IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSRJAP) ISSN 2278-4861 Volume 1, Issue 6 (Sep-Oct. 2012), PP 22-35 www.iosrjournals.

org

A Study of Energy Absorption Buildup Factor in Some Fly ash

1

Barjinderpal Singh, 2Jasbir Singh Dhillon, 3Gurdeep Singh Sidhu

3

Department of physics, Singhania University, Rajasthan,(India) Department of physics, Govt. Sports School Ghudda (Bathinda), Punjab

1,2

Abstract: The dependence of the energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) of flyash samples viz Bituminous,
Sub bituminous, Lignite, High-Calcium, High-Iron, Low-Calcium and Low-Iron on incident photon energy and penetration depth is investigated in the energy range 0.015 to 15.0 MeV and penetration depth upto 40 mfp (mean free path). It has been found that the energy absorption buildup factor changes significantly with the change of incident photon energy and penetration depth. This change results from the dominance of different interaction processes in different energy regions and the chemical composition of different flyash materials. Comparison of calculated energy absorption buildup factor with standard shows good agreements. Keywords: Energy Absorption Buildup Factor (EABF), Penetration depth, Equivalent atomic number (Z eq ), Flyash, Shielding, Mean Free path(mfp)

I.

Introduction

For radiation shielding and dosimetery calculations by point kernel methods, buildup factor is the basic requirement. In the point kernel methods, a desired quantity such as flux, dose or dose equivalent is expressed as the product of the value of the quantity due to uncollided radiation and a factor that is known as buildup factor. So, buildup factor are the parameters that depend on the shielding material and the geometry which corrects the simple attenuation calculations so as to include the contribution to the radiation field produced by the collided part of the beam. Various Codes and methods has been used to calculate the buildup factor such as ASFIT(Gopinath D.V. and Samthanam K. 1971), PALLAS (Takeuchi K. and Tanaka S.1984), EGS4 (Nelson et.al.,1985), G-P fitting method (Harima et. Al. 1986), iterative method (Suteau and Chiron, 2005), Monte Carlo method (Sardari et al. 2009) and invariant embedding method (Sakamaoto an Tanaka, 1988; Shimizu, 2002; Shimizu et. Al. 2004). American National Standards (ANSI/ANS-6.4.3., 1991) has provided buildup factor data for 23 elements, one compound, two mixtures (i.e. air and water) and concrete in the energy range 0.015 -15.0 MeV and upto penetration depths of 40 mfp using G-P fitting method. The developed G-P fitting formula is known to be accurate within a few percent errors (Harima et al. 1986; Harima 1983). A detailed historical review on buildup factor calculation and use is given by Harima (1993). EI-Hosiny and EI-faramawy (2000) studied the build up factor as a function of absorber thickness in hydrated Portland cement lead pastes using 137 Cs gamma ray source. Flyash consisting mostly of silica, alumina and iron forms a compound similar to Portland cement when mixed with lime and water. Shimizu et al.(2004) compared the build up factor values obtained by three different approaches (G.P.fitting, Invariant Embedding and Monte Carlo method) and only small discrepancies were observed for low-Z elements up to 10 mean free path. Since the buildup factor data for different Flyash samples are not found in any compilation or tabulation, So, the objective of the present investigations is to generate the energy absorption buildup factor data in seven different flyash samples in the incident photon energy range of 0.015 to 15.0 MeV and upto penetration depth of 40 mean free path (mfp). The energy absorption buildup factor is defined as the photon buildup factor in which the quantity of interest is the absorbed or deposited energy in the shield medium, and the detector response function is that of absorption in the material. The generated energy absorption buildup factor data have been studied as a function of incident photon energy and penetration depth.

II.

Materials and Method

A. Selection of Materials Flyash is one of the residue generated in combustion and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Flyash is generally stored at coal power plants or placed in landfills. Mixing the flyash and bottom ash together brings the proportion level of contaminants within the range to qualify as nonhazardous waste. Flyash can be used as good radiation shielding material because of their low cost and easy availability. In the present investigations the energy absorption G-P fitting parameters and the corresponding buildup factor data have been computed for seven Flyash samples (Table 1), in the incident photon energy range of 0.015 to 15.0 MeV and upto penetration depth of 40 mfp. Table: 1 Percentage Chemical Composition of the chosen Flyash samples.

