Experiment 1 To determine the height of workplace (table) and chair for a particular task.

Apparatus: Meter rod. Theory: The worker should be permitted to vary his position by either sitting or standing as he shall be provided at the worktables for each and every worker and they shall be capable of such adjustment and shall be kept so adjusted to the tables that the position of the worker relative to the work shall be substantially the same whether seated or standing. Worktables, including cutting and canning tables and sorting belts shall be of such dimensions and designs that there are no physical impediments to efficient work in either a sitting or standing position. prefers. If the nature of the work permits the following provisions shall be effective. Seats

A table is an item of furniture comprising a surface supported by a base or legs.

Types of tables:

A drawing table usually has a top that can be tilted for making large or technical draw. Work tables were small tables designed to hold sewing materials and implements, providing a convenient work place for women who sewed. End tables are small tables typically placed beside couches or armchairs. A gate leg table has one or two hinged leaves that can drop vertically to contract the table surface area.

Types of chairs: A bar stool is a tall, narrow stool designed for seating at a bar or counter. A beach chair is a special chair designed to provide comfort and protection from sun, wind, rain, and sand on beaches frequented by tourists. A bench is a simple, often backless device, typically for more than one person to sit on. Benches often refer to simple, longer tables or similar longer flat surfaces to place things on or work on. An easy chair is any large comfortable armchair. A high chair is a children's chair to raise them to the height of adults for feeding. An office chair typically swivels, tilts, and rolls about on casters, or small wheels. A wheelchair is a chair on wheels for someone who cannot walk or has difficulty walking. The writing armchair is the most compact rendition of a school desk. A car chair, or, rather, a car seat, is a chair within an automobile in that either the pilot or passenger sits, customarily in the forward direction.

Features of a good working station: The office work station should let the worker sit and carry out their duties in comfort. in the work spaces that affect the workers posture. 1. Seat. 2. Work surface. 3. Floor. While allowing voluntary changes in the working positions. There are three contact areas

To ensure the most comfortable posture possible, any of these factors has to be adjustable, either a fully adjustable chair is provided or a fully adjustable table is provided which is not very common. There are number of basic requirements which all the seating should need: 1. Support the worker in a position in which he can work comfortably and efficiently. 2. Allow the worker to change position easily and without losing support. 3. Do not press uncomfortably on the buttocks. 4. Caters for any speed needs are provided. 5. Suitably for the worker stations. Features for an ergonomic chair: An ergonomics designed chair should have following features. 1. Right dimensions to suit the body sizes of the users. 2. Should be height adjustable. 3. Back rest should be easily adjustable in height, angle wise and depth wise. 4. Preferable cloth covered seats and backs. 5. Arm rests if provided should not obstruct work, preferably adjustable. 6. Covered edge seats. Requirements of good seating arrangements: 1. Height of chair: The height of the chair should be adjusted such that the right angles are maintained.

2. Back support: Adjust the back rest so that it fits the curve of your lower back. You may need to repeat the adjustment until the most comfortable fit is found.

3. Arm rests: Arm rests can improve work stations ergonomically if they are properly designed. not They should be designed to allow you to get as close to the desk as required and the impinge on your elbows while you are working.

4. Foot rest: may If the feet are off the ground as a result of increasing the height of the chair, you need a foot rest to compensate the difference.

5. Clearance under the desk: It is also very important that you have sufficient leg space which will allow you to maintain the proper posture.

Selection of a chair: The chair should have: 1. Controls those are easy to operate from the sitting position. 2. A seat adjusted for both height and tilt. 3. A seat that do not put pressure on the back of buttocks and knees. 4. A seat with the front edge that covers towards the floor. 5. A stable five point base, wheels suitable for the type of flooring. 6. Arm rests that do not interfere with free movements within the work stations.

