4G國際技術標準研究與分析報告

4G
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1
4G
4G - ITU-R
2003 4G
4G 4G
1 Gbit/s
100 Mbit/s
2010
4G
3GPP 2008 5 4G
1G 2G 3G
3G+
3GPP LTE-A 4G
LTE/LTE-Advanced
PHICH Synchronization Signal
2
1 3GPP LTE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) Release-8
UMTS/ WCDMA (3GPP R99) HSDPA(R5)
HSUPA(R6) HSPA+(R7)
1.1
LTE (system requirement) :
(1). FDD TDD
(2). (FDD)
(MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
(3). : 20MHZ 50MHz
100MHz
(4). HSPA 2~4
(5). (low latency): 5 ms
(6). : 20MHz
3
(7). :
(8). 0~15 km/hr
(9). 15~120 km/hr
(10). 350km/hr
(11). Enhanced multimedia broadcast multicast service (E-MBMS)
: (mobile TV service).
(12). GSM/UMTS/CDMA .
(Frame) (slot) :
(1). FDD
Slot #1
One radio frame, T
f
= 10 ms
One slot, T
slot
= 0.5 ms
One subframe
Symbol
#0
CP
Symbol
#6
CP
NCP
Symbol
#0
CP
ECP
Symbol
#5
CP
Slot #2 Slot #3 Slot #19 Slot #18 Slot #0
4
: FDD
(Frame) 10ms
10 (subframe) 20 (slot)
1ms 0.5ms
CP(normal CP, NCP) CP(extend CP, ECP)
OFDM NCP 7 OFDM ECP
6 OFDM ECP
(2). TDD
Subframe #7
GP
UpPTS DwPTS
half radio-frame, 5ms
One radio-frame, 10ms
GP
UpPTS DwPTS
Subframe #9
Subframe #5 Subframe #2 Subframe #0
1ms
0.5ms
Slot Slot
1ms
: TDD
TDD 10ms
10 1ms 20
0.5ms subframe-1 subframe-5
(special subframes)
5
DwPTS(downlink pilot time-slot): downlink
GP(guard period): DwPTS UpPTS
UpPTS(uplink pilot time-slot): uplink
SRS
configuration
special subframe 5ms special subframe 10ms
configuration 8
subframes configuration
LTE :
LTE :
(1). (Physical Uplink Shared Channel,
PUSCH)
(2). (Physical Uplink Control Channel,
PUCCH)
(3). (Physical Random Access Channel,
PRACH)
LTE :
(1). (Demodulation Reference Signal, DMRS)
6
(2). (Sounding Reference Signal, SRS)
1.2 (Physical Uplink Shared Channel, PUSCH)
PUSCH uplink
single-carrier FDMA
(peak-to-average power ratio, PAPR)
Single-carrier FDMA
OFDM SC-FDMA DFT-precoder
(frequency hopping)
(frequency diversity). :
PUCCH
(No. of subband)
(slot) (subframe)
(virtual resource block, VRB) (index)
1.3 (Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH)
7
(resource block, RB)
PUCCH PUCCH
:
PUCCH
Format Bits per subframe Symbol mapping Symbol
1 N/A N/A d(0)=1
1a 1 BPSK d(0)
1b 2 QPSK d(0)
2 20 QPSK d(0)~d(9)
2a 21 QPSK&BPSK d(0)~d(9), d(10)
2b 22 QPSK d(0)~d(9), d(10)
format 1 (scheduling request) format 1a/1b
1 bit 2 bits ACK/NACK format 2 CQI (channel quality
information) format 2a 20 bits CQI 1 bit
ACK/NACK format 2b 20 bits CQI 2 bits
ACK/NACK. (code
division multiplexing, CDM) CDM
walsh code (cyclic shift code)
8
1.4 (Physical Random Access Channel, PRACH)
(call-setup)
(cell) cell
(random access format) (random-access slot)
(root) (cyclic-shift value)
:
CP Sequence
CP
T
SEQ
T
Align with the starting of a
configured subframe
:
(random access, RA) (subframe)
RA
9
cell (round-trip time, RTT)
(maximal multipath delay) cell
TSEQ ( cell ) (format):
FDD TDD
FDD RA
(1.08MHz) (higher layer)
1.5 (Demodulation Reference Signal, DMRS)
PUSCH PUCCH
PUSCH PUCCH
(detection)
DMRS Zadoff-Chu (ZC)
(constant-amplitude zero circular auto-correlation, CAZAC)
ZC
ZC
(group number) (sequence number)
PUSCH DMRS OFDM
10
DMRS PUSCH
PUCCH PUCCH
DMRS OFDM PUCCH format (
) : PUCCH 1/1a/1b DMRS 2,3,4 ( 3,4,5
OFDM )
: PUCCH
PUCCH Format Symbol-l (NCP) Symbol-l (ECP)
1, 1a, 1b 2, 3, 4 2, 3
2 1, 5 3
2a, 2b N/A
1.6 (Sounding Reference Signal, SRS)
SRS (eNB)
SRS OFDM
SRS
SRS
scheduling
11
SRS
RRC SRS
(diversity)
1.7 Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel, PHICH
PHICH HARQ ACK NACK
0 1 2
, , b b b
Layer mapping &
precoding
( ) ( )
cell 9 cell
init ID ID
/ 2 1 2 1 2
4
2
(0),..., (11)
(0),..., (5)
s
PHICH
SF
c n N N
NCP
N
ECP
d d NCP
d d ECP
= + + + (

Channel Coding
(Repetition code, Code rate=1/3)
<0,0,0>
<1,1,1>
HI codeword
<b0,b1, ,b2>
HI
0
1
ACK/NACK
0 1 2
, , z z z
0
a
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) mod 1 2 ( ) /
PHICH PHICH
SF SF
d i w i N c i z i N ( =

The scrambling sequence
generator shall be initialised
at the start of each subframe.
*Note: ns denotes slot number.
Bit-wise multiplied with code
BPSK modulation
Resource group
alignment
(0)
(0) (0) (0) (0)
for NCP: ( ) ( ), for 1,..,11.
for NCP:
[ (4 ) (4 1) (4 2) (4 3)]
[ (2 ) (2 1) 0 0] , mod2 0
[0 0 (2 ) (2 1)] , mod2 1
0,..., 5.
T
T group
PHICH
T group
PHICH
d i d i i
d i d i d i d i
d i d i n
d i d i n
i
= =
+ + +
+ =
=

