Jalaja Kumari D et al.

, IJSID, 2012, 2 (3), 359-365

ISSN:2249-5347

IJSID

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries

Research Article

An International peer Review Journal for Science

Available online through www.ijsidonline.info

ANTHROPOMETRIC, DIETARY INTAKES AND EXERCISE HABITS OF NIDDM IN GUNTUR CITY JALAJA KUMARI.D Faculty, Dept.of Foods and Nutritional Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, AP, India

Received: 12.02.2012 Accepted: 16.06.2012

2 diabetics (n=50) using pretested schedule. Twenty five (50%) subjects were in I degree More than half the diabetics had no family history of disorder. Most of the diabetics were

*Corresponding Author

obesity classification. Obesity was prevalent among more than 50% of selected diabetics.

A study was conducted to know the dietary pattern and exercise behavior of typeABSTRACT

on allopathic medicines (96%). The routine meal pattern was three meals and one snack, rich in sugar. Millets, cereal rotis and porridge, bitter gourd and vegetables were the special foods included for diabetes. Indigenous hypoglycemic foods such as fenugreek (14.29 %) and drinking alcohol (47.62 %) were the vices seen in male diabetics. Half the of exercise (92.86%) followed by swimming and yogasana (7.69% each). diabetics (53.57'Yo) had initiated exercise less than a year back. Walking was the main form

followed by three meals. The common foods restricted were those rich in sugar, and fruits

seeds, Jamun seeds, "ekanavakam' roots and bitter gourd juice were consumed. Smoking

Address: Name: Jalaja Kumari D Place: Guntur, AP, India E-mail: jalaja9krishna@yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION

Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes, Body Mass Index, Hypoglycemic Foods, Dietary intakes, Physical activity/Exercise

INTRODUCTION

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Jalaja Kumari D et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (3), 359-365 developed countries. It now affects higher proportion of persons in many developing countries than it does in western and exercise are considered important components of the treatment strategy for adults with type 2 diabetes. Appropriate use insulin1,2. Although there is some controversy over the optimal diet for adults with type 2 diabetes (high fiber, Glycemic index daily consumption of saturated fats4. of diet and exercise can improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic control and decrease the need for oral medications or Although dietary management is the corner stone of any treatment programme in diabetes, implementation of diet Diabetes mellitus has emerged out as a world wide health problem affecting millions of people in both developing and INTRODUCTION

countries. This trend is linked with moves from traditional to modern life style and changes in diet and physical activity. Diet approaches, low versus moderate fat3.4, there is a consensus to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables and decrease therapy is the biggest problem in diabetes5. The dietary habits of elderly diabetics 6. The dietary habits and exercise pattern of was conducted to know the dietary habits and exercise behavior of type 2 diabetics. MATERIAL AND METHODS An investigation was undertaken at the out patient department of diabetes clinic at Govt. General Hospital (G.G.H), non insulin dependent diabetes subjects. Faulty diet regimes can make the best of medicine ineffective 7. So the present study

Guntur. About 50 Type 2 diabetics above 50 years of age, who could spare their time for the interview were selected and interviewed by using pre-tested schedule. The schedule consisted of general information and questions on dietary habits, the vices present and the exercise behavior of diabetics. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results of the general information of diabetics are presented in the table 1. The onset of diabetes was maximum

between the ages of 50-60 years followed by the age group of 40-50. More than half (52%) the subjects had no family history of diabetes. The environmental factors play an important role in causation of diabetes. Increased calorie intake, sedentary life style, intake of refined carbohydrates and low fibre can result in obesity leading to diabetes. Most of the diabetics were on combination of the two drugs. The distribution of the selected diabetics according to the Body Mass Index (B.M.I) is presented table 2. This table allopathic medicines (90%), out of this 60 per cent on sulphonylurea and 16 per cent on biguanides and 14 per cent on subjects were in I degree obesity classification. Their body mass indicates were more than 25. Twelve (24%) subjects were metabolic gateway to the disorders of the elderly like Type II diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension and osteoarthritis 9.

shows that out of the 50 subjects 11(22%) had BMI between 20-25, which indicated normal health. Twenty five (50%)

BMI below normal. Obesity was prevalent among more than 50% of selected diabetics. The higher rate of non-insulin dependent diabetes may be etiologically linked to the morbid obesity and associated insulin resistance 8. Obesity is the counsel the diabetics to consume the meals regularly and not to skip the breakfast. Common foods restricted by sugar, jaggery (54%) sweet fruits (10 %), cool drinks and tea. The observed modification of diet was due to the advice International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 3, May-June 2012 given by physician and the other diabetics. A similar observation was made in another large cohort study, who Majority of diabetics were non vegetarians (60%) (Table3). The routine meal pattern was three meals and one snack per day (52%) followed by three meals alone (34%) and two meals and a snack (12%). There is a need to diabetics were (Table 4) those rich in carbohydrates and fats and fleshy foods. More than half avoided sweets such as