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A Study Of Energy Absorption Buildup Factor In Some Flyash

B. Computational work To compute the values of energy absorption build up factor, the G-P fitting parameters were obtained by the method of interpolation from the equivalent atomic number (Zeq) The computational of energy absorption build up factor have been divided Componen t Bituminou s Sub bituminou s Lignite Class C High-Ca S6 25-42 15-21 5-10 17-32 412.5 0.31.6 0.86.0 0.45.0 0.11.0 <1

Class F Low -Fe

Class F High-Fe

Sample SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K2O Na2O SO3 LOI TiO2

S1 2060 535 1040 112 015 -

S2 4060 2030 410 530 0-3 -

S3 1545 2025 415 1540 0-5 -

S4 46-57 18-29 6-16 1.85.5 0.72.1 1.92.8 0.21.1 0.42.9 0.64.8 1-2

S5 42-54 16.524 16-24 1.33.8 0.31.2 2.12.7 0.20.9 0.51.8 1.25.0 1-1.5

S7 46-59 14-22 5-13 8-16 3.24.9 0.61.1 1.34.2 0.42.5 0.12.3 <1

into three parts:3 Step 1 Computation of equivalent atomic number (Zeq) The value of Compton partial attenuation coefficient ( comp) and total attenuation ( tot) in cm2 /g were obtained for element from Z=1 to Z=40 and the chosen flyash samples in the energy range of 0.015 to15.0 MeV by using the state of art and convenient computer program WinXCOM computer program (Gerward et al. 2001; Gerward et al.,2004) initially developed as XCOM (Berger and Hubbell, 1999). By using a simple computer program, the ratio R ( comp/ tot) was obtained for element from Z=1 to Z=40 and the selected flyash samples. The value of equivalent atomic number (Zeq) for these samples was calculated by matching the ratio R ( comp/ tot) of particular flyash sample at a given energy with corresponding ratios of elements at the same energy. The value of Zeq was interpolated by using the following formula of interpolation (Sidhu et al., 2000) given in equation

Z eq

where Z1 and Z2 are the elemental atomic number of the elements corresponding to the ratios ( comp/ tot) R1 and R2 respectively and R is the ratio for selected flyash sample at a specified energy. Mathematically R1<R<R2. The computed values of Zeq for the different flyash samples are given in Table 2. Table 2. Equivalent atomic numbers of the chosen Flyash samples. E (MeV) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 0.015 16.03 14.09 15.37 14.67 15.24 14.05 14.05 0.02 16.3 14.26 15.56 14.87 15.47 14.23 14.23 0.03 16.59 14.46 15.77 15.04 15.72 14.42 14.46 0.04 16.74 14.56 15.86 15.14 15.84 14.55 14.58 0.05 16.83 14.62 15.97 15.23 15.97 14.62 14.64 0.06 17 14.75 16.06 15.32 16.08 14.75 14.78 0.08 17.16 14.87 16.07 15.4 16.16 14.87 14.95 www.iosrjournals.org 23 | Page

Z1 (log R2 log R) Z 2 (log R log R1 ) log R2 log R1

Class C Low-Ca

A Study Of Energy Absorption Buildup Factor In Some Flyash

0.1 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 S1----- Bituminous Flyash S2 ----- Sub bituminous Flyash S3 ------ Lignite Flyash S4------- High Calcium Flyash S5------ High Iron Flyash S6------- Low Calcium Flyash S7------- Low Iron Flyash Step 2. Computation of geometric Progression G-P fitting parameter American National Standard (1991), ANSI/ANS-6.4.3 has provided the energy absorption G.P. fitting parameters of twenty three elements (Ca, Fe, Si etc.) in the energy range of 0.015-15.0 MeV and upto a penetration depth of 40mfp. The computed values of Zeq for the selected flyash were used to interpolate G.P. fitting parameters (b,c.a,Xk,d) for the energy absorption build up factor in the chosen energy range (0.015-15.0 MeV) and penetration depth (1-40 mfp). The formula (Sidhu et al.,2000) used for the purpose of interpolation of the G.P. fitting parameter given below: 17.23 17.26 17.64 16.99 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 15.07 13.67 13.78 13.33 13.61 13.51 13.73 13.76 14.88 14.92 14.96 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 12.88 12.58 12.31 12.48 12.54 12.44 12.34 12.51 16.33 16.31 16.89 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 12.88 13.61 13.02 13.54 13.51 13.42 13.61 13.5 15.51 15.49 14.96 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 12.88 13.16 12.66 12.73 12.87 12.86 12.97 12.99 16.33 16.6 16.92 16.99 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 12.94 13.21 12.74 13.07 12.95 12.91 12.83 13.12 14.88 14.92 14.96 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 12.88 12.58 11.94 12.24 12.21 12.44 12.42 12.38 14.88 14.92 14.49 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 12.9 12.62 12.35 12.28 12.29 12.3 12.28 12.14