+ =
=
Antenna port P=1
Secs. 6.3.3.1 &
6.3.4.1
Antanna port P=2
Secs. 6.3.3.3 &
6.3.4.3 (STBC)
Antanna port P=4
Secs. 6.3.3.3 &
6.9.2 (STBC)
Next page
Positive acknowledgement
Negative acknowledgement
( ) ( ) ( )
(0), (1),..., (11)
p p p
y y y
Layer mapping &
precoding
Total 8 (NCP) or 4 (ECP)
processes in a PHICH group
( ) ( ) ( )
(0), (1),..., (11)
p p p
i i i
y y y
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
p p
i
i
y n y n =
Over all PHICH in the PHICH group
Quadruplet grouping
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) (4 ), (4 1), (4 2), (4 3)
0,1, 2.
p p p p p
z i y i y i y i y i
i
= + + +
=
PHICH units mapping
PHICH groups
group
PHICH
N
From other PHICH groups
+
= = =
= + = =
( ) ( ) group
' PHICH
( ) ( ) ( ) group
' 1 PHICH
( ) ( ), ' 0,1,..., 1
( ) ( ) ( ), ' / 2, 0,2,... 2
p p
m m
p p p
m m m
y n y n m m N
y n y n y n m m m N
NCP:
ECP:
Resource element
mapping
12
1.8. Reference Signal
Reference signal Cell-Specific reference
signal MBSFN reference signal UE-specific reference signal
Cell-Specific reference signal cell reference
signal MBSFN reference signal MBSF reference
signal UE-specific reference signal cell UE
reference signal beam forming
reference signal CP /
reference signal QPSK
- Cell-Specific reference signal:
0 = l
0 R
0 R
0 R
6 = l 0 = l
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
6 = l
O
n
e
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
p
o
r
t
T
w
o
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
p
o
r
t
s
Resource
element (k,l)
Not used for transmission
on this antenan port
Reference symbols on
this antenna port
0 = l
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
6 = l 0 = l
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
6 = l 0 = l
1 R
1 R
1 R
6 = l 0 = l
1 R
1 R
1 R
1 R
6 = l
0 = l
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
6 = l 0 = l
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
6 = l 0 = l
1 R
1 R
1 R
1 R
6 = l 0 = l
1 R
1 R
1 R
1 R
6 = l
F
o
u
r
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
p
o
r
t
s
0 = l 6 = l 0 = l
2 R
6 = l 0 = l 6 = l 0 = l 6 = l
2 R
2 R
2 R
3 R 3 R
3 R 3 R
even-
numbered
slots
odd-
numbered
slots
Antenna port 0
even-
numbered
slots
odd-
numbered
slots
Antenna port 1
even-
numbered
slots
odd-
numbered
slots
Antenna port 2
even-
numbered
slots
odd-
numbered
slots
Antenna port 3
1 R
Mapping of downlink reference signals
(normal cyclic prefix)
0 R
0
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
Reference symbols antenna port 0
Not used for transmission on this
antenan port
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
13
Normal CP
0 = l
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
5 = l 0 = l
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
5 = l
O
n
e
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
p
o
r
t
T
w
o
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
p
o
r
t
s
Resource
element (k,l)
Not used for transmission
on this antenan port
Reference symbols on
this antenna port
0 = l
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
5 = l 0 = l
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
5 = l 0 = l
1 R
1 R
1 R
5 = l 0 = l
1 R
1 R
1 R
1 R
5 = l
0 = l
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
5 = l 0 = l
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
5 = l 0 = l
1 R
1 R
1 R
1 R
5 = l 0 = l
1 R
1 R
1 R
1 R
5 = l
F
o
u
r
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
p
o
r
t
s
0 = l 5 = l 0 = l
2 R
5 = l 0 = l 5 = l 0 = l 5 = l
2 R
2 R
2 R
3 R 3 R
3 R 3 R
even-
numbered
slots
odd-
numbered
slots
Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3
even-
numbered
slots
odd-
numbered
slots
even-
numbered
slots
odd-
numbered
slots
even-
numbered
slots
odd-
numbered
slots
1 R
Mapping of downlink reference signals
(extended cyclic prefix)
0
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
Not used for transmission on this
antenan port
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Extended CP
0 = l 5 = l 0 = l 5 = l
even-numbered
slots
odd-numbered
slots
Antenna port 4
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
0 = l 2 = l 0 = l 2 = l
even-
numbered
slots
Antenna port 4
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
4
R
odd-
numbered
slots
extended cyclic prefix, f=15kHz
(FFTsize=2048, CP=512)
extended cyclic prefix, f=7.5kHz
(FFTsize=4096, CP=1024)
MBMS
14
0 = l
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 5
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
0 = l 6 = l 6 = l 0 = l
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 5
5
R
5
R
0 = l 5 = l 5 = l
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
5
R
Normal cyclic prefix Extended cyclic prefix
UE-specific
1.9 Synchronization Signal
Synchronization Signal Primary
Synchronization Signal (P-SCH) Secondary Synchronization Signal
(S-SCH) P-SCH S-SCH Cell-ID
P-SCH (Timing)
(Synchronization) LTE W-LAN
(Auto-correlator)
Cell LTE
Match
1.10 3GPP LTE
15
(eNodeB)
(DL synchronization)
(propagation delay)
(round-trip delay)
(UL synchronization)
(handover)
Wave trip
eNodeB
UE
UE
UE
eNodeB
Timing advance (TA)
16
3GPP LTE
Legend
packet data packet data
UL allocation
2. Measurement Reports
3. HO decision
4. Handover Request
5. Admission Control
6. Handover Request Ack
7.
RRC Conn. Reconf. incl.
mobilityControlinformation
DL allocation
Data Forwarding
11. RRC Conn. Reconf. Complete
17. UE Context Release
12. Path Switch Request
UE Source eNB Target eNB Serving Gateway
Detach from old cell
and
synchronize to new cell
Deliver buffered and in transit
packets to target eNB
Buffer packets from
Source eNB
9. Synchronisation
10. UL allocation + TA for UE
packet data
packet data
L3 signalling
L1/L2 signalling
User Data
1. Measurement Control
16.Path Switch Request Ack
18. Release
Resources
H
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
C
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
H
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
E
x
e
c
u
t
io
n
H
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
P
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
io
n
MME
0. Area Restriction Provided
13. User Plane update
request
15. User Plane update
response
14. Switch DL path
SN Status Transfer 8.
End Marker
End Marker
packet data
17
Step 0 (Access Gateway)
(Source eNodeB)
Step 1
Step 2: (event-triggered)
Step 3:
Step 4:
(Target eNodeB) (Handover
Request)
(UE
context) (Radio Bearer configuration
parameters)
Step 5: (admission control)
18
Step 6: Handover Request Acknowledge
Handover
Request Ack
C-RNTI
(system information blocks)
Step 7: RRC Handover
Command
Handover Command
(starting time) Handover Command
RLC ACK
19
Step 8:
(Random Access
Channel, RACH)
Step 9:
Handover Confirm
Step 10:
Handover Confirm
Step 11:
Step 12:
Step 13:
Step 14:
20
(
8) Handover Confirm ( 10)
UE eNB
Random Access Preamble 1
Random Access Response 2
Scheduled Transmission 3
Contention Resolution 4
(Random Access Procedure)
3GPP LTE (
)
(Random Access Burst) (Pseudo-Noise Code)
(Signature)
(e.g., TA, UL scheduling grant, )
21
(auto-correlation)
(cross-correlation)
(Access Slot)
(random back-off mechanism)
3GPP LTE
25~30 ms
1.11 3GPP LTE
22
LTE resource allocation subframe
subframe PDCCH
radio
LTE DRX(Discontinuous Reception) DRX
DRX cycle On-Duration
subframe
On-Duration
(inactivity timer)
DRX
23
On Duration Timer
Receive PDCCH
indicating a new
DL data
DRX Inactivity Timer
DRX Short Cycle Timer
Send NACK
HARQ RTT Timer
HARQ RX Timer
Active Time
Receive PDCCH & DL data
HARQ RTT Timer
HARQ Procee 1
Receive PDCCH
indicating a new
DL data
Send NACK
HARQ RTT Timer
HARQ RX Timer
Receive PDCCH & DL data
HARQ RTT Timer
HARQ Procee 2
DRX Inactivity Timer
On Duration Timer On Duration Timer
DRX Short Cycle Timer
DRX DRX DRX
DRX (DRX short cycle timer) DRX
DRX
DRX DRX
DRX
HARQ ACK NACK
HARQ
24
process HARQ (HARQ RTT timer)
HARQ (HARQ
retransmission timer)
8 HARQ process 8 HARQ process
DRX
8 HARQ process
(active time)
1.12 3GPP LTE
3GPP RAN Plenary#43
LTE Rel-9
LTE Rel-9 Rel-9
25
(Home eNodeB)
BCCH
(SIB13)
MCCH
MCCH
MCCH
M
B
S
F
N
A
r
e
a
I
D
#
2
M
BSFN Area ID #5
M
B
S
F
N
A
r
e
a
I
D
#
7
.
.
.
M
C
H
MCH
M
C
H
Information transmitted in MBSFN subframes
MSAP Occasions
Service 6
Service 7
Scheduling Interval
N
o
D
a
t
a
D
S
I
Service 5
Service 10
Service 11
Scheduling Interval
N
o
D
a
t
a
D
S
I
Service 9
Unicast subframe
Service 1
Service 2
Service 3
N
o
D
a
t
a
M
C
C
H
D
S
I
Service 1
Service 2
Service 3
N
o
D
a
t
a
M
C
C
H
D
S
I
MSAP Occasions
MSAP Occasions
e-MBMS
LTE e-MBMS
(Broadcast Control Channel; BCCH)
(Multicast Control Channel; MCCH)
26
(Dynamic Scheduling Information; DSI)
#13 (System Information Block 13; SIB13)
(DL-SCH) MAC
(MAC control Element)
(MTCH) (Multicast Channel; MCH)
(MBSFN subframes)
#13
(Modulation and
Coding Scheme; MCS) (MCH Subframe
Allocation Pattern; MSAP)...
(MBSFN Area)
27
(MBSFN Area ID)
(reference symbols)
(scrambling sequence) TS 36.211
(MCS)
(MCCH Repetition Period)
(frame)
(MCCH Frame Offset)
(system frame number)
(SFN module mcchRepetitionPeriod == mcchOffset)
(MCCH Subframe Bitmap)
(segment)
28
(MCCH)
(Quality of Service; QoS) (Block Error
Rate; BLER)
(MCH)
(MCCH)
QoS (MCH)
(MCH Subframe Allocation Pattern;

