Javier De La Rosa II Period 6 Early World History - Ms. McMahon Chapter 1.1-1.

.3 Outline Chapter 1 - Human Beginnings Section 1 - Discovery of Early Humans in Africa 1. Prehistory the time before people developed writing 2. Humans and the humanlike creatures that preceded them together belong to a group of beings named hominids 3. Physical anthropologists study the physical features, development, and behavior or hominids by comparing hominid bones and other fossil remains and looking for changes in features like brain size and posture. 4. Paleontologists study fossil remains to determine the characteristics of various prehistoric periods 5. Archeologists investigate prehistoric life by unearthing and interpreting the objects left behind by prehistoric people. These artifacts include any objects that were shaped by human hands. I. Dating Early Artifacts 1. More recent remains are usually found above older ones. 2. Once-ling things contain small amounts of radioactive carbon, which decays at a known rate. Archeologists use this in radiocarbon dating to figure out when the animal or plant died. 3. By comparing DNA from living people with DNA from other people and from living animals, scientists can calculate the rate of change in DNA over time and produce information about the links between people today and their prehistoric ancestors. II. Prehistoric Finds in Africa A. The Oldest Human Ancestor 1. At a site called Aramis, paleontologist Gen Suwa and his colleague Tim D. White discovered 4.4 mil year old body parts that belonged to 17 individuals. B. Discovery of Lucy 1. In 1974 at Hadar, 45 miles north of Aramis, Donald C. Johanson and Tom Gray discovered the 3.2 mil year old skeleton of a hominid nicknamed Lucy. Hers was the most complete skeleton of any erect-walking prehumen. 2. They later found, from their assembly of the first reasonably complete skull of a Lucy-like hominid, that males and females in this group were of different sizes. III. Human Origins A. The First Hominids 1. The first prehuman hominids were known as Australopithecus a. stood about 3.5-5 feet tall and walked on two legs b. Large faces that jutted out, small brains, flat noses, and large teeth. The back teeth were suitable for grinding food. c. Lived in humid forests of eastern and southern Africa d. Fed on fruits, leaves, nuts, fish, and meats 2. Most likely nomads moving constantly in search of food

B. Hominid Groups 1. Scientists use the Latin word Homo (human) to name hominids and all later human beings as well. 2. They divided Homo the genus of humans into three species that differ somewhat in body structures. a. Homo habilis (person with ability) lived until about 1.5 mil yrs. ago b. Homo erectus (person who walks upright) c. Homo sapiens (person who thinks) include all people living today IV. The Ice Ages 1. Between 2 mil and 10,000 yrs. ago, Earth experienced four long periods of cold climate, known as the Ice Ages, during which temperatures fell to below freezing and massive glaciers completely covered landforms. 2. Only the middle latitudes remained warm enough to support life. 3. As sheets of ice formed, ocean levels dropped more than 300 feet, resulting in areas that are currently separated by water to connect by land bridges. V. Human Culture Culture way of life which includes the knowledge a people have, the language they speak, the ways in which they eat and dress, their religious beliefs, and their achievements in art and music. A. Toolmaking 1. The improvement of the peoples technology the skills and useful knowledge available for collecting material and making the objects necessary for survival allowed them to create specialized tools. B. The Stone Age 1. The period before writing became established and stone tools were used. a. Paleolithic Old Stone Age first toolmaking by Homo habilis. b. Mesolithic Middle Stone Age c. Neolithic New Stone Age VI. Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherers A. Homo habilis 1. Lived during the first quarter of the Paleolithic pd. 2. Oldest hominids known to manufacture tools. 3. Lived in Africa from about 2.5 mil to 1.5 mil yrs. ago. 4. Larger brains = more physically and mentally advanced B. Homo erectus 1. First appeared in Africa and lived from 1.8 mil yrs. ago and 30,000 yrs. ago 2. At first food gatherers a. Females gathered fruits, nuts, and seeds b. Males scavenged for meat, but soon hunted for it 3. Learned how to make fire to keep warm, cook food, scare away threatening animals, and live in caves. 4. Also made clothing. C. Migrations 1. Homo erectus migrated from Africa to Europe and Asia D. Language

