed to get interested in our exhibit Read exhibit's instruction or description

Purchase the entrance ticket, and enter the Science Centre.

Walk towards our exhibition area (by chance or by external information, or by chance).

Miss our exhibit

Observe other people Exit

Observe other exhibits Miss our exhibit Press buttons, decide whether to oscillate or to levitate Noticing that device operates Leave

Observe our exhibit

Failed to configure anything

Control electric supply to vary magnetic field until object is in equilibrium and levitates when placed on air

Place various objects within the field

Device doesn't operate

For objects that oscillates, give a light upward or downward push

For objects that rotates, on the motor switch

Observe our exhibit in operation

Replace existing object with other objects Experiment with the device Take pictures

Tweet/share experience in social medias such as twitter and facebook

Chat with friends or family

Jot down notes

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Below is our evaluation from our activity analysis:

What we want Visitors to notice our exhibit What we do not want Visitors failed to notice our exhibit What should be done Place a vibrant notice board which is attention capturing in a positive way such as : "Do you know that we can defy gravity?" near the entrance of the exhibit. Provide a sample display (another closed glass panel) beside the object. For example, create a prototype of solar system consisting of the Sun and its 9 planets rotating around it, all levitating in the air, or create a prototype of the moon rotating on its own axis as well as circulating around the earth, which is also rotating on its own axis. We can modify the device such as it allows tilted rotational motion instead of the object's horizontal axis of symmetry being parallel 51 to the ground . Put two sets of notes, firstly is the "WARNING! READ BEFORE USING." with red font (see appendix 6) note, begin with a notice to put all electronic devices away at least 30 cm from the device before operating it in order to avoid them being damaged or they being injured if the devices fly out to the magnetic plates. And then followed by explaining how to operate the system. Simple diagrams and pictures that are interesting and attention catching is needed. More importantly, it does not over simplify (still explains the fundamental principles with clarity) yet easy to be understood by the public. We should avoid using technical terms because not everyone will understand and may cause them to lose interest. If descriptions and texts are needed, we need to make sure that the words are large enough for people to read without the need to get closer than 50 cm to read it. The device has to function perfectly without fail of the object to levitate. Perhaps a general guide of the weight and the amount of electricity need to be set on each object is needed just in case the visitors fail to levitate the materials. A clear division of area within the box is needed, indicated with clear notification which one is the oscillation and which one is the levitation compartment.

Visitors to get interested in our exhibit

Visitors to walk away and failed to get interested in our exhibit before even starting anything

Visitors to be motivated to read the description before operating the object and not to get confused by it.

Visitors to get injured or their belongings damaged due to the influence of the magnetic field (watch, phones, etc).

Visitors to be motivated to read further description after exploring the device, and have a meaningful takeaway.

Visitors to just take a look and go without even bothering what is the principles behind the levitation process.

Visitors to keep being interested in trying all materials (both the oscillation and the rotating parts) before leaving.

Visitors to lost interest halfway after interacting with the device.

Visitors not to get confused which is the area for oscillation and which is the area for levitation.

Visitors are confused as they mix up the two locations

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http://hackedgadgets.com/2010/08/30/levitating-rotating-globe/

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In summary, our device now requires a different compartment for oscillation and levitation, and also an extra display within an enclosed panel which demonstrate levitation beside it is recommended so that visitors may get motivated to interact with our exhibit. We also need to add extra attention and broaden our ways in getting the visitor interested, keeping the motivation alive, having a great takeaway lesson, motivate them to return and take a second look, and also to exit the exhibit with satisfaction. Scenario 2: Which Wave? Visitor enjoyed the display, but has little understanding of the concepts presented

START
Visitor enters Singapore Science Centre Hall B

Visitor leaves the exhibition

C
Visitor stays and observes Exhibition

Visitor notices Exhibition

Visitor misses Exhibition

Visitor leaves Exhibition

Visitor reads explanation panel

A
Visitor has gained nothing from the exhibit. Visitor gains insight and understanding about the concepts of light

EVALUATION

END
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A. Adapting from previous activity evaluation, assuming the visitor finally notices the exhibit, but does not spend any time in engaging his senses with the exhibit. The exhibit is merely considered as an ornamentation in the hall, rather than of any educative purposes. Therefore, the time taken for the

respective lights to change has been kept at a short gap of 8 seconds, such that the visitor would be constantly engaged and interested enough to prolong observation. B. Similarly, we need to provide an easily comprehended description panel with the use of infographics as opposed to wall of texts, such that the important concepts may be efficiently conveyed to the reader.