P1 (log Z2 log Z ) P2 (log Z log Z1 ) log Z2 log Z1

Here P1 and P2 are the value of G-P fitting parameters corresponding to the atomic number Z1 and Z2 respectively at a given energy, where Z is equivalent atomic number of the chosen flyash sample at a given energy. Z1 and Z2 are the elemental atomic number between which the equivalent atomic number Z of the chosen flyash sample lies. Mathematically P1<P<P2. Using the above interpolation formula, GP fitting parameters for energy absorption buildup factors were computed at the selected incident photon energies for the chosen flyash samples. The calculated GP fitting parameters for Sub-bituminous, High-Calcium and LowCalcium and Low-Iron flyash are given in Tables 3 to Table 6.

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A Study Of Energy Absorption Buildup Factor In Some Flyash

Table 3. Energy absorption G-P fitting parameters for sub-bituminos Flyash. E(MeV) b c a Xk d .0150 1.0216 .4134 .1920 11.2389 -.0822 .0200 1.0483 .4220 .1830 16.5572 -.1047 .0300 1.1617 .3927 .2169 14.1517 -.1197 .0400 1.3555 .4459 .1918 14.6384 -.1061 .0500 1.6117 .5544 .1422 15.8388 -.0750 .0600 2.0313 .5518 .1609 13.6659 -.0850 .0800 2.8038 .7379 .0920 13.5793 -.0634 .1000 3.4823 .9360 .0329 13.6993 -.0393 .1500 .2000 .3000 .4000 .5000 .6000 .8000 1.0000 1.5000 2.0000 3.0000 4.0000 5.0000 6.0000 8.0000 10.0000 15.0000 3.9563 3.7097 3.1212 2.7932 2.5802 2.4381 2.2435 2.1194 1.9420 1.8349 1.6948 1.6064 1.5412 1.4685 1.3773 1.3087 1.2294 1.2622 1.4137 1.5545 1.5486 1.5222 1.4858 1.4169 1.3580 1.2374 1.1606 1.0598 .9920 .9333 .9328 .9108 .9131 .8383 -.0434 -.0697 -.0954 -.0959 -.0934 -.0890 -.0795 -.0710 -.0500 -.0342 -.0114 .0060 .0251 .0245 .0316 .0314 .0611 19.5303 16.0999 14.3025 14.9057 15.0887 14.9744 15.1461 14.9953 14.6903 14.8355 12.4017 13.9119 13.5835 15.2165 12.9453 14.4758 14.1808 .0008 .0129 .0261 .0275 .0277 .0270 .0254 .0242 .0177 .0110 -.0005 -.0091 -.0249 -.0288 -.0248 -.0274 -.0553

Table 4 Energy absorption G-P fitting parameters for High Calcium Flyash. E(MeV) b c a Xk d .0150 1.0193 .4035 .2049 11.7359 -.1116 .0200 1.0423 .4129 .1921 14.0922 -.0977 .0300 1.1399 .3899 .2188 13.8708 -.1225 .0400 1.3132 .4341 .1967 14.6730 -.1094 .0500 1.5501 .5144 .1612 15.1150 -.0872 .0600 1.9019 .5491 .1575 14.2037 -.0831 .0800 2.6699 .6942 .1082 13.3691 -.0722 .1000 3.3095 .8810 .0484 13.6434 -.0475 .1500 3.8922 1.2102 -.0325 16.4538 -.0053 .2000 3.7097 1.4137 -.0697 16.0999 .0129 .3000 3.1212 1.5545 -.0954 14.3025 .0261 .4000 2.7932 1.5486 -.0959 14.9057 .0275 .5000 2.5802 1.5222 -.0934 15.0887 .0277 .6000 2.4381 1.4858 -.0890 14.9744 .0270 .8000 2.2435 1.4169 -.0795 15.1461 .0254 1.0000 2.1194 1.3580 -.0710 14.9953 .0242 1.5000 1.9420 1.2374 -.0500 14.6903 .0177 2.0000 1.8349 1.1606 -.0342 14.8355 .0110 3.0000 1.6948 1.0577 -.0105 10.8787 -.0016 4.0000 1.6057 .9920 .0060 13.3095 -.0089 5.0000 1.5372 .9390 .0231 13.8685 -.0236 6.0000 1.4653 .9351 .0241 15.0965 -.0289 www.iosrjournals.org 25 | Page