360

reported awareness among 3000 diabetics of Australia6. Majority of diabetics (72%) included one or more food for the management of diabetes (Table 5). Characteristics Table 1: General information of diabetics regarding diabetes mellitus Male n=21 Frequency % 3 9 7 2 Female n=29 Frequency % 7 11 5 6 1 13 12 3 Subjects Total n=50 10 20 12 8 2 2 19 23 6 1 16 7 26 2 48 45 30 8 7 2 1

Jalaja Kumari D et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (3), 359-365

<1 1-5 5 - 10 > 10 Age of Onset (Years) 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 > 60 Family History of Diabetes Both parents One parent Blood related members No family history Medication No medication Medication Allopathic alone Duration (year) Sulphonylurea Homeopathic Biguanides Combination Ayurvedic & allopathy

1 6 11 3 1 5 3 12 13

14.29 42.86 33.33 9.52 4.76 28.57 52.38 14.29 4.76 23.81 14.29 57.14 6190

24.14 37.93 17.24 20.69

Frequency

2 19 18

3 1 0

19.52 90.48 85.71 14.29 4.76 9.52

0.00 11 4 14 17 1

3.45 44.83 41.38 10.34 0.00 37.93 13.79 48.28 58.62 20.69

20 40 24 16

4 4 38 46 12 32 14 52 60 16 2

29 100.00 27 93.10 6 4 1

Table 2: Distribution of the selected diabetics according to Body Mass Index (B.M.I) Frequency 0 0 0 3 8 % 9 Frequency 0 0 0 9 1 2 %

16.0 (III Degree CED) 20.0-25.0 (Normal)

Classification*

13.79 3.45 3.45

4 96 90 14 4 2

Male n=21

16.0-17.0 (II Degree CED) 18.5-20.0 (Low normal)

*NIN

17.0-18.49 (I Degree CED) >30.0 (II Degree Obesity)

25.0-30.0 ( Over weight / I Degree Obesity)

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 3, May-June 2012

(1999); CED Chronic Energy Deficiency

10

Nil

14.3 38.1

0 0 0

Femalen=2 0 0

47.6

17

31.0 6.9 3.5

58.6

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vegetables, bitter gourd found a prominent place in the form of juice and bhaji (18%) followed by increased consumption of diabetics included foods such as green leafy vegetables, bitter gourd and millets in diabetes management 7. Dietary pattern Type or Meal Vegetarian 7 33.33 13 44.83 Non- Vegetarian 14 66.67 16 55.17 Meals per day Three meals 7 33.33 10 34.48 Three meals and snacks 9 42.86 17 58.62 Two meals 0 --1 3.45 Two meals and snacks 5 23.81 1 3.45 Table 4: Foods restricted and avoided by diabetics Foods restricted Foods rich in Carbohydrates Sweets, sugar and jiggery 21 Chocolates 2 Rice 26 Potato 7 Sweet potato 1 Carrot 1 Fleshy Foods Mutton 8 Eggs 1 Fats Ghee 5 Butter 1 Fruits Fruits in general 5 Banana 6 Sapota 2 Grapes 2 Foods avoided Sugar, jiggery and sweets 27 Tea 2 Potato 3 Fruits in general 5 Banana 2 Sapota 1 Frequency 42 4 52 14 2 2 % Reasons given Table 3: Dietary pattern of Diabetics Male n=21 Frequency % Female n=29 Frequency % 20 30 17 26 1 6 Total n=50 Frequency % 40 60 34 52 2 12

vegetables (8%) and vegetable salads (4%). Similar awareness about the foods among diabetics 6. Forty eight per cent

Millets were included in the form of dumpling and ganji (12%), Jowar roti and porridge (6% each), among the

Jalaja Kumari D et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (3), 359-365

Raise the sugar level, contain sugar

16 2

10 2

54 4 6 10 4 2

10 12 4 4

Cause heart attack

Contain fat & raise the weight

Contain more sugar Raise the blood sugar

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Jalaja Kumari D et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (3), 359-365 Inclusion of foods No inclusion Foods included 72 (36) 28 (14) % 12 (6) 02 (1) 6 (3) 6 (3) 8 (4) 4 (2) 18 (9) 6 (3) 2 (1) 6 (3) 4 (2) 2 (1) 2 (1) 6 (3) 18 (9) 2 (1) 2 (1) Quantity