Scenario 3: Light Bending Similar to scenario 1, our exhibit now requires informative cards to be on display at the different stages of the process, and also an extra display might also be place next to the exhibit so that visitors may be attracted to the exhibit. We also consider safety aspects that the laser might provide hence providing protective goggles is essential too. Basically, we want to provide an interesting learning experience for our visitors such that they would not only learn some scientific knowledge, their interest in other exhibits would also be amplified and hopefully they can spread their interest to their friends and generate further interest in our exhibit. Having developed our scenarios, we will summarize all the ideas generated.

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V). DESIGN SCENARIO IDEAS The table bellow summarize the scenario ideas which came about throughout the design process: Scenario 1. Levitation Justification Links to real-world application such as superconductor and magnetic levitator, hence appealing to the visitor the application behind scientific principles. 2. Magnetic levitator (ver 1 Customer Need Safety issues brought by electric and 2). Analysis and Black Box field levitator leads us to change Ferromagnetic materials is Modelling. the field into magnetic. suspended below magnetic field generator because of attractive magnetic forces. 3. Acoustic levitator. Black Box Modelling. We are exploring as much Particles are suspended possibility for levitation, this time because of the rapid around the principle behind it is compression and expansion different from that of idea 1 and 2. of air due to the sound Also, acoustic levitator has an waves being reflected back important application in and forth. pharmaceutical field, showing once again the integration behind many field of science (medical and physics). 4. Rotating Magnetic Functional Analysis To attract visitors, we suggest that levitator. and Activity Analysis. a display is shown, for example a Making use of repulsion prototype of solar system such forces between magnet and that visitors are interested to take diamagnetic material, paired a closer look on the exhibit. by rotating motor to display the variation in displaying the exhibit to the public. 5. Oscillating Magnetic Functional Analysis To explore the various way of levitator. and Activity Analysis. levitating, instead of the object Making use of a couple of being stationary, we are inspired repulsive magnetic forces in to make to object oscillates. upper and lower plate to let Hence, we suggest to divide the the object which has initial exhibit into three parts: the vertical velocity oscillate. display, the oscillating, and the levitating chamber. 2. Light's deceptive 1. Which Wave? Background Research To raise awareness to the role in vision. Combining sound and sight handicapped, and to show people senses, and derive the how much they depend on their listener's sense of sight using sight. algorithm. 2. Which Wave? (Ver 2) Empathic Lead User To explore the importance of light Different types of light from Analysis and and its deceptive role in vision, LED source is shone on the Functional Analysis. and how different types of light same material, hence can completely alter our creating different imagination. perceptions. 44 Idea Description Design Methods 1. Electric field levitator. Background Review. A charged particle is suspended between plates which generates electric field.

3. Light Bending.

4. Sound Waves

1. Total Internal Reflection. Laser light is bent as it passes medium with different refractive index such as water. 2. Optical Fiber Total Internal Reflection. Bending of light that is guided using optical fiber which is made of glass. 3. Light Dispersion, Total Internal Reflection. Using a prism, we plan to separate the white laser into spectrum of colors, then isolating one color and bend it using the same method in idea 2. 4. Light Dispersion, Total Internal Reflection (ver 2). Instead of isolating one color, we isolate all colors and bend them using the optical fibers. 1. Non-Newtonian Fluid. The sound wave makes the particles vibrate, and the particles will pressurize the fluid, hence forming a solid.

Background Research To showcase the counter intuitive and Customer Need side of light, as from our CN Analysis. analysis, most people think that light travels in a straight line. Customer Analysis. By changing the material from water to optical fibre, we make the device more interactive. We can change the shape of the fibre easily, and bend it in various way. We would like to showcase another counterintuitive side of light, which is white light is actually consisted of many colors. Furthermore, from CN analysis we found out that colorful exhibit is more appealing for the visitors. We would like to maximize all the colors of the spectrum and make it more interesting.

Black Box Modelling.

Functional Analysis.

Background Research.

2. Cymatic imaging. Background Research. The sound waves causes the plate to vibrate and it will affect the thin layer of fluid and hence patterns are formed. 3. Fractals. Customer Need Nature has its patterns, such Analysis. as the bark of a tree or broccoli's texture. 5. Pendulum Wave. 1. Wave Motion. Background Research. Using pendulum, we would like to showcase the motion of wave due to the differences of frequency of each pendulum. 2. Wave Motion (ver 2). Black Box Modelling. Added LED sensor to part 1 and translates to sound output. 3. Wave Motion (ver 3). Functional Analysis.

To show the counterintuitive side of sound waves, that actually it carries energy although its invisible. Also to raise awareness that we actually use both sight and sound senses simultaneously and not separately. Showing how sound energy actually has patterns.

To cater to the needs of the visitors as reflected in the Affinity Diagram. Also, to integrate art and science hence allowing more people to relate to it. We are targeting children of age 916 and hence we decided to showcase a simple yet counterintuitive aspect of sciencesomething we cannot see yet all around us-the wave. To allow more interaction to cater more visitor's preference and hence allowing a more creative platform of learning. To explore more sides of how

45

Varying masses of pendulum instead of using different lengths.

pendulum showcase the wave motion.