MSAP)
(scheduling interval)
29
Service 6
Service 7
Scheduling Interval
N
o
D
a
t
a
D
S
I
Service 5
frame
subframe
...
scheduling interval
MSAP occasions
frame
... ...
(SAP)
(
) MSAP occasions
(DSI) MSAP occasions
(Service list)
(Service ID) (Session ID)
(Logical channel ID; LCID)
MAC header
30
RAN2 MSAP
occasion (DSI)
Service 1
Service 2
Service 3
N
o
D
a
t
a
M
C
C
H
D
S
I
Service 1
Service 2
Service 3
N
o
D
a
t
a
M
C
C
H
D
S
I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
( ) service #1
service #2 service #3 0 4 9
0 4 9
31
(RRC
signalling) MAC (MAC control
element)
MAC MAC (MAC packet data unit;
MAC PDU) (DSI)
(MCCH) (MTCH)
32
(MBMS coordination entity, MCE)
MBMS
GW
eNB
MCE
|
|
M1
M3
MBMS GW: MBMS Gateway
MCE: Multi -Cell /Multicast Coordination Entity
M1: user plane interface
M2: E-UTRAN internal control plane interface
M3: control plane interface between E-UTRAN and EPC
MME
|
M2
SYNC
1. (MBSFN Synchronization Area)
(radio frame timing)
33
2. RLC
MAC PHY (
)
MCE
3. (E-MBMS Gateway) SYNC (SYNC
protocol)
4. SYNC
5. SYNC
6. (segmentation) (concatenation)
RLC/MAC
7. SYNC
8.
34
9. (burst) ( :
)
RLC
MAC
PHY
UE
MBMS
Gateway
eNB
M1
RLC
MAC
PHY
BM-SC
MBMS
packet
MBMS
packet
TNL TNL TNL
SYNC SYNC
SYNC: Protocol to synchronise
data used to generate a certain
radio frame
SYNC
3GPP LTE
SYNC ( )
BM-SC SYNC
SYNC (SYNC header)
( ) 3GPP
SYNC
(Timestamp) (data burst)
35
SYNC
(Elapsed packet counter)
(Elapsed byte counter):
0
(256 byte)
(256) (512)
768
2 LTE-Advanced
LTE-Advanced
(MIMO-OFDMA) All-IP
100MHz 1 Gbps 500Mbps
LTE-Advanced
1) Support wider bandwidth; 2) Advanced MIMO
36
technologies; 3) Coordinated multiple point transmission and reception; 4)
Further reduction of delay; 5) Relaying
(Carrier Aggregation)
2.1 (Carrier Aggregation)
Support wider bandwidth
(Carrier Aggregation) LTE
LTE-Advanced 20MHz
100MHz
LTE-Advanced
F1 F2 NTT
DoCoMo 3GPP RAN2 F1 F2
37
F1 F2
#1
F1 F2
F1 F2
F1 F2
F1 F2 2
GHz 800 MHz
F1 F2
#2
#1 #2 F1 F2
F1 F2
F1 F2
38
F1
F1 F2
F1 {800 MHz, 2 GHz} F2
3.5 GHz
F1 F2
#3
F1 F2
F2 F1
F2
F1 F1
F1
F2 (coverage holes)
F1
#3 F1 F2
F1 {800 MHz, 2 GHz} F2
3.5 GHz F1 F2
39
F1 F2
#4
(Remote Radio
Head; RRH) F1 (macro)
F2
(hotspot) F1
F1
F1 F2
F1 {800 MHz, 2 GHz} F2
3.5 GHz
40
#5
F1 F2
F2
(frequency selective repeater) F2
F1 F2
#4 #5
(UL Timing)
LTE Rel-10
(UL Timing Advance; TA) LTE Rel-10
FDD
#1 #2
#3 LTE Rel-10 TDD
41
#1 #2 #3 LTE Rel-10
LTE Rel-10
LTE-Advanced
(Activation and Deactivation
Mechanism)
LTE-Advanced
RRC
(deactivation)
(PDCCH) (PDSCH)
42
(Channel Quality Indicator; CQI)
MAC (MAC Control Element)
(configured)
MAC (deactivation)
UE
MAC
MAC
(deactivation
timer)
43
deactivation
+ n
+ n
+
n
3
(Sounding Reference Signal; SRS)
44
LTE
LTE
3GPP RAN2#66bis
7 (Handover Command)
RAN2#70bis
RAN2#70bis (source eNB)
(Handover Request)
(target eNB)
(Physical Cell Identity; PCI)
45
6 Handover Request
Acknowledge 7 Handover Command
Handover Command
(de-activation)
MAC
2.2 Advanced MIMO technologies
3GPP-LTE: Ericsson
UMB: Qualcomm
WiFi (802.11n)
WiMAX: Intel
OFDM + MIMO is basis of all 4G technologies
Broadband
Wireless
High SE
46
4G
4G
1G 2G
3G 3G+
WLAN
2005
WLAN (Unlicensed)
4G
IMT-Advanced 4G (Licensed)
4G
4G
Ericsson 3GPP LTE
Intel WiMAX 4G
MIMO
47
MIMO
MIMO
OFDM
OFDM MIMO
MIMO MIMO
OFDM 4G
MIMO OFDM
MIMO-OFDM 4G
4G
MIMO-OFDM
4G 4G MIMO-OFDM
MIMO
i.e.
/ MIMO
48
MIMO
(Transmit Diversity, TxD) (Spatial
Multiplexing, SM) MIMO
/
User 1
User 2
User K
Mobile Station (MS)
(Collaborative SM, CSM)
Space-Time/
Space-Freq.
Processing
MIMO Channel
H
Base Station (BS)
Downlink (DL)
Downlink (DL)
Uplink (UL)
Uplink (UL)
User 1
User 2
User K
Mobile Station (MS)
Space-Time/
Space-Freq.
Processing
MIMO Channel
H
Base Station (BS)
Downlink (DL)
Downlink (DL)
Uplink (UL)
Uplink (UL)
MIMO
MIMO
MIMO
/ (Downlink
Open/Closed-Loop Single-User MIMO, DL OL/CL SU-MIMO)
/ (Downlink
49
Open/Closed-Loop Multi-User MIMO, DL OL/CL SU-MIMO)
/ (Uplink
Open/Closed-Loop Single-User MIMO, DL OL/CL SU-MIMO)
/ (Uplink
Open/Closed-Loop Multi-User MIMO, DL OL/CL SU-MIMO)
/
MIMO
MAC
MIMO L
(Layers) MIMO Mt MIMO
(Streams) MIMO Nt
Nt L s 2 L
s Mt s Nt MIMO MIMO MIMO
MIMO MIMO
4G
50
MIMO
Layers
MIMO
Streams
Antennas
MIMO
Encoder
MIMO
Precoder
L Layers
M
t
Streams N
t
Antennas
MCS
Set
MCS
Set
MAC
Data
MIMO
Layers
MIMO
Streams
Antennas
MIMO
Encoder
MIMO
Precoder
L Layers
M
t
Streams N
t
Antennas
MCS
Set
MCS
Set
MAC
Data
MIMO
MIMO (Open-Loop, OL)
MIMO (Closed-Loop, CL) MIMO MIMO
(Precoding)
MIMO
(Codeword) MIMO
MIMO
8
4 8x8 MIMO
Schemes 8 Streams
4 Streams
51
2.3 COordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission
Coordinated multiple point transmission and reception (CoMP)
CoMP
52
2.4 Relay
Relay Backhauling
Relay
LTE-Advanced
2.4 (Machine Type Communication, MTC)
(Machine Type Communication, MTC)
(Machine-to-Machine, M2M) (The Internet of
Things, IOT)
(Radio-frequency identification,
RFID) (internet)
53
(IOT)
(RFID)
500
(MTC)
54
(MTC)
(sensing) (communications) (computing) (control)
(MTC)
(smart grid) (smart home) (e-Healthcare)
