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Review Questions - “DNA” (KEY)

1. Before 1952, ___protein_______ molecules and ___DNA_______ molecules


were suspected of housing the genetic code.
2. The two scientists who assembled the clues to DNA structure and produced the
first model were ___Watson_______ and ___Crick_______.
3. Summarize the research carried out by Miescher, Griffith, Avery and colleagues,
and Hershey and Chase; state the specific advances made by each in the
understanding of genetics.

Johann Friedrich Miescher discovered nucleic acids in 1868.


Named them “nuclein”.
Fred Griffith (1928) was working with S (pathogenic)
and R (nonpathogenic) strains of a pneumonia-causing
bacterium.
He performed four experiments summarized here:
a. Inject mice with R cells; mice lived.
b. Inject mice with S cells; mice died; blood samples
contained many live S cells.
c. S cells were heat-killed then injected into mice; mice
lived.
d. Live R cells plus heat-killed S cells were injected into
mice; mice died; live S cells were found in the blood.
Some substance from the S cells had transformed the R
cells.
Both proteins and nucleic acids were
candidates
Oswald and Avery (1948) showed that the substance was
DNA
Hershey and Chase (1950) proved which of these was the
hereditary material (It was the nucleic acid). They used
radio-isotopes to follow the course of DNA and proteins
in infected bacteria cells.

4. Viruses called __bacteriophages________ were used in early research


efforts to discover the genetic material.
5. Summarize the specific research that demonstrated that DNA, not protein,
governed inheritance.

Confirmation of DNA Function


1. Viruses called bacteriophages use bacterial cells for
reproduction.
2. Because they consist of only a protein coat and a nucleic
acid core, these viruses were used in experiments by
Hershey and Chase to prove which of these was the
hereditary material (It was the nucleic acid).

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a. 35S-labeled proteins in the bacteriophage coat did not
enter the bacteria and thus were not participating in
providing directions for new virus assembly.
b. 32P-labeled DNA in the viral core did enter the
bacteria and direct new virus assembly.

6. Draw the basic shape of a deoxyribose molecule and show how a phosphate group
is joined to it when forming a nucleotide. Limit to no more than six nucleotides
and their compliments.

Sugar –phosphate bonds

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7. Show how each nucleotide base would be joined to the sugar-phosphate
combination drawn in objective 6. See above
8. DNA is composed of double-ring nucleotides known as
__purines________ and single-ring nucleotides known as
_pyrimidines________; the two purines are _____adenine_____ and
_guanine_________, while the two pyrimidines in DNA are __________
and __________.
9. Assume that the two parent strands of DNA have been separated and that the base
sequence on one parent strand is A-T-T-C-G-C; the base sequence that will
complement that parent strand is _T-A-A-G-C-G_________.

10. List the pieces of information about DNA structure that Rosalind Franklin
discovered through her x-ray diffraction research.

Rosalind Franklin used X-ray diffraction techniques to


produce images of DNA molecules.
a. DNA exists as a long, thin molecule of uniform
diameter.
b. The structure is highly repetitive.
c. DNA is helical.

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11. Explain what is meant by the pairing of nitrogen-containing bases (base pairing),
and explain the mechanism that causes bases of one DNA strand to join with
bases of the other strand.

Single-ringed thymine was hydrogen bonded with


double-ringed adenine, and single-ringed cytosine
with double-ringed guanine, along the entire length of
the molecule. These bonding patterns are established
as a result of the molecular geometries of the bases. A-
T and G-C.
Refer to diagram below on page 6.

12. escribe how double-stranded DNA replicates from stockpiles of nucleotides.

1. First, the two strands of DNA unwind and expose their


bases.
a. Then unattached nucleotides pair with exposed
bases.
b. Thus, replication results in DNA molecules that
consist of one “old” strand and one “new” strand;
this is designated "semiconservative replication."
2. Several enzymes participate in replication:
a. One kind of enzyme unwinds the two nucleotide
strands.
b. DNA polymerases attach free nucleotides to the
growing strand.
c. DNA ligases seal new short stretches of nucleotides
into one continuous strand.

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13. Explain what is meant by "each parent strand is conserved in each new DNA
molecule."

See 1. b. above in answer 12.

14. During DNA replication, enzymes called DNA ___polymerases_______


assemble new DNA strands.
15. Distinguish between continuous strand assembly and discontinuous strand
assembly.

Strand assembly proceeds from the 5’ end to the 3’ end of the DNA.
This is done continuously along the strand.

On the other strand, the assembly in done in a series of short sections


and then DNA ligases bond the pieces together to make another
continuous complementary strand. See diagram above.

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16. Describe the process of making a genetically identical copy of yourself.

Obtain an enucleated egg and a stem cell nuclei (yours). Insert the stem
cell nucleus into the enucleated egg. Incubate. At the 8 cell stage,
implant the young embryo (morula) into a surrogate uterus. Be patient
as 9 months of gestation is required! Pass out the cigars!

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