Height adjustment rules for chair: 1. Stand in front of chair. Adjust the height so that the highest point of the seat is just below the knee cap. 2. Sit on the chair and keep your feet flat on the floor. is about 2 inches. 3. Check that the clearance between the front of the seat and the lower parts of the legs

4. Adjust the back rest forward and backwards as well as upwards and downwards so 5. Sit upright with your arms hanging loosely by your sides, bend your elbows at about a right angle and adjust the arm rest height until they barely touch the under rides 6. Remove the arm rests from the chair if this level cannot be attained or if arm rests 7. Tilt the seat forward and backwards if you prefer. elevate your elbows even slightly. of the elbows. that it fits the hollow in your back.

Procedure: 1. Stand in the stature position. 2. Tilt your arm on a 90 deg angle. 3. Make measurements of the elbow heights. 4. Find the average elbow height. 5. Subtract 10 inches from the avg. elbow height to get the table height. 6. To get the chair height, subtract 12 inches from the table height.

Observations:

Elbow Heights (inch) 46 39.5 39.5 48 49 Average elbow height = 44.5 in Table/work station height = 34.5 in Chair height = 22.5 in Comments:

Average elbow height

44.5

As the elbow heights in our group varies from 39.5 in to 49, because of the large deviation the avg. height is also large. So the height of the table as well as the height of the chair is large. Or table and chair is designed for taller people. Shorter people will not feel comfortable while sitting on the chair so to remove this problem the chair has to be adjustable to accommodate person of any height. Tables can also be adjustable but normally they are not, the chairs provided with the tables are adjustable to save the worker from the tension of adjusting table.

Experiment 2 To measure light intensity at different places in IME department.

Apparatus: LUX meter/light meter. Theory: Light waves do not need a medium to travel through. They can travel through a vacuum. A light wave consists of energy in the form of electric and magnetic fields. The fields vibrate at right angles to the direction of movement of the wave, and at right angles to each other.

Because light has both electric and magnetic fields, it is also referred to as electromagnetic radiation. Light waves come in many sizes. The size of a wave is measured as its wavelength, which is the distance between any two corresponding points on successive waves, usually peak-topeak or trough-to-trough. The wavelengths of the light we can see range from 400 to 700 billionths of a meter. But the full range of wavelengths included in the definition of electromagnetic radiation extends from one billionth of a meter, as in gamma rays, to centimeters and meters, as in radio waves. Light is one small part of the spectrum.

There are two different ways of talking about light: * There is the "particle" theory, expressed in part by the word photon. * There is the "wave" theory, expressed by the term light wave. From the time of the ancient Greeks, people have thought of light as a stream of tiny particles. After all, light travels in straight lines and bounces off a mirror much like a ball bouncing off a wall. No one had actually seen particles of light, but even now it's easy to explain why that might be. The particles could be too small, or moving too fast, to be seen, or perhaps our eyes see right through them. The idea of the light wave came from Christian Huygens, who proposed in the late 1600s that light acted like a wave instead of a stream of particles. In 1807, Thomas Young backed can spread out, and interfere with light passing through another opening. Young shined a up Huygens' theory by showing that when light passes through a very narrow opening, it

light through a very narrow slit. What he saw was a bright bar of light that corresponded to the slit. But that was not all he saw. Young also perceived additional light, not as bright, in the areas around the bar. If light were a stream of particles, this additional light would not of light radiates outward at all times. have been there. This experiment suggested that light spread out like a wave. In fact, a beam

Albert Einstein advanced the theory of light further in 1905. Einstein considered the photoelectric effect, in which ultraviolet light hits a surface and causes electrons to be emitted from the surface. Einstein's explanation for this was that light was made up of a stream of energy packets called photons. Modern physicists believe that light can behave as both a particle and a wave, but they also recognize that either view is a simple explanation for something more complex.

Measurement of light: Measurement of light is essential in the design and evaluation of workplaces. Because the eye adapts to light levels, automatically compensating for any changes in illumination, subjective estimates of the amount of light in a work area are likely to be misleading. Data concerning the visual response of the eye have been used to define lighting measures. The radiant flux arriving at a surface is weighted according to the eyes sensitivity to each of a number of wavelength intervals. The total incident radiant flux after weighting is known as the luminous flux. The measurement of light is known as photometry. The main photometric units are luminous intensity, luminous flux, luminance and illuminance. Luminous intensity: The power of a source or illuminated surface to emit light candela (cd). Luminous flux: The rate of flow of luminous energy lumen (lm).