(intelligent transportation) (remote monitoring)
(MTC)
(MTC)
(Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers ,IEEE) (Internet
Engineering Task Force, IETF) (3rd Generation
Partnership Project, 3GPP) (European
Telecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI)
(MTC)
55
(MTC)
(Time) (Place) (Thing)
(MTC)
(MTC)
(MTC) (use cases)
(1) (Security) (Alarm systems) (Backup for
landline) (Access control) (Car and driver
security)
(2) (Tracking & Tracing) (Fleet
56
Management) (Order Management) (Pay as
you drive) (Asset Tracking) (Navigation)
(Traffic information) (Road tolling)
(Traffic optimization and steering)
(3) (Payment) (Point of sales) (Vending
machines) (Gaming machines)
(4) (Health) (Monitoring vital signs)
(Supporting the aged or handicapped)
(Web Access Telemedicine points) (Remote diagnostics)
(5) (Remote Maintenance and Control)
(Sensors) (Lighting) (Pumps) (Valves)
(Elevator control) (Vending machine control)
(Vehicle diagnostics)
(6) (Metering) (Power) (Gas) (Water)
(Heating) (Grid control) (Industrial metering)
(MTC)
(1) (Extremely Low Power Consumption)
(2) (High Reliability)
(3) (Enhanced Access Priority)
57
(4) (Mass Device Transmission)
(5) (Addressing of Mass Device)
(6) (Group Management)
(7) (Security)
(8) (Small Data Transmission)
(9) (Low/No Mobility)
(10) (Time-Controlled Operation)
(11) (Time-Tolerant Operation)
(12) (One-way Data Traffic)
(13) (Extremely Low Latency)
(14) (Extremely Long Range Access)
(15) (Infrequent/Intermittent Traffic)
(3rd Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP)
(MTC) Working Group SA
(System Architecture) (MTC) (service
requirements) RAN (Study Items)
(MTC) (Radio Access)
RAN2
58
(M2M) (traffic characteristics)
(M2M)
(Human-to-Human, H2H)
(MTC)
(Mass Device Transmission)
(path loss) (wall
penetration loss)
In-device coexistence interference avoidance 3GPP
Study Item (User Equipment)
device LTE ISM band
Bluetooth WLAN LTE GPS
Study Item
59
ITU-R IMT-Advanced (4G)
3GPP 3GPP2 IEEE
3GPP LTE/LTE-Advanced
3GPP LTE/LTE-Advanced
3GPP
TSG GERAN (GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network)
GSM/EDGE
TSG RAN (Radio Access Network) UTRA/E-UTRA
60
FDD TDD
Layer 2 Layer 3
TSG SA (System and Service Aspect) 3GPP
TSG
TSG CT (Core Network and Terminal)
3GPP
3GPP
3GPP LTE 2005 Study Phase
Study Phase Working Item Phase
61
2008 Rel8 LTE
LTE
LTE-Advanced 2008 Study Item Phase
2009 3GPP IMT-Advanced
LTE-Advanced
2009 LTE-Advanced Study Item Phase
2010 Working Item Phase
2010 LTE-Advanced
IMT-Advanced
IMT-Advanced
62
2008 2009 2010 2011 2007
ITU-R WP5D
LTE
Core spec approval
TSG-RAN
meeting
Test spec and CRs
Study Item
Work Item
LTE-Advanced
(IMT-Advanced)
Proposals for
Evaluation Circular
Letter
#39
4 Mar-
#40
27 May-
#41
9 Sep-
#42
2 Dec-
#43 #44 #45 #46 #47 #48 #49 #50 #51 #52 #38&WS
26 Nov-
LTE-Advanced
63
First-class company owns the Standards; Second-class company
owns the Brands and IPR; Third-class company owns Technologies and
Fourth-class company owns Products ( The game-rule in wireless
industries, 4GMF)
(2G 2.5G 3G)
Essential IPR
3G 3G 2G
15~25%( 94/09/05)
Qualcomm
46% 2004 18
(IEK, 2005)
3GPP
64
ITU-R 2006
IMT-Advanced
ITU-R 2008
IMT-Advanced
(2G 2.5G 3G)
WiMAX WiMAX
WiMAX 802.16d/16e (Essential IPR) Samsung LG
Qualcomm Motorola Nokia
65
IPR
1 10 100 1000
IMT-2000
IMT-2000
(Mbps)
Beyond IMT-
2000
IMT-Advanced
94
3GPP LTE 802.16j/16m
66
67
3GPP
WCDMA HSDPA/HSUPA
3GPP LTE
3GPP
Ericsson
Ericsson
Nokia
Qualcomm
Alcatel Lucent
Samsung
LGE
Huawei
ZTE
68
3GPP LTE
RAN1 LTE-Advance
Wider bandwidth support UL transmission
schemes Cooperative MIMO Coordinated MultiPoint transmission
Relaying RAN2 Carrier Aggregation
Relaying Enhanced MBMS HeNB Machine Type Communication
Minimization of Drive Test
3GPP RAN3 UE eNB control
plane H(e)NB MBMS Multimedia Broadcast and
Multicast Service HSPA SON Self-Organizating network LTE-A
69
H(e)NB
RAN4
Relay Carrier
Aggregation for LTE
3GPP
Carrier Aggregation Cooperative MIMO CoMP Relay Machine Type
communication
3GPP LTE LTE-Advanced
Essential IPR
70
1G 2G 3G
TDMA CDMA
3G
3G
HSPA
3G 3G
circuit switch(CS)
ADSL
All-IP IMT-Avanced
4G
71
ITU 2005
billion (mobile Internet)
Nokia, Samsung, LG Apple iPhone
Google Andriod Mobile World Congress 2010
IOT
Mobile
(ITU-R)
2000 Question 229-1/8 Future
development of IMT-2000 and system beyond IMT-2000
Vision (M.1645) Spectrum (M.1768) Technology
Trends (M.2038) Market (M.2072) and Service View (M.1822)
72
Radio aspects (M.2074) IMT-Advanced
3G
4G
4G 4G
4G
5.1 4G
(All-in-one) (Application-centric)
Google Android Apple Store
(Mobile Services)
73
GSA Q3 2009
4.0 billion 58%
GSM/CDMA 2G 88.77% WCDMA/CDMA
2000 3G 10.1% ABI Research
2013
5.2 billion; 2G (GSM/EDGE/GPRS) 2013
68% 3G (WCDMA, EVDO, TD-SCDMA) 1.58
billion 19.5% 4G (LTE, WiMAX) 91.4 million 1.7%
: ABI Research Q2 2009
: (World market 2003-2013)
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
20032004200520062007200820092010201120122013
S
u
b
s
c
r
i
b
e
r

