V WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

WATER SUPPLY

Overview
Characteristics of Municipal Water Supply Systems
Municipal Water Requirements and Population Estimation Fluctuations in Water Use

The water demand is influenced by

climate, characteristics of population and its size, living standards, water rates and metering, industry and commerce, operating pressures, water quality, etc

The water demand should be estimated so that the system to be designed could meet these variations under all circumstances. Only water requirements, analysis and design of municipal water supply systems are considered in this chapter.

The design of a municipal water supply system is initiated by

the estimation of projected population, and the investigation of water resources of desired quality and quantity.

According to the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water, a water treatment plant is required. In Turkey, municipal water supply systems are designed and constructed
according to the code of the Turkish Bank of Provinces for small to medium size cities. by State Hydraulic Works (DSI) for large size cities.

The construction of the distribution network within the city is undertaken by the municipality. After the construction of the municipal water supply system, an organization must be established for the operation and maintenance of the system.

Water supply systems must have higher hydraulic conformity in order to minimize the water loss. Water loss depends on the
type, age, and operating pressures of the system.

Leakage must be minimized in the water supply system by

proper design, proper construction, and using suitable pipe material.

Care must be taken to minimize the hydraulic losses (friction and local losses).

Municipal Water Requirements Municipal water demand is the combination of requirements for
domestic, public, commercial and industrial use, and fire fighting.

Domestic Use:
Domestic use includes the water demand for drinking and sanitary purposes. The domestic use is affected by population size and living standards. Therefore, it is usually expressed as water demand on a per capita. In developed countries, domestic water demand is around 1000 lt/cap/day.

Municipal Water Requirements (cont) Public Use:

The water requirement for public establishments, schools, hospitals, parks, etc. Water use in public establishments is normally required within certain hours during a day. Therefore, public use is generally lower than domestic use.

Commercial and Industrial Use:

Water is required in the production of most industrial goods.
For example: 250 m3 of water is required to produce 1 ton of paper.

Fire Fighting Use:

Sufficient quantity of water must be available in the distribution reservoirs for fire fighting.

Municipal Water Requirements (cont) Water supply systems are designed to meet total projected municipal demand. The preliminary step may be the estimation of the lifetime of the system by considering
the type of the system, the desired degree of hydraulic conformity, availability of technology, materials, appurtenances, and economy.

The next step is the estimation of the projected water requirement corresponding to the end of the lifetime of the system.
Normally based on the previous records concerning the estimation for the population and growth rates in the city under study.

Municipal Water Requirements (cont) In the design of municipal water supply systems, the projected population (Pn) of the community at the end of the lifetime of the project (tn) is to be estimated. An idealized growth pattern is shown in the following figure.
As the available resources and facilities are limited to support population growth beyond the certain value, the population growth follows a declining rate and the population tends to a saturation value, Psat. Beyond the initial geometric growth phase, the rate of population is arithmetic.

In the early stages of growth, rate of population growth is geometric.

Municipal Water Requirements (cont) Topographic and climatic conditions of the community and the socio-economic facilities available in the city may affect the rate of migration, and hence the population growth. Before selecting the suitable method for the population estimation, the past records of census results and the socio-economic development in the region should be investigated. According to the nature of the rate of population growth and characteristics of the community, the best method can be selected from following methods.

Municipal Water Requirements (cont)

1. The Arithmetic Extrapolation Method This method can be used if the population growth rate of the community is observed as constant. In this method

in which Ka: constant

where P1 and P2 : the populations of the community at year t1 and t2, respectively.

The projected population (Pn) :

Municipal Water Requirements (cont)

2. The Geometric Extrapolation Method This method is considered for communities having large resources and power. This method is used by the Turkish State Institute of Statistics. In this method

in which Kg: constant

where P1 and P2 : the populations of the community at year t1 and t2, respectively.

The projected population (Pn) :

Municipal Water Requirements (cont)

3. The Turkish Bank of Provinces Method This method which is an alternative form of the geometric extrapolation is also used in Turkey. The projected population (Pn) :

in which k is

where n: the number of years between the last census and the beginning of the project. k: growth rate factor. k=3 if k3, k=1 if k1, and k is as it is if 1<k<3.

Municipal Water Requirements (cont)

4. Logistic S-curve Method The growth of communities with limited land area for future growth can be modeled by this method. This method combines a geometric growth rate at low population with a declining growth rate as the city approaches a saturation population. The projected population (Pn) :
where Psat is the saturation population and a and b are constants as

where n: the time interval between two successive censuses. P0, P1, and P2 are the populations measured during the last three consecutive censuses.

Municipal Water Requirements (cont)

5. Declining Growth Rate Method In this method, the rate of change of population is given as

in which Kd is

The projected population (Pn) :

Municipal Water Requirements (cont)

The next step beyond the determination of the projected population is to estimate the average total demand corresponding to the projection year. However, this is relatively difficult because of high degree of uncertainty in the development trends, and population growths. As preliminary information Table 7.1 can be used. Table 7.1 reflects the average water consumption for Middle Eastern countries.

Fluctuations in Water Use

The use of water in a community exhibits hourly, daily, and monthly variations depending upon the climatic conditions, size of the urban area, and socio-economical structure of the community.

Fluctuations in Water Use

Fluctuations in water use are quantified for the design of various components of water supply systems. They are expressed in terms of hourly, daily, and monthly peak factors as

where Dmh: The max. hourly demand during a day, Dah: The av. hourly demand in that day, Dmd: The max. daily demand during a year, Dad: The av. daily demand in that year, Dmm: The max. monthly demand during a year, Dam: The av. monthly demand in that year,