Luminance: The light emitted by a surface cd/m2. Illuminance: The amount of light falling on a surface lux (lx) a. Reflectance: The ratio of the luminance and illuminance at a surface. The instrument used to measure light is called LUX meter. A lux meter is a device for measuring brightness. It specifically measures the intensity with which the brightness appears to the human eye. This is different than measurements of the actual light energy produced by or reflected from an object or light source. A lux meter works by using a photo this current allows the device to calculate the lux value of the light it captured. The most common use of a lux meter is in photography and video filming. By measuring the picture quality. The device can also be very useful for filming outdoor scenes of television programs or movies as it allows adjustments to make sure scenes filmed in different light levels have a consistent brightness on screen. light in luxes, photographers can adjust their shutter speed and depth of field to get the best cell to capture light. The meter then converts this light to an electrical current. Measuring

Light sensor Lcd

Range selector

Light meters or light detectors are also used in illumination. Their purpose is to measure the illumination level in the interior and to switch off or reduce the output level of luminaries. This can greatly reduce the energy burden of the building by significantly increasing the efficiency of its lighting system. It is therefore recommended to use light meters in lighting systems, especially in rooms where one cannot expect users to pay attention to manually switching off the lights. Examples include hallways, stairs, and big halls.

Procedure: 1. First of all clean the light sensor on the LUX meter.

2. After cleaning turn on the instrument. 3. Set a proper range for the values to be measured. 4. Take the reading of the desired area. keep on fluctuating. 5. While taking the reading press hold button to stop the reading otherwise it would 6. After taking the reading turn off the instrument and return it to the lab attendant.

Observations: Sr no. Name of place Observed reading (LUX) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Computer lab Clerk office Post-graduate seminar hall Library Wash room Sir javed office 61 333 75 877 1566 106 Standard reading (LUX) 430-750 320 240 500 100 160 Difference (LUX) 369-689 13 165 377 1466 54

Comments: While taking the reading with the lux meter keep in mind that the reading will change if you stand in the path of the light falling on the light sensor of the LUX meter. Remember to press the hold button to stop the reading from fluctuating and press this button when the reading is on its peak otherwise you will note the wrong reading. Dont forget to clean the sensor of the LUX meter otherwise it would not give the correct reading and your data would be faulty. The difference in the measured values and the recommended values of light in a particular area are given by the table. It is because the lighting is not correct in or the students. Department should pay attention to this issue and solve it as soon as possible to increase the performance of the staff as well as the students. our department that could affect the performance of the persons working in the department

Experiment 3 To measure sound level at different places in IME department.

Apparatus: Sound level meter. Theory: Sound: Vibrations transmitted through an elastic solid or a liquid or gas, with frequencies in the approximate range of 20 to 20,000 hertz, capable of being detected by human organs of hearing. OR Sound produced when objects vibrate in air and move out in all directions and can be reflected or absorbed depending on the surface. Sound waves are mechanical, compression waves which are in general longitudinal in nature -meaning that the particles vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave's velocity. The vibrations of a tuning fork provide a simple means of explaining the characteristics of sound waves. When the tines of the fork move in towards each other, the air molecules just outside of the tines are reduced in density, producing a region of low pressure called a rarefaction. Conversely, at that same moment, the molecules between the tines are now at a higher density, producing a region of higher density called a condensation, or compression. As the tines vibrate, these regions of lower and higher density propagate away from the fork, resulting in a compression wave with a frequency that matches that of the tuning fork. Frequency is independent of the medium through which the sound travels. fork R C R C R C R C R C R

Interference of waves: When two or more waves with the same frequency reach the ear, the ear interprets these waves as one wave with amplitude as big as the sum or difference of the initial waves. Constructive Destructive