(
M
i
l
l
i
o
n
s
)
Mobile WIMAX
LTE
TD-SCDMA
EVDO Rev B
EVDO Rev A
EVDO1X
CDMA2000 1x
HSDPA
HSUPA
HSPA+
UMTS
CDMAone
GPRS
EDGE
GSM
PHS
PDC
TDMA
AMPS
iDEN
74
:
interactive
web 2.0 , messenger, blog and facebook ( )
3G mobile commerce,
LBS, Internet and mobile TV, social networking, online Gaming, M2M,
P2, video messaging, music downloading and high-quality video and
voice conference 3G
All-IP
75
Mobile
Data ; AT&T 2008 iPhone 4.6
million 2008 37.2% USD 3.4 billion
Verizon Wireless
52.6% M1
25.1% mobile data 9.5%
10.9% Telefonia
mobile data ; +32%,
+25%, +33%, +36%
softbank 3G
iPhone HTC smartphone
, 3G circuit
switch(CS) mobile internet
packet switch
All-IP
wall-garden
76
4G
5.2 4G
IMT-Advanced(4G)
(MIMO-OFDMA) All-IP
100Mbps 1Gbps 4G IP
FMC Business model
always-on
VoIP
:
+ Increase spectral efficiency by using OFDM and Support of
Smart Antenna Technology
+ Flatter IP-based network architecture
+ Provide a more flexible spectrum and Scalable Channel
Bandwidth
+ Lower OPEX and CAPEX
+ Better integration with other standards such as WLAN, 3GPP
and 3GPP2 systems.
OFDMA
1.4MHz 20MHz 100MHz
WCDMA CDMA-2000 3G 5MHz
77
Multi-carrier
OFDMA Scalable Channel
Bandwidth Hot Spot
4G All-IP Pervasive computing P2P
web 2.0
ITU-R WP5D IMT-Advanced (4G)
ITU-R WP5D
4G (Draft) IEEE 802.16m
3GPP LTE-A MIIT(China) TDD-LTE-A
IMT-Advanced OFDMA (Smart
Antenna) IMT-Advance
All-IP 2011
ITU-R
WiMAX Rel. 1.X LTE Rel.8 3.9G
(value proposition)
; Circuit Switch Based Packet
Switch Based ; CDMA-based MIMO-OFDMA based
78
ITU-R (Heterogeneous) 4G
3.9G 4G 4G CDMA
3G
5.3 4G
3.9G ;
Circuit Switch Based Packet Switch Based ; CDMA-based
MIMO-OFDMA based MIMO-OFDMA
CDMA
ICL
4G
(Ecosystem) Enabler group ( )
Momentum group ( ) Foundation Group ( )
Growth Engine( )
79
Operators
Momentum Group
Operators
Momentum Group
Standard Bodies Standard Bodies
Regulators Regulators
Industry Bodies Industry Bodies
Enabler Group
Standard Bodies Standard Bodies
Regulators Regulators
Industry Bodies Industry Bodies
Enabler Group User Devices User Devices
Venders Venders
Infrastructure Infrastructure
Suppliers Suppliers
Test Equipment Test Equipment
Manufactures Manufactures
Chipset Chipset
Content/Service Content/Service
Providers Providers
App App ins ins Software Software
Developers Developers
Foundation
Group
User Devices User Devices
Venders Venders
Suppliers Suppliers
Chipset Chipset
Providers Providers
Foundation
Group
User Devices User Devices
Venders Venders
Suppliers Suppliers
Chipset Chipset
Providers Providers
Foundation
Group
:
:
Foundation Group ( )
4G
: Content, Services and Applications.
80
LTE
3G/LTE 2009
MDM 9200 9600 MSM 8960
- 2009 LTE modem M700 2010
GSM/HSPA/LTE SMARTi LU
3G-LTE TD-LTE WiMAX
MSC8156
LTE TCI6487
LTE
3G/LTE 2009
MDM 9200 9600 MSM 8960
- 2009 LTE modem M700 2010
GSM/HSPA/LTE SMARTi LU
3G-LTE TD-LTE WiMAX
MSC8156
LTE TCI6487
LTE
2010 LTE
Sandbridge LTE
LTE 2010 LTE
LTE modem
2010 LTE
LTE
2010 LTE
Sandbridge LTE
LTE 2010 LTE
LTE modem
2010 LTE
LTE
Enabler Group ( )
4G
Momentum Group( )
4G
4G
4G
4G WiBRO
TD-LTE 3G
81
Growth Engine( ):
SMS (Mobile
Content) mobile internet Ecosystem
4G
ecosystem 4
Ecosystem
LTE Ecosystem
LTE Ecosystem
82
2009 2010~2011 2012~2013
LTE LTE LTE
nHSPA
nGSM
nLTE n LTE
n LTE VoIP
n LTE
n LTE
n LTE
NB
n LTE
LTE LTE LTE
nHSPA
nGSM
nLTE n LTE
n LTE VoIP
n LTE
n LTE
n LTE
NB
n LTE
CPE IOT 2010 Multi mode LTE
LTE ?
CPE IOT 2010 Multi mode LTE
LTE ?
LTE
5.4 4G Foundation Group
Foundation Group :
+ (Access)
+ (Core) All-IP
+ (Silicon, Platforms and subsystems)
new chipsets and other subsystems or devices needed to
implement the 4G Access and Core equipment
+ (Software and protocols) -- similarly for
software and protocol stacks.
[ Access]
4G MIMO-OFDMA
83
plug-and-play
self configuration self-optimization 4G
software-define Radio (SDR)
(multistandard) radio/base-station
Motorola WiMAX 16e Access Points and LTE
eNodeB, GSM E-EDGE LTE
OFDM Flexible channel bandwith
4G RF
LTE TDD FDD
Cost-effective
LTE Access
: LTE Access
Vendor Access pr oduct s i ncl ude
Alcat el-Lucent 9326 NodeB + 9426 LTE soft ware
AXI S Net work Technology LTE Remot e Radio Heads
Ericsson BS 6000 base st at ion series, EVO RAN
Fuj it su Net work Communicat ions BroadOne LS LTE eNodeB base st at ion port folio
Hit achi Communicat ion
Technologies
(Developing product s)
Huawei Technologies SingleRAN
84
I PWireless V5 Mult i-St andard Base St at ion Plat form
Mot orola CTU4 and RCTU4 base st at ion radios, eNodeB
NEC eNodeB
Nokia Siemens Net works Flexi Base St at ion
Nort el eNodeB
Panasonic Mobile
Communicat ions
NTT's Super 3G (LTE) Base St at ion proj ect
Powerwave Technologies Base st at ion solut ions support ing LTE
Radiocomp Remot e Radio Heads for 3GPP LTE
ZTE ZXSDR R8860 Mult i-Mode Out door RRU, ZXSDR B8200 Mult i-Mode
I ndoor BBU
Parent heses indicat e product s planned or in development .
Source: Light Reading, 2009
[ Core Network]
LTE Core Network 4G
LTE/SAE GSM/WCDMA core Network
LTE Core
Cisco 4G core network 4G
circuit-switched gateways
VoIP packet Gateway VoIP
Voice
Always-on All-IP 4G Gateway
Gateway LTE Core
85
: LTE Core
Vendor Cor e pr oduct s i ncl ude
Alcat el-Lucent Evolved Packet Core
Allot Communicat ions Service Gat eway Sigma (SG-Sigma)
Cisco Syst ems (Developing EPC Serving Gat eway (SGW) and t he Packet Dat a Node
(PDN) gat eway)
Ericsson Evolved Packet Core port folio -- SGSN/ MME, Mobile Packet Gat eway,
Converged Packet Gat eway
Hit achi Communicat ion
Technologies
(Developing product s)
Huawei Technologoes Evolved Packet Core
I nt elliNet Technologies LTE gat eways
NEC Evolved Packet Core
Nokia Siemens Net works EPC -- Flexi Net work Server, Flexi Net work Gat eway
Nort el LTE Access Gat eway, Evolved Packet Core
St arent Net works Evolved Packet Core
Sonus Net works MobilEdge Access Node (wit hin Sonus mobilEvolut ion archit ect ure)
St oke LTE SAE Gat eway (via SSX 3000)
Tecore Net works I Core LTE
ZTE Evolved Packet Core
Parent heses indicat e product s planned or in development .
WiMAX 16e LTE
86
:
[ (Silicon, Platforms and subsystems)]
4G embedded
(MID)
WiFi
embedded 4G
3.9G 4G HotSpot
4G 4G
Multi-mode 4G 4G
:
+ Multi-standard CDMA/LTE, GSM/UMTS/LTE, UMTS/LTE,
GSM/WiMAX, WiMAX), TDMA, CDMA OFDMA
IMT-
Advanced
Wideband towards Mobility Wideband towards Mobility
WiMAX
And other WiMAX
Forum Members
Mobile towards Wideband Mobile towards Wideband
LTE
IMT-
Advanced
Wideband towards Mobility Wideband towards Mobility
WiMAX
And other WiMAX
Forum Members
Mobile towards Wideband Mobile towards Wideband
LTE
87
+ Multi-band (700MHz, 900MHz, 1.5GHz, 1.7GHz, 2.1GHz,
2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, 2.6GHz, 3.5GHz, .etc)
+ Support FDD and TDD
+ Integrated multi-antenna (2x2 4x4 8x8)
+ Improve battery life and sleeping mode intelligent
: LTE Silicon/Platform/Subsystem
Vendor Si l i con / Pl at f or m / Subsyst em pr oduct s i ncl ude
Analog Devices Various LTE applicable RF+ DSP devices
Bit Wave Semiconduct or BW1102 Soft ransceiver RFI C
Cavium Net works OCTEON Mult i-core MI PS64 processors
ComSys ComMAX LT8000mobile baseband processor
Ericsson M700 mobile plat form
Freescale Semiconduct or MSC8156 DSP
I PWireless (LTE chipset s in development )
LG Elect ronics Handset modem chip (in development )
Lime Microsyst ems LMS6002 mult iband mult ist andard RF t ransceiver I C
Percello Aquilo femt ocell SOC family
picoChip PC8618 picocell and PC8608 femt ocell plat forms
Qualcom MDM9xxx-series LTE device chipset s
RMI XLR processor family
Sandbridge Technologies SB3500 flexible baseband processor
88
ST-Ericsson M700 mobile plat form
Texas I nst rument s LTE development al ecosyst em