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VI). FRAMEWORK AND SYSTEM DESIGN We choose two most solid design ideas that we have as illustrated below: (explore materials and dimension, long run stability, and maintenance). 1. Magnetic Levitator - Oscillation

We need to let the upper repelling force to be lesser than lower repelling force because of the presence of gravitational force downwards. The magnetic field strength is expressed as the following formula52:

where N is the number of turns in the solenoid. Therefore the number of turns of the upper solenoid should be lesser of that of the lower solenoid's. After an equilibrium stage of the object is achieved, a light vertical push to the object will result in oscillation.

52

http://www.pa.msu.edu/courses/2001spring/PHY232/lectures/ampereslaw/solenoid.html

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2. Which Wave?

Various LED source

Background wall Control Buttons each for different light Colored object

Different light will alter the perception of the object accordingly. This shows how fundamental light is, together with its counterintuitivity aspect, that actually what we see is what it is because of the type of light shone on it.

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VII) CONCLUSION This counterintuitive exhibit needs to cater to the customer's needs to reach maximum impact. Having analyzed and modify the scenarios, we wish to brainstorm and further solidify the ideas such that we can narrow down to the few most justified ones. We also chose two of the scenario ideas to be further developed in Project II. Firstly, we chose the cymatic imaging. We feel that integrating art and science in nature results in a broader perspective of scientific exhibition. It no longer just serves as entertainment or scientific knowledge platform but also for users from different background such as art and design to relate and be inspired by it. Secondly, we choose magnetic levitation. Magnetic levitation channels to many solutions to real-world problems such as the energy crisis for transportation. Due to the large field of application, we feel that we may inspire the visitors through this scenario to learn more about science. These abstracts need to be further developed with more depth to get a better picture of its sustainability in terms of cost, energy consumption, wastage, and lifetime which is essential to determine whether these exhibits is feasible.

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Appendix I Movie Title Movie Poster : Total Recall : Starring : Colin Farrell, Bryan Cranston, Kate Beckinsale, Bokeem Woodbine, Jessica Biel, Bill Nighy

Synopsis

: (Extracted from: http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie-synopsis/total-recall.3/)

Originally adapted by director Paul Verhoeven in 1990, author Philip K. Dick's classic sci-fi short story We Can Remember It for You Wholesale returns to the big screen in this remake starring Colin Farrell, Bryan Cranston, and Kate Beckinsale, and directed by Underworld's Len Wiseman. The planet has been decimated by nuclear war in the late 21st century, leaving only two nations -- the United Federation of Britain and the Colony. Douglas Quaid (Farrell) is a factory worker with a stable job and a loving wife (Beckinsale), but upon learning that a company named Rekall could grant him the memory of the ultimate espionage adventure, he decides that a virtual vacation is better than no vacation at all. But in the midst of having the new memories implanted, something goes haywire. Still strapped to the chair as the system breaks down, he's branded a spy as the authorities close in, and quickly flees for his life. Later, Quaid discovers that he has a secret identity, and he joins forces with rebel soldier Melina (Jessica Biel) on a mission to track down Matthias (Bill Nighy), the head of a fierce resistance movement that's been labeled a terrorist organization by the tyrannical Chancellor Cohaagen (Bryan Cranston). Cohaagen seeks to control the entire free world, and now the harder Quaid fights to defeat him, the clearer it becomes that his memory had been altered long before he walked into Rekall. Trailer: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWYaW0wHMBA

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Appendix A: Science centre gallery map. Reference: http://www.science.edu.sg/visitorinformation/Pages/gallerymap.aspx

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Appendix 2: Children is the majority of the visitors in science centre Date of photos taken: Friday, 5 October 2012, 3:18 PM Location: Tesla Coil, Level 1 Location: Entrance of our exhibit, facing the Tesla Coil, Level 1

52

Appendix 3: Bioethics (exhibition that allows interaction) Date of photo taken: Friday, 5 October 2012, 2:43 PM There are always visitors in this area although its entrance is not as obvious (turn right after entering our exhibition area).