Nature of sound: 1. Sound travels through different substances at different rates depending on the elasticity and the density of the substance. 2. Travels at about 400 meters per second or 775 miles per hour. Characteristics of sound: Three physical properties 1. Loudness: intensity of sound measured in decibels. 2. Pitch: frequency number of sound waves per second, the higher the frequency the more shrill the pitch. 3. Quality of tone gives an instrument its sound. Summary of Hearing: 1. Sound strikes eardrum. 2. Eardrum vibrates. 3. Sets oscicles in motion. 4. Stirrup transmits the vibrations to the vestibular canals. 5. Vibrations move to the cochlea where they stop. 6. Hairs on the cochlea detect the waves and transmit information to the brain through the auditory nerve.

Sound level meter:

The basic parts of Sound level meter includes microphone which is used to capture the sound of the surrounding which you want to measure. Then we have a button that tell the meter whether to measure fast or slow, these controls are used for outdoor and indoor measurement of sound respectively. Because outdoor sound changes rapidly that why fast response is selected which will give the accurate reading. Then we have the clockwise and anticlockwise button. Clockwise button is used when you want the sound meter to show the maximum value and then move towards the minimum value. Whereas in anticlockwise

mode the meter show you a minimum reading and then moves towards the maximum value. Sound is measured in decibels (dB). The decibel scale is a little odd because the human ear is incredibly sensitive. Your ears can hear everything from your fingertip brushing lightly over your skin to a loud jet engine. In terms of power, the sound of the jet engine is about 1,000,000,000,000 times more powerful than the smallest audible sound. Some of the common sounds and their decibels are given below: Near total silence = 0 dB A whisper = 15 dB Normal conversation = 60 dB Lawnmower = 90 dB A car horn = 110 dB Jet engine = 140 dB

At 90-95 dB level a sustained exposure may cause a hearing loss, at past 125 dB pain starts and you cant bear the noise, at 140 dB even short exposure can do a permanent damage. Procedure: 1. Turn on the sound level meter. 2. Select the range. 3. Select whether to measure indoors or outdoors. 4. Select what type of reading you want clockwise or anti clockwise? 5. Press reset where you want to take the reading and stand silently until the meter takes the reading. 6. When done with the experiment return the apparatus to the lab attendant. Observations: Sr 1 2 3 4 Comments: Places Non conventional lab Class room library Office 87.4 82.2 75.5 35 30 40-45 52.4 52.2 35.5-30.5 Observed reading 74.1 Standard reading 60-70 difference 14.1-4.1

Sound has different effects on human body. When the sound is high it can produce fatigue and makes the environment uncomfortable to work in. places where the sound level is very high and past the comfortable range worker are provided with protective clothing which will keep you safe from the sound. Sound proofing is also a method used to reduce the sound e.g. class rooms where the students dont want any sound to disturb them can be sound proofed but in MTDC the class rooms are not sound proof and as our department is very close to the road students are disturbed by the heavy traffic of the GT road. The department should provide sound proofing wherever needed to increase the performance level of the students. And where the sound is low arrangements should be made to enhance the sound e.g. sound system should be provided in every class.

Experiment 4

To study the effect of visibility by varying the font size on a typing task.
Apparatus: Computer, stop watch, two paragraphs of different sizes. Theory: Visibility: Visibility is defined as how clear you can see the object when the it is far off. When using a computer while working in an office some common problems are glar and contrast which can be defined as Contrast: The function of eye is not so much to detect light but to detect luminous discontinuities between objects and the visual fields. It is the difference in luminosity between an object and surroundings that make it visible. The direction of gaze is involuntary drawn to the bright objects in the visual field this is known as phototropism e.g. jewelry shops usually display their wares on black dummies under bright lights to obtain maximum contrast. The recommended contrast ratio is 3 : 1 between the task and its immediate surroundings and 10 : 1 between the task and walls and rooms. Glare: Glare is an imbalance of surface or object luminances in the visual field. The brighter sources exceeding the level to which the eye is adapted. Types of glare include: Discomfort glare. It is produced when one or more bright objects are seen in the visual field and this usually happens in offices. Disability glare. It occurs when objects brighter than the task interfere with the detection and

transmission of visual task data.

There are certain guidelines which should be followed when working on a VDT. Guidelines of VDTs (visual display terminals) tasks:

1. Workstations and working environment: Provide visual relief by providing breaks and change in VDTs. Never position the VDT against walls. focal length. Design workstations in such a way that users can periodically change the Provide plants and other visually complex objects which provide indoor visual relief e.g. plants, paintings etc to facilitate the automatic recovery to visual fatigue, when operators are not working. 2. Terminals and screens: Use reverse window to minimize glare. Reduce remaining glare with the help of filters. Design natural breaks. Increase task variety.

3. Job design:

4. Operator selection and assessment: Require eye test for new operators to determine existing visual defect. Provide regular eye test for frequent VDT user.

Observations:

Sr no. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Student name

Task time for font size12 (sec) 72 94 59 97 115 87

Task time for font size18 (sec) 62 86 63 87 110 75

% difference

Bilal Hussain Omar Khan Adeel Saeed Naveed Matloob Rana Awais Suleman Malik

13.8 % 8.5 % -6.3 % 10.3 % 4.34 % 12.6 %

Procedure: 1. A page is provided to you on which same paragraph is written in two font sizes 12 and 18. 2. Start typing with the paragraph with 12 font size then 18 font size. 3. Then do it in reverse i.e. first 18 font size then 12 font size. 4. Take average of both readings and write it in the table. 5. Then find the % difference between the readings. Comments: Visibility is very important thing in a working environment if you want the worker to work at its best and worker works best in natural light as compared to artificial light. In this experiment the visibility is tested by typing two same paragraphs which were written in different font sizes. Every student has different typing speed thats two readings were taken and then average of those two readings were taken. It is clear from the results of the experiment that the paragraph written in 18 font size was more visible than the 12 font size paragraph so it concludes that the bigger the better.

Experiment 5 To check and compare effectiveness of side mirrors of different cars.

Apparatus: Two cars of different model, string or thread, chalk, inch tape. Theory: A wing mirror (also known as a door mirror, side mirror or side-view mirror, especially in American English) is a mirror found on the exterior of motor vehicles for the purposes of helping the driver see areas behind and to the sides of the vehicle, outside of the driver's peripheral vision (in the 'blind spot'). Although almost all modern cars mount their side mirrors on the doors, normally at the "A" pillar, rather than the wings (fenders), the term is still frequently used. Car manufacturers sometimes incorporate the side indicator signals on the mirrors. This is indicator signals at a higher height when turning. They are often referred to erroneously as rear-view mirrors. In the United States, Canada and Australia, passenger-side mirrors have this text written on the lower part of the mirror: Objects in Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear This is because passenger-side mirrors are convex to allow the drivers to get a wide-angle view of the roadbehind them, and to the sides but at the same time, they cause objects to appear more distant. The flat mirror used on driver's-side mirrors, on the other hand, would not cause the same distortion. The vast majority of newer cars allow for the mirrors to be adjusted electronically. Some car manufacturers allow mirrors to be either manually pushed or electrically folded in, to protect them when they are parked. Passing cars can easily clip wing mirrors that stick out, causing damage; the folding capability helps protect them from harm. due to the higher visibility to oncoming vehicles and pedestrians, who would see the

Blind spots: Blind spots, in the context of driving an automobile, are the areas of the road that cannot be seen while forward or through either the rear view or side mirrors. Blind spots can be eliminated by overlapping side and rear view mirrors, or checked by turning ones head briefly, or by adding mirror with a larger field of view. Detection of vehicles or other objects in blind spots may also be aided by systems such as video cameras or distance sensors, though these are not common in automobiles sold to general public.