Ubidyne uB900 Ant enna Embedded Digit al Radio
Wavesat Odyssey 9000 under development (release due in t hird quart er 2009)
Wint egra WinPat h3 W series processors
[ (Software and protocols)]
managed device
platform (MDP), Apple, Microsoft, Google, Nokia, Sony, Facebook
and RIM
MDP User
experience. 4G
Femtocell Home Node
Femtocell Home Node LTE WiMAX
WiFi
3G WiMAX Forum LTE release 8
Femtocell Home Node OFDMA
89
Femtocell Home Node
: LTE Software/Protocol
Vendor Sof t war e / Pr ot ocol pr oduct s i ncl ude
4M Wireless PS100 LTE prot ocol st ack
Aricent LTE Evolved Node B (eNodeB) development suit e
Cont inuous Comput ing Trillium Long Term Evolut ion (LTE)
I nt elliNet Technologies LTE prot ocol st acks
I PWireless (LTE soft ware in development )
Kinet o Wireless Gat eway soft ware
MimoOn mi! Femt o, mi! I nfra, mi! Mobile
Nomor Research LTE Prot ocol St ack Library, LTE eNB Emulat or
Texas I nst rument s LTE development al ecosyst em
Wint egra LTE prot ocols
5.5 Momentum Group: GSM, UMTS/HSPA CDMA-2000
[GSM/UMTS/HSPA]
GSM 2G
3G WCDMA
90
UMTS/HSPA
GSM Association Q2 2009
215 800 GSM
80% 800 GSM
300 WCDMA WCDMA
HSDPA WCDMA
95% HSPA HSDPA networks (3.6M or higher)
78% HSDPA networks (7.2M or higher) 50%
33 54 HSPA+ 12 42
LTE
(per no. of subscribers)
Ran
k
Company Main Markets Technology*
Subscribers
(total, in
millions)
1
http://en.wiki
pedia.org/wik
i/People%27s
_Republic_of
_ChinaChina
Mobile
China (Mainland) "GoTone",
"M-zone" and "Easyown"
Hong Kong "Peoples" and Pakistan
"ZoNG"
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE
TD-SCDMA,
TD-HSDPA,
TD-LTE
(planned)
508.37
(September
2009)
[1]
2
http://en.wiki
pedia.org/wik
i/United_Kin
gdomVodafo
ne
United Kingdom
Albania, Australia, China
(Mainland), Congo DR, Czech
Republic, Egypt, Fiji, France,
Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary,
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE, UMTS,
HSDPA, LTE
(planned)
(CdmaOne,
427.99
(September
2009)
[2]
91
India "Vodafone Essar", Ireland,
Italy, Kenya, Lesotho, Malta,
Mozambique, Netherlands, New
Zealand, Northern Cyprus, Poland,
Portugal, Qatar, Romania, South
Africa, Spain, Tanzania, Turkey and
United States "Verizon Wireless"
CDMA2000 1x,
EV-DO)
3
http://en.wiki
pedia.org/wik
i/SpainTelef
nica /
Movistar / O
2
Spain
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,
Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru,
Uruguay, Venezuela, Ireland, United
Kingdom, Isle of Man, Germany,
Czech Republic, Morocco and
Slovakia
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE, UMTS,
HSDPA, LTE
(planned),
D-AMPS
(CdmaOne,
CDMA2000 1x)
200.85
(June
2009)
[3]
4
http://en.wiki
pedia.org/wik
i/MexicoAm
rica Mvil
Mexico
United States, Argentina, Chile,
Colombia, Paraguay, Uruguay,
Puerto Rico, Ecuador, Jamaica, Peru,
Brazil, Dominican Republic,
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Ecuador and El Salvador
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE, UMTS,
HSDPA,
D-AMPS
(CdmaOne,
CDMA2000 1x,
EV-DO)
194.34
(September
2009)
[4]
5
http://en.wiki
pedia.org/wik
i/FranceOran
ge / France
Tlcom
France
United Kingdom, Switzerland,
Poland, Spain, Romania, Moldova,
Slovakia, Belgium, Austria,
Liechtenstein, Israel, Egypt, Ivory
Coast, Jordan, Cameroon, Botswana,
Madagascar, Mali, Senegal,
Mauritius, Runion, Martinique,
French Guiana, Saint Kitts and
Nevis, Dominica, Dominican
Republic, Kenya, Uganda, Togo,
Niger, Equatorial Guinea and
Armenia
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE, UMTS,
HSDPA, LTE
(planned)
189.00
(September
2009)
[5]
6
http://en.wiki
pedia.org/wik
Norway
Sweden, Denmark, Hungary,
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE, UMTS,
172.00
(September
92
i/NorwayTele
nor
Montenegro, Serbia, Thailand,
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia,
India, Ukraine and Russia
"VimpelCom"
HSDPA, LTE
(planned)
2009)
[6]
7
http://en.wiki
pedia.org/wik
i/GermanyT-
Mobile
Germany
United States, United Kingdom,
Poland, Czech Republic,
Netherlands, Hungary, Austria,
Croatia, Slovakia, Macedonia,
Montenegro, Puerto Rico and U.S.
Virgin Islands
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE, UMTS,
HSDPA, LTE
(planned)
150.90
(September
2009)
[7]
8
http://en.wiki
pedia.org/wik
i/SwedenTeli
aSonera
Sweden
Norway, Denmark, Finland, Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania, Spain, Russia,
Nepal, Cambodia, Kazakhstan,
Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan,
Georgia, Moldova, Turkey and
Ukraine
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE, UMTS,
HSDPA
143.90
(September
2009)
[8]
9
http://en.wiki
pedia.org/wik
i/People%27s
_Republic_of
_ChinaChina
Unicom
China (Mainland)
GSM, GPRS
EDGE, UMTS,
HSDPA,
HSUPA
142.80
(September
2009)
[9]
10
http://en.wiki
pedia.org/wik
i/EgyptOrasc
om Telecom /
WIND
Egypt "Mobinil"
Algeria "Djezzy", Pakistan
"Mobilink", Tunisia "Tunisiana",
Bangladesh "Banglalink", Italy
"WIND", Greece "WIND", Canada
"WIND", North Korea "Koryolink",
Lebanon "Alfa", Burundi "Telecel",
Central African Republic "Telecel",
Namibia "Telecel" and Zimbabwe
"Telecel"
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE, UMTS,
HSDPA
110.60
(September
2009)
11
http://en.wiki
pedia.org/wik
i/IndiaBharti
India
Seychelles, Jersey, Guernsey and Sri
Lanka
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE
110.51
(September
2009)
[17]
93
Airtel
12
http://en.wiki
pedia.org/wik
i/South_Afric
aMTN Group
South Africa
India, Afghanistan, Benin, Botswana,
Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Cote
d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Ghana, Guinea
Bissau, Republic of Guinea, Iran,
Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan,
Swaziland, Syria, Uganda, Yemen
and Zambia
GSM, GPRS,
EDGE, UMTS,
HSDPA,
HSUPA
108.47
(September
2009)
[18]
[CDMA-2000]
: CDMA
CDMA Verizon Wireless
KDDI LTE
MobileWiMAX WiBro XOHM CDMA
KT(KoreaTelecom) Sprint Nextel 2009
UMB CDMA Development Group(CDG)
CDMA
94
5.6
3GPP LTE 8
3GPP
2011 2 3GPP RAN
4G WiMAX LTE
CDMA 2000
1994 CDMA
(Code Division Multiplex Access ) CDMA 2000
20% CDMA
( CPE
) (Samsung)
(LG) SK Telecom
95
IMT-Advanced
?
4G
( )
4G
( )
4G
(
)
4G
(
)
LTE (FDD)/LTE-A LTE (FDD)/LTE-A
TD-LTE/TD-LTE-A TD-LTE/TD-LTE-A
3G 3G 3.5G 3.5G
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
TD-CDMA
HSPA+
HSPA
HSDPA
HSUPA
CDMA 2000
1x EV-DO
Rev A
CDMA2000
1x EV-DO
CDMA
2000
1x EV-DO
Rev A
WiMAX
Rel. 1.0
WiMAX
Rel. 1.X
3.9G 3.9G
Data-centric Data Data- -centric centric
Voice-centric Voice Voice- -centric centric
WiFi
4G
( )
4G
( )
4G
(
)
4G
(
)
LTE (FDD)/LTE-A LTE (FDD)/LTE-A
TD-LTE/TD-LTE-A TD-LTE/TD-LTE-A
3G 3G 3.5G 3.5G
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
TD-CDMA
HSPA+
HSPA
HSDPA
HSUPA
CDMA 2000
1x EV-DO
Rev A
CDMA2000
1x EV-DO
CDMA
2000
1x EV-DO
Rev A
WiMAX
Rel. 1.0
WiMAX
Rel. 1.X
3.9G 3.9G
WiFi
3G 3G 3.5G 3.5G
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
TD-CDMA
HSPA+
HSPA
HSDPA
HSUPA
CDMA 2000
1x EV-DO
Rev A
CDMA2000
1x EV-DO
CDMA
2000
1x EV-DO
Rev A
WiMAX
Rel. 1.0
WiMAX
Rel. 1.X
3.9G 3.9G
3G 3G 3.5G 3.5G
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
TD-CDMA
HSPA+
HSPA
HSDPA
HSUPA
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
TD-CDMA
HSPA+ HSPA+
HSPA
HSDPA
HSUPA
CDMA 2000
1x EV-DO
Rev A
CDMA2000
1x EV-DO
CDMA
2000
1x EV-DO
Rev A
CDMA
2000
1x EV-DO
Rev A
WiMAX
Rel. 1.0
WiMAX
Rel. 1.X
WiMAX
Rel. 1.0
WiMAX
Rel. 1.X
WiMAX
Rel. 1.X
3.9G 3.9G
WiFi WiFi
: 3G/WiMAX ( IDB 4G , 2010)
(
) (multi-mode)
(Femto/pico cell) (ASN Gateway )
( )
PC NB (CPE)
96
CPE
Solution
(OEM/ODM)
Essential IP
FMC
: ( ICL, 2009)
97
/ / /
3.6 2,310 780