Vegetables Increased quantity of vegetables Vegetable salads Bitter gourd juice and bhaji Ladies finger Knol khol Green leafy vegetables in general Fenugreek leaves Drumstick leaves Fruits Citrus fruits Jamun Spices Fenugreek seeds Cumin seeds Milk

Millets Ragi dumping and ganji Navne rice Jower porridge Jower roti

2 tsp. 100g 30 40g 40g 50g 2-3 No 50 100g 50 75g 1 No 4 No 1* No 50g 50 100g 25*g 1 tsp. 1 pinch 1 cup

to 5 Nos. per week 5 10*

Table 5: Foods specially included for management of diabetes** seeds either singly (18%) or in combination with other spices (6%) and bitter gourd juice (6%) were used for control of activity10 and hypoglycemic activity of bitter gourd and ekanayakam is proved 11, 12. Hypoglycemic foods Fenugreek seeds Fenugreek, cumin and kalounji mixture Fenugreek, bitter gourd and patri mixture Bitter gourd juice Foods Subject N=50 Frequency % 18 36 9 18 1 6 1 3 2 1 2 6 4 2 1-2 months 6-8 months 3 weeks 2 months 12 months Table: 6 Intake of indigenous hypoglycemic foods in habitual diet Direction of use Quantity 1,2 t spoons t spoon t spoon Indigenous hypoglycemic foods were used by 36 percent of subjects (Table 6) for the control of diabetes. Fenugreek

diabetes. Very few included Jamun seed powder and ekanaykam roots. Fenugreek seeds are known for its hypoglycemic

*Wherever

available; **Figures in parenthesis indicate numbers.

chewing and snuff inhaling was seen in negligible subjects. In the present study majority of diabetics had no vices. Similar International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 3, May-June 2012

The prevalent vices in diabetics (Table 7) were smoking (14.29%) and drinking alcohol (47.62%) in males. Tobacco

Jamun seed powder Eknayakam, (salacia prenoides roots) No hypoglycemic seeds

32

64

6 months to 5 years

t spoon 1 pinch

1 bitter gourd

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observations (68%) have been made in another large study 7. The vices, being absent in majority of diabetics in the present study may be due to the awareness regarding the bad effect of alcohol, cigarettes and tobacco. Table 7: Prevalent vices in diabetes Females n = 29 0 1 0 0 0 0 Subjects N=50 Vices Vice present Smoking Males n = 21 3 1 1 6 Frequency % 15 71.42 10 14.29 47.62 4.76 4.76 Frequency % 1 3.45 3.45 0 frequency 16 3 2 1 10 34 Total % 32 20 6 4 2

Jalaja Kumari D et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (3), 359-365

Alcohol consumption occasional) None

Tobacco chewing Snuff inhaling

Table 8: Exercise behavior of diabetes

28.58

28

96.55

68

Subjects N= 50 Characteristics Regular exercise Yes No Period of initiation ( years) <1 1-5 5-10 >10 Frequency of exercise Daily Thrice a week Once a week Type of exercise Walking Swimming Yoga and walking Time spent on exercise <1hr 1-2 hrs Males n = 21 Frequency 13 8 8 2 2 1 61.90 38.10 % Females n = 29 Frequency % 15 14 7 6 2 51.72 48.58 Total frequency % 28 22 15 8 4 1 56 44.

11 2 11 1 1 5 8

61.55 15.35 15.38 7.67 84.62 15.38 54.62 7.69 7.69 38.56 61.54

13 1 1 15 11 4

46.67 40.00 13.33 84.69 6.66 6.66 100 73.33 26.67

26 92.86 1 3.58 1 3.57

24 85.71 3 10.71 1 3.58

53.57 28.37 14.29 3.57

women (61.9 % men and 51.72 % women). Nearly half (53.57 %) had initiated exercise less than a year back. Walking every present study the awareness about exercise led to the positive exercise behaviour in the diabetics. CONCLUSION

day was the main form of exercise (92.86 %) followed by swimming and yogasana (7.69% each). Anon (1996) has suggested Thus, it can be concluded that more than half the diabetics had no family history of diabetes and most of them were on International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 3, May-June 2012

walking as the most appropriate exercise for the diabetics. Benefits of yoga have been reported on the diabetics 14. In the allopathic drugs. They were aware of the foods to be restricted hypoglycemic foods and the special foods beneficial for

About 56 per cent of diabetics were regular exercisers (Table 8), higher percentage of men exercised compared to

16 57.14 12 42.86

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Jalaja Kumari D et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (3), 359-365

Diabetes is not curable; one has to live with it. Living with diabetes is like living with diabetic lifestyle. There is urgent need to

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