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Appendix 4: CN Survey, 05/10/2012

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Appendix 5: Like/Dislike Table Survey

55

Appendix 6: Long description of exhibits

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Appendix i: Patents for Scenario 1 - Levitation 1). Title: Author: Abstract: Electrostatic Levitation: A Tool to Support Materials Research in Microgravity Rogers, Jan; SanSoucie, Mike Containerless processing represents an important topic for materials research in

microgravity. Levitated specimens are free from contact with a container, which permits studies of deeply undercooled melts, and high-temperature, highly reactive materials. Containerless processing provides data for studies of thermophysical properties, phase equilibria, metastable state formation, microstructure formation, undercooling, and nucleation. The European Space Agency (ESA) and the German Aerospace Center (DLR) jointly developed an electromagnetic levitator facility (MSL-EML) for containerless materials processing in space. The electrostatic levitator (ESL) facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center provides support for the development of containerless processing studies for the ISS. Apparatus and techniques have been developed to use the ESL to provide data for phase diagram determination, creep resistance, emissivity, specific heat, density/thermal expansion, viscosity, surface tension and triggered nucleation of melts. The capabilities and results from selected ESL-based characterization studies performed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center will be presented. Reason for reviewing patent: This patent teaches us the principle behind electrostatic levitation, as well as giving us the idea how realistic scenario 1 can be. It also gives us the gauge on how much resources is needed to levitate the objects as well as giving us the insight of some real world purpose behind levitation. Website reference: http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120014192&qs=N%3D4294967219%26Nn%3D125%257CCollecti on%257CNIX , 2). Inventors: Original Assignee: Department of Energy Current U.S. Classification: 104/281; 104/139 International Classification: B60L 1300 Abstract: A propulsion and stabilization system for an inductive repulsion type magnetically levitated vehicle which is propelled and suspended by a system which includes dividing the superconducting magnets into two types: a strong field magnet which is located vertically below the vehicle for propulsion
57

Donald M. Rote, Jianliang He, Howard Coffey The United States of America as represented by the United States

and guidance and a weak field superconducting magnet located at the ends of the vehicle for levitation and added guidance. Several proposed embodiments exist for the placement of the magnetic field shielding: locating the shielding on the vehicle, locating the shielding on the guideway, and locating the shielding on the guideway and adding shielding to the vertical undercarriage. In addition, the separation between the vehicle and the guideway can be controlled to reduce the exposure of the passenger cabin to magnetic fields. Reason for reviewing patent: We want to make sure that Maglev train is feasible and does exist hence we chose this patent as one of the concrete evidence of its application. Website reference: http://www.google.com/patents/US5253591
3). Inventors: Original Assignee:

Martin B. Barmatz, Mark S. Gaspar, Eugene H. Trinh The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Primary Examiner: Robert P. Bell

Current U.S. Classification: 181/.5 International Classification: G10K 1500 Abstract: A system is described for use with acoustic levitators, which can prevent rotation of a levitated object or control its orientation and/or rotation. The acoustic field is made nonsymmetrical about the axis of the levitator, to produce an orienting torque that resists sample rotation. In one system, a perturbating reflector is located on one side of the axis of the levitator, at a location near the levitated object. In another system, the main reflector surface towards which incoming acoustic waves are directed is nonsymmetrically curved about the axis of the levitator. The levitated object can be reoriented or rotated in a controlled manner by repositioning the reflector producing the nonsymmetry.

Reason for reviewing patent: We choose to refer to this patent in order to make reference on how acoustic levitation is made possible, as well as having further insights of its usefulness and application to the real world problems. Website reference: http://www.google.com/patents/US4777823

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Appendix ii: Scenario 2: Light Bending

1.

Inventor: Primary Examiner:

Jeffrey M. Sanford Thomas M. Sember

Current U.S. Classification: 362/565; 362/123; 362/171; 362/806 International Classification: F21P 102 Abstract:

A light for providing illuminated holiday decorations. The inventive device includes a fiber optic light string having a plurality of elongated optical radiators extending from a fiber optic cable. A light assembly generates illumination for dispensing through the fiber optic cable and projecting optical radiators. The light string can be incorporated into decorative garland, a wreath, or a Christmas tree structure. Reason for choosing patent: To explore how lights can be bent and used as decoration as explained in the patent. The method discovered can be used for further development of this scenario. Also, this gives us the rough idea that our scenario is feasible and not entirely abstract.

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Appendix iii: Patents for Scenario 2 - Sound Wave 1). Inventors: Anna Lee Tonkovich, Ravi Arora, David Kilanowski, Eric Daymo

Current U.S. Classification: 137/92 Abstract: The disclosed invention relates to a process, comprising: conducting unit operations in at least two process zones in a process microchannel to treat and/or form a non-Newtonian fluid, a different unit operation being conducted in each process zone; and applying an effective amount of shear stress to the nonNewtonian fluid to reduce the viscosity of the non-Newtonian fluid in each process zone, the average shear rate in one process zone differing from the average shear rate in another process zone by a factor of at least about 1.2. Reason for reviewing patent: We would like to study about general behaviour of non- Newtonian Fluid and how to form such a fluid with the hope that we can improve our scenario and extend further possibilities for improvement and modification until the scenario is justified. Website Reference: http://www.google.com/patents/US20070256736

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