7,860 78.7%
100% 1,660
330Gbps
2010 HSPA+ 21Mbps
2011 HSPA+ 42Mbps 3GPP
3GPP LTE Rel-8 2009
LTE
98
Alcatel-Lucent 2010-2011 FDD LTE
2010 5 TD-LTE
LTE
/ IC/ /
CPE
30 IC
CPE
2009/4
5 2010
2009 90 380
/ IC/ /
CPE
30 IC
CPE
2009/4
5 2010
2009 90 380
: ( ITRI/ICL, 2010 )
5.7 LTE
2G GSM
88%
99
GSM 2G
Apple iPhone Google Andriod
(Apple) iPhone
4G
2009
10% GDP 1.3%
2009 70
100
2.2 B
Subs
3.6 B
Subs
4.0 B
Subs
2005 2008 2010
34%
51%
58%
Global Mobile Users
G
l
o
b
a
l

P
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
2.2 B
Subs
3.6 B
Subs
4.0 B
Subs
2005 2008 2010
34%
51%
58%
Global Mobile Users
2.2 B
Subs
3.6 B
Subs
4.0 B
Subs
2005 2008 2010
34%
51%
58%
Global Mobile Users
G
l
o
b
a
l

P
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
1.1 B
Subs
1.8 B
Subs
2.5 B
Subs
2005 2008 2010
17%
26%
36%
Global Internet Users
G
l
o
b
a
l

P
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
1.1 B
Subs
1.8 B
Subs
2.5 B
Subs
2005 2008 2010
17%
26%
36%
1.1 B
Subs
1.8 B
Subs
2.5 B
Subs
2005 2008 2010
17%
26%
36%
G
l
o
b
a
l

P
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
0.2 B
Subs
0.3 B
Subs
0.4 B
Subs
2005 2008 2010
3%
4%
6%
Global Broadband Users
G
l
o
b
a
l

P
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
0.2 B
Subs
0.3 B
Subs
0.4 B
Subs
2005 2008 2010
3%
4%
6%
Global Broadband Users
G
l
o
b
a
l

P
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Source: Chart (mobile) WCIS, Sep 2008, (Internet and Broadband), ICL/ITRI 2008
4.7 B 3.6 B 1.8 B
0.4 B
0.35 B
WW Population Mobile
User
Internet
User
Broadband
user
Mobile
Broadband
1.8 B
4.7 B 3.6 B 1.8 B
0.4 B
0.35 B
WW Population Mobile
User
Internet
User
Broadband
user
Mobile
Broadband
1.8 B
: ( : 4G , ITRI )
[LTE ]
GSM 41 LTE
4G 13 2010
3 NTT DoCoMo
KDDI SK KTF TeliaSonera
2012
LTE
LTE T-Mobile Orange
LTE
LTE
101
Vodafone Telecom Italia Teltra 8
LTE TD-LTE
2012
TD-LTE FDD-LTE 4G
LTE
LTE
UMTS/WCDMA
LTE
: 41 LTE 4G
2010
USA Verizon Wireless 2009-10 Sweden TeliaSonera 2010
Canada Telus 2010 Sweden Telenor Sweden 2010
Canada Bell Canada 2010 Sweden Tele2 Sweden 2010
Japan NTT DoCoMo 2010 USA MetroPCS 2010
Japan eMobile 2010 USA CenturyTel 2010
Norway TeliaSonera 2010 South Korea KTF 2010
South Korea SK Telecom 2010
2011~2012
Canada Rogers Wireless 2010-11 Austria T Mobile 2011-12
China China Mobile 2011 Austria Mobilkom Austria 2011-12
Germany T-Mobile 2011 Austria Hutchison 3 2011-12
Ireland Hutchison 3 2011 Austria Orange 2011-12
Japan Softbank Mobile 2011 China China Telecom 2011-12
Spain Telefonica O2 2011 France Orange 2011-12
USA Cox 2011 New Zealand Telecom NZ 2011-12
USA AT&T Mobility 2011 Japan KDDI 2012
102
USA Aircell 2011 Taiwan Chunghwa Telecom 2012
To be Confirmed
Australia Telstra To be confirmed Hong Kong CSL Limited To be confirmed
Bahrain Zain To be confirmed Italy Telecom Italia To be confirmed
Hong Kong SmarTone-Vodafone To be
confirmed
Philippines Piltel To be confirmed
Hong Kong PCCW To be confirmed Various Vodafone To be confirmed
[ LTE ]
1) Verizon Wireless
Verizon Wireless 2 18
2010 - LTE
700MHz Verizon Wireless
(Ericsson) (Alcatel-Lucent)
LTE Starent Networks
IMS
(Nokia-Siemens)
IMS Verizon
Verizon IP
LTE IMS
Verizon Verizon LTE
LTE
LTE Verizon
103
LTE
2) TeliaSonera
TeliaSonera Erisson LTE
(Stockholm) Ericsson
TeliaSonera 4G 2010
Ericsson
LTE
Ericsson LTE LTE Radio Base Station
Evolved Packet Core
3) KDDI
KDDI 3.9G
LTE
LTE
KDDI LTE
KDDI 2008 (2008/4~2009/3)
2009 LTE
104
2010 LTE
MME (Mobile Management Entity) S-GW (Serving
Gateway) P-GW (PDN Gateway) PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules
Function) O&M
LTE
: LTE
Verizon Wireless 700MHz
n
n -
2009
AT&T Mobility 700MHz n 2011
TeliaSonera 2.6GHz
n
n
2010
Telenor/Tele 2 900MHz/2.6GHz
n
n
2010
NTT docomo 1.5GHz
n
n
n
2010
Softbank Mobile 1.5GHz n 2011
KDDI 1.5GHz nHitachi 2012
2.3GHz/2.6GHz
n
n
2011
Verizon Wireless 700MHz
n
n -
2009
AT&T Mobility 700MHz n 2011
TeliaSonera 2.6GHz
n
n
2010
Telenor/Tele 2 900MHz/2.6GHz
n
n
2010
NTT docomo 1.5GHz
n
n
n
2010
Softbank Mobile 1.5GHz n 2011
KDDI 1.5GHz nHitachi 2012
2.3GHz/2.6GHz
n
n
2011
105
[1] 3GPP TR 25.913: "Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)"
[2] 3GPP TS 36.201: "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);
Physical layer; General description".
[3] 3GPP TS 36.211:"Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);
Physical Channels and Modulation"
Multiplexing and channel coding"
Physical layer procedures"
Physical layer; Measurements"
[7] IETF RFC 2960 (10/2000): "Stream Control Transmission Protocol"
Services provided by the physical layer"
User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode"
User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities"
Medium Acces Control (MAC) protocol specification"
Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol specification"
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) specification"
Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification".
[15] 3GPP http://www.3gpp.org/
[16] http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/Wikipedia

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Subframe #5 Subframe #2 Subframe #0

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3.6 2,310 780

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