A Study Of Energy Absorption Buildup Factor In Some Flyash

8.0000 10.0000 15.0000 1.3748 1.3080 1.2280 .9125 .9044 .8331 .0311 .0358 .0639 13.8538 14.3078 14.1996 -.0264 -.0320 -.0586

Table 5 Energy absorption G-P fitting parameters for Low Calcium Flyash. E(MeV) b c a Xk d 0150 1.0218 .4141 .1911 11.2039 -.0801 .0200 1.0486 .4225 .1825 16.6811 -.1051 .0300 1.1633 .3929 .2167 14.1729 -.1195 .0400 1.3563 .4461 .1918 14.6379 -.1061 .0500 1.6117 .5544 .1422 15.8388 -.0750 .0600 2.0313 .5518 .1609 13.6659 -.0850 .0800 2.8038 .7379 .0920 13.5793 -.0634 .1000 3.4823 .9360 .0329 13.6993 -.0393 .1500 3.9563 1.2622 -.0434 19.5303 .0008 .2000 3.7097 1.4137 -.0697 16.0999 .0129 .3000 3.1212 1.5545 -.0954 14.3025 .0261 .4000 2.7932 1.5486 -.0959 14.9057 .0275 .5000 2.5802 1.5222 -.0934 15.0887 .0277 .6000 2.4381 1.4858 -.0890 14.9744 .0270 .8000 2.2435 1.4169 -.0795 15.1461 .0254 1.0000 2.1194 1.3580 -.0710 14.9953 .0242 1.5000 1.9420 1.2374 -.0500 14.6903 .0177 2.0000 1.8349 1.1606 -.0342 14.8355 .0110 3.0000 1.6948 1.0598 -.0114 12.4017 -.0005 4.0000 1.6074 .9915 .0062 14.3851 -.0095 5.0000 1.5450 .9277 .0270 13.3045 -.0261 6.0000 1.4718 .9305 .0248 15.3398 -.0286 8.0000 1.3773 .9108 .0316 12.9453 -.0248 10.0000 15.0000 1.3086 1.2298 .9120 .8397 .0320 .0603 14.4540 14.1756 -.0280 -.0544

Table 6 Energy absorption G-P fitting parameters for Low Iron Flyash. E(MeV) b c a Xk d .0150 1.0218 .4141 .1911 11.2039 -.0801 .0200 1.0486 .4225 .1825 16.6811 -.1051 .0300 1.1617 .3927 .2169 14.1517 -.1197 .0400 1.3539 .4456 .1919 14.6394 -.1061 .0500 1.6096 .5528 .1430 15.8069 -.0754 .0600 2.0255 .5498 .1618 13.6700 -.0853 .0800 2.7811 .7305 .0945 13.5427 -.0647 .1000 3.4823 .9360 .0329 13.6993 -.0393 .1500 3.9563 1.2622 -.0434 19.5303 .0008 .2000 3.6945 1.4581 -.0780 15.2625 .0184 .3000 3.1212 1.5545 -.0954 14.3025 .0261 .4000 2.7932 1.5486 -.0959 14.9057 .0275 .5000 2.5802 1.5222 -.0934 15.0887 .0277 .6000 2.4381 1.4858 -.0890 14.9744 .0270 .8000 2.2435 1.4169 -.0795 15.1461 .0254 1.0000 2.1194 1.3580 -.0710 14.9953 .0242 1.5000 1.9420 1.2374 -.0500 14.6903 .0177 2.0000 1.8349 1.1605 -.0342 14.8447 .0109 3.0000 1.6947 1.0597 -.0114 12.2411 -.0005 4.0000 1.6063 .9920 .0060 13.8422 -.0091 5.0000 1.5444 .9286 .0267 13.3514 -.0259 6.0000 1.4710 .9311 .0247 15.3096 -.0286 www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page

A Study Of Energy Absorption Buildup Factor In Some Flyash

8.0000 10.0000 15.0000 1.3781 1.3087 1.2306 .9102 .9140 .8424 .0317 .0310 .0589 12.6356 14.4922 14.1658 -.0243 -.0270 -.0526

Step 3. Computation of Energy Absorption Buildup factor The computed G.P. fitting parameters (b,c.a,Xk,d) were then used to compute the energy absorption buildup factor for the selected flyash samples at some standard incident photon energies in the range of (0.01515.0 MeV) and upto a penetration depth of 40 mfp with the help of G.P. fitting formula (Harