RENDY WULUR (081013009) 16. The Subspace Topology Definition. Let X be a topological space with topology .

If Y is a subset of X, the collection Y = {Y U U } is a topology on Y, called subspace topology. With this topology, Y is called a subspace of X; its open sets consist of all intersections of X with Y. It is easy to see that Y is a topology. It contains and Y because = Y and Y = Y X, where and X are elements of . The fact that it is closed under finite intersections and arbitrary unions follows from the equations (U1 Y) ... (Un ... Y) = (U1 ... Un) Y, ) = ( ) Y. ( Lemma 16.1. If is a basis for the topology of X then the collection Y = {B Y B} is a basis for the subspace topology on Y. Proof. Given U open in X and given y U Y, we can choose an element B of such that y B U. Then y B U U Y. It follows from Lemma 13.2 that Y is a basis for the subspace topology on Y. Lemma 16.2. Let Y bea subspace of X. If U is open in Y and Y is open in X, then U is open in X. Proof. Since U is open in Y, U = Y V for some set V open in X. Since Y and Vare both open in X, so is Y V. Theorem 16.3. If A is a subspace of X and B is a subspace of Y, then the product topology on A x B is the same as the topology A x B inherits as a subspace of X x Y. Proof. The set U x V is the general basis element for X x Y, where U is open in X and V is open in Y. Therefore, (U x V) (A x B) is the general basis element for the subspace topology on A x B. Now (U x V) (A x B) = (U A) x (V B). Since U A and V B are the general open sets for the subspace topologies on A and B, respectively, the set (U A) x (V B) is the general basis element for the product topology on A x B. The conclusion we draw is that the bases for the subspace topology on A x B and for the product topology on A x B are the same. Hence the topology are the same. Example 1. Consider the subset Y = [0,1] of the real line , in the subspace topology. The subspace topology has as basis all sets of the form (a,b) Y, where (a,b) is an open interval in . Such a set is of one of the following types: (a,b) if a and b are in Y, [0,b) if only b is in Y, (a,b) Y = (a,1] if only a is in Y, Y or if neither a not b is in Y.

RENDY WULUR (081013009) By definition, each of these sets is open in Y. But sets of the second and third types arenot open in the larger space . Note that these sets form a basis for the order topology on Y. Thus, we see that in the case of the set Y = [0,1], its subspace topology (as a subspace of ) and its order topology are the same. Theorem 16.4. let X be an ordered set in the order topology; let Y be a subset of X that is convex in X. Then the order topology on Y is the same as the topology Y inherits as a subspace of X. Proof. Consider the ray (a, +) in X. What is the intersection with Y? If a Y, then (a, +) Y = {x x Y and x a}; this is an open ray of the ordered set Y. If a Y, then a is either a lower bound on Y or an upper bound on Y, since Y is convex. In the former case, the sets (a, +) Y equals all of Y; in the latter case, it is empty. A similiar remark shows that the intersection of the ray (-, a) with Y is either an open ray of Y, or Y itself, or empty. Since the sets (a, +) Y and (-, a) Y form a subbasis for the subspace topology on Y, and since each is open in the order topology, the order topology contains the subspace topology. To prove the reverse, note that any open rayof Y equals the intersection of an open ray of X with Y, so it is open in the subspace topology on Y. Since the open ray of Y are a subbasis for the order topology on Y, this topology is contained in the subspace topology.

17. Closed Sets and Limit Points # Closed Sets A subspace A of a topological space X is said to be closed if the set X A is open. Example 1. The subset [a,b] of is closed because its complement - [a,b] = (-, a) (b, +), is open. Similiarly, [a, +) is closed because its complement (-, a) is open. These facts justify our use of terms closed interval and closed ray. The subset [a,b) of is neither open nor closed. Theorem 17.1. Let X be a topological space. Then the following conditions hold: (1) and X are closed. (2) Arbitrary intersections of closed sets are closed. (3) Finite unions of closed sets are closed. Proof. (1) and X are closed because they are the complements of the open sets X and , respectively. (2) Given a collection of closed sets { } , we apply DeMorgans Law, ). (

RENDY WULUR (081013009) Since the sets are open by definition, the right side of this equation represents an arbitrary union of open sets, and is thus open. Therefore, is closed. (3) Similiarly, if Ai is closed for i = 1, ... , n, consider the equation ). ( The set on the right side of this equation is a finite intersection of open sets and is therefore open. Hence is closed. Theorem 17.2. Let Y be a subspace of X.then a set A is closed in Y if and only if it equals the intersection of a closed set of X withY. Proof. Assume that A = C Y, where C is closed in X. (see figure 17.1) Then X C is open in X, so that (X C) Y is open in Y, by definition of the subspacetopology. But (X C) Y = Y A. Hence Y A is open in Y, so that A is closed in Y. Conversely, assume that A is closed in Y. (see figure 17.2) Then Y A is open in Y, so that by definition it equals the intersection of an open set U of X with Y. The set X U is closed in X, and A= Y (X U), so that A equals the intersection of a closed set of X with Y, as desired.

U Y A C A

Figure 17.1 Theorem 17.3 closed in X.

Figure 17.2

Let Y be a subspace of X. If A is closed in Y and Y is closed in X, then A is

# Closure and Interior of a Set Given a subset A of a topological space X, the Interior of A is defined as the union of all open sets contained A, and the Closure of A is deifined as the intersection of all closed sets containing A. The Interior of A is denoted by Int A and the closure of A is denoted by Cl A or by . Obviously Int A is an open sets and is a closed sets; furthermore. Int A A If A is open, A = Int A; while if A is closed, A = .

RENDY WULUR (081013009)