Twelve steps to adjust your side view mirrors: I. Find a safe space to park your car: Park your car in your drive way or any other safe place where you are unlikely to be hit by other cars as you adjust your side mirrors. II. Sit in your drivers seat: Get ready to adjust your two side mirrors and your rear view mirror.

III.

Imagine two lanes of traffic, one on your left side and one on your right side: Now imagine that you are driving on a freeway. You are in one of the middle lanes. Visualize one lane of traffic on your immediate left, on the drivers side. Visualize another lane of traffic, to your immediate right, on the passengers side.

IV.

Move your drivers side mirror outwards: Adjust your side view mirror outwards until you no longer see the side of your car with this mirror. Remember! You want to be looking back down the lane beside your drivers side, not at the side of your car.

V.

Move your passengers side view mirror outwards: Again, you do not want this mirror to duplicate the functionality of your review mirror. Instead of looking at the same thing your review mirror is looking at, you want this mirror looking at the lane beside you.

VI.

Check to see that you cannot see the sides of your car with the side view mirrors: Both of these mirrors should be adjusted to give you a clear view of the lanes beside you, not the sides of your car.

VII.

Check to see that your mirrors do not duplicate each other: All these mirrors your 2 side view mirrors and your rear view mirror should give you a unique perspective that what is behind you. If any one of these mirrors duplicates the view of each other, you have likely failed to adjust the mirrors properly.

VIII.

Ask a friend to walk around the back of your car: Make sure there is no direction from which your friend can approach your car and blind side you. Adjust the mirrors so that you can see your friend at all the times.

IX.

Be on the lookout for blind spots: As your friend circles your car, make sure that he can be seen from angle. As he transitions from your rear view mirror to go to your passenger mirror, you should have an uninterrupted view. Likewise, there should be no interruptions in continuity as your friend moves from rear view to the driver side view in your mirrors. You havent got it right until all the blind spots behind you are removed.

X.

Check your sides and front as well: You should be able to pick up your friend as he transitions from your side view mirror to your peripheral vision as he travels from the back of your car on either side to your front. Remember! The goal is no blind spots.

XI.

Make sure you never have to move your head: If your friend can travel completely around the car and you never lose sight of him while keeping your head in a straight ahead position, you are done. It is your head

you want to move not your head. The time it takes to move your head can prove fatal! When driving milliseconds count. XII. Aspire to always be aware of what is around you. If you can acquire a 360 degree sense of everything that is around you as you drive, your driving will improve. Never again let yourself be blinded by another vehicle approaching your car no matter what direction that vehicle might come from. All vehicles approaching your car should be on your mental radar at all the times.

Observations and calculations: Parameters Car 1 Car 2 Name Suzuki Cultus Suzuki Mehran Car height (in) 54 55 Car width (in) 62.5 56 Tyre center to center distance (in) 93 86

Car 1 1 2 3 4 5

Visible point (ft) 30 56.25 82.5 108.7 135

Visible width (ft) 13

26.5

Car 2 1 2 3 4 5

Visible point (ft) 22.5 51.25 80 108.75 137.5

Visible width (ft) 7.5

27

Comments: Mirrors are a very important part in car; they make you aware of your surroundings when you are driving a car. In this experiment our goal was to find the efficiency of the side mirrors of cars of two different models. From the readings we come to know that there is 0.5 foot distance in car 1 and car 2 in the first visible point. Half a foot can make a difference between life and death. As we continue to take readings when the last visible point is measured there is a difference of 2.5 feet that is huge difference when you are driving and you have to know each and every thing. But when we look at the visible width data we find that car2 is a clear winner showing the object at just 7.5 feet as compared to car 2 which shows at 13 feet. Similarly the last visible width has a difference of 0.5 foot that is not acceptable when you are driving at high speeds it could prove fatal and can be dangerous for both the driver and the pedestrians.

Experiment 6 Anthropometric data generation for a set of people.