1. By 50,000 B.C. prehistoric people developed speech, which enabled people to work with one another, exchange ideas and stories, and most importantly, pass on their culture to younger generations. Section 2 - The Appearance of Homo sapiens When Homo sapiens appeared, cultural changes began occurring with much greater frequency and took on greater sophistication. I. 1. 2. A. B. The Neanderthals Probably the first Homo sapiens Stood about 5.5 ft., large brains, stocky builds allowed them to adapt to the cold Technological Skills 1. Toolmaking ability was more sophisticated than that of Homo erectus. Ways of Life 1. Lived in small groups of 35-50 people 2. Nomadic; did not live in permanent homes 3. Lived together in caves and wore heavy animal skins to fight off the cold Culture and Beliefs 1. The Neanderthals cared for their sick and aged, and may have been the first to practice medicine. 2. Apparently had a belief in life after death (proper burials) Homo Sapiens Sapiens Originated in Africa about 50,000 yrs. ago and within 20,000, dominated almost every continent in the world. After the extinction of the Neanderthals and Homo erectus, they were left alone in the world. The Cro-Magnons 1. Cro-Magnons the earliest Homo sapiens sapiens were discovered in Europe and, later, many parts of Asia 2. Taller, less robust than the Neanderthals 3. Had improved technology and a more sophisticated culture Cro-Magnon Technology 1. Their toolmaking technology transformed human life and made everyday tasks easier 2. Invented long-distance weapons (spear-thrower and the bow and arrow) 3. > Food supply increased and so did the number of people on Earth (above 2 mil) Social Life 1. Cooperating hunting bands needed formal rules in order to get along, which in turn gave rise to leaders who devised and enforced rules. Evidence for Cro-Magnon leaders consists of high-status burials. 2. As better hunting methods developed, Cro-Magnons built more permanent homes made of stone blocks which housed 30 to 100 people. Cave Paintings 1. The purpose of many cave paintings around the world may have been to educate, or to reach out to the spiritual world. 2. Some artifacts may have also been used in magic rituals.

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The Neolithic Revolution New environments developed with the end of the last Ice Age forests, grasslands People gradually shifted from gathering and hunting food to producing food People domesticated, or tamed for human purposes, the dog and used it to help them hunt, as well as the goat for meat and milk The Dawn of Agriculture 1. The Neolithic Revolution began at different times in different parts of the world 2. The crops that Neolithic people domesticated varied from place to place, depending on the varieties of wild plants and on the crops best adapted to the regions climate. 3. Farming brought a steady food supply and enabled people to stay longer in one place. The First Villages 1. Many more people survived from agriculture. Soon, villages of about 200 inhabitants began to develop where soil was fertile and water abundant. 2. atal Hyk is one of the largest and oldest Neolithic villages that archeologists have discovered. Technological Advances 1. Neolithic farmers made their work easier and more productive by inventing the plow and training oxen to pull it, as well as learning how to fertilize their fields. 2. Textiles, wheel, clay bricks, jewelry & weapons 3. People created calendars, and warfare played a role in competition for land and water 4. Neolithic people believed in deities, or gods and goddesses.

Section 3 Emergence of Civilization Over thousands of years, some of the early farming villages evolved slowly into complex societies known as civilizations. The people of a civilization lived in a highly organized society with an advanced knowledge of farming, trade, government, art, and science. I. 1. 2. 3. River Valley Civilizations Many of the earliest civilizations rose from farming settlements in river valleys like that of the Nile River. The earliest cities that archaeologists have uncovered so far lie in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in present-day Iraq. Early river valley civilizations also shared several other basic features: a. Peoples labor was specialized b. The civilization depended on advanced technology (e.g. metalworking skills) c. Each always had some form of government to coordinate large-scale cooperative efforts d. Shared complex system of values and beliefs Not all societies formed civilizations The Economy of a Civilization The economy (the ways in which people use their environment to meet their material needs) of early civilizations depended on their farmers growing surplus food. First Irrigation Systems 1. Farmers had at first relied on rainfall to water their crops 2. They later began digging ditches and building small canals and simple reservoirs.

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B. Specialization of Labor 1. Artisans workers skilled in a craft became increasingly productive and creative 2. Gradually they turned out larger quantities of goods and improved the quality of their products 3. Metalworkers learned to make alloys, of mixtures of metals a. The period that followed the Stone Age when bronze replaced flint and stone as the chief material for weapons and tools was known as the Bronze Age. C. Long-Distance Trade 1. Farmers initially traded within their own communities, but they eventually began travelling to nearby areas to exchange goods [merchants] 2. Cultural diffusion the exchange of goods and ideas when cultures come in contact III. The Rise of Cities A. Planning and Leadership 1. The early city dwellers found two solutions to their lack of supervision and protection of agriculture and trade: a. Organized a group of government officials whose job it was to oversee the collection, storage, and distribution of farming surpluses. b. Ancient cities hired professional soldiers to guard their territory and trade routes. 2. The ruling class (govt. officials, military officials, priests, king/queen) justified its power by means of religion a. One of the kings main functions was to assist priests in carrying out religious ceremonies to ensure an abundant harvest B. Levels of Social Standing 1. At the citys center was an area that held the most imposing religious and government buildings; nearby, the residences of the ruling class C. Invention of Writing 1. It is believed that writing originated with the records that priests kept of the wheat, cloth, livestock, and other items they received as religious offerings. a. They used marks and pictures to represent abstract ideas and to represent sounds IV. Systems of Values 1. Among the materials recorded by the priests in early civilizations were myths traditional stories explaining how the world was formed, how people came into being, and what they owed their creator. 2. Because these myths vary from place to place, historians often examine them for evidence of a peoples customs and values.