Apparatus: Meter rod, chairs and inch tape. Theory: Anthropometry: This is the branch of ergonomics that deals with body shape and size. People come in all shapes and sizes so you need to take these physical characteristics into account whenever you design anything that someone will use, from something as simple as a pencil to something as complex as a car. Anthropometry in physical anthropology refers to the measurement of the human individual for the purposes of understanding human physical variation. Today, anthropometry plays an important role in industrial design, clothing design, ergonomics and architecture where statistical data about the distribution of body dimensions in the population are used to optimize products. Changes in life styles, nutrition and ethnic composition of populations lead to changes in the distribution of body dimensions and require regular updating of anthropometric data collections. There were eleven measurements: 1. Height 2. Stretch: Length of body from left shoulder to right middle finger when arm is raised 3. Bust: Length of torso from head to seat, taken when seated 4. Length of head: Crown to forehead 5. Width of head: Temple to temple 6. Length of right ear 7. Length of left foot 8. Length of left middle finger 9. Length of left cubit: Elbow to tip of middle finger 10. Width of cheeks

Anthropometry Step-by-Step: I. Decide who you are designing for: Anthropometry tables give measurements of different body parts for men and women, and split into different nationalities, and age groups, from babies to the elderly. So first of all you need to know exactly who you are designing for. The group of people you are designing for is called the user population. II. Decide which body measurements are relevant: You need to know which parts of the body are relevant to your design. For example, if you were designing a mobile phone, you would need to consider the width and length of the hand, the size of the fingers, as well as grip diameter. You wouldn't be too interested in the height or weight of the user III. Decide whether you are designing for the 'average' or extremes: Let's break the news - nobody is 'average' in all body dimensions. Someone might be say, of average height but have a longer than average hand length. The variation in the size and shape of people also tells us that if you design to suit yourself, it will only be suitable for people who are the same size and shape as you, and you might 'design out' everyone else! Sometimes you can't accommodate all your users because there are conflicting solutions to your design. In this case, you will have to make a judgment about what is the most important feature. IV. Think about other human factors: You may need to add corrections for clothing. Have you allowed for shoe heights? You generally add 20mm for fairly flat shoes, and more if you think users will be if someone is wearing gloves or other bulky clothing? wearing high heels. If your product is to be used somewhere cold, can it still be used

Vertical anthropometric measurements: All of the anthropometric measurements are based on the position when an individual sits flat on the floor. I. Sitting height: The vertical distance from the floor to the posterior aspect of the midpoint of the thigh. II. Shoulder height: The vertical distance from the sitting height to the superior aspect of the acromion. III. Elbow height: The vertical distance from the sitting height to the tip of the olecranon with the elbow being flexed to 90o and the upper arm being vertical. IV. Thigh height: The vertical distance from the floor to the highest point of the thigh. V. Patellar height: The vertical distance from the floor to the superior aspect of the patella. VI. Orbital height: The vertical distance from the floor to the orbit. with the pop literal fold 3-5 cm above the seat, with knees flexion of 90o, and with the foot

Transverse anthropometric measurements: I. Shoulder width: Transverse distance between the tips of both acromion processes. II. Buttocks width: The maximum transverse distance at the buttocks. III. External elbow width: The transverse distance between the tips of both the olecrani when the arms are placed at shoulder abduction of 90o.

Observations and calculations: Sr Name Height (cm) Weight (kg) Thigh Sitting height (cm) 128 128 128 131 142 134 64 62 65 65 72 69 42 37 37 43 48 39 normal Elbow (cm) Seat

no.

clearance height (cm)

height

breadth (cm)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Suleman Khawar Arsalan Raza Shahid Shoaib

168 170 173 182 196 181

69 58 60 75 90 58

61 61 59 63 65 59

Comments: When you are designing anything the most important step is of data collection e.g. chair, table, car anything there is not a single thing that can be designed without the data collection even the cloths we wear are designed after survey and data collection. If there is an error in data collecting the designed product will not be effective. In this experiment we did the same thing and collected data of a group of people to design a chair. Now after the data collection we see there is a variation in the data so we take average of some values but all values cannot be used as average so the chair has to be made adjustable to fit the subject and accommodate any changes in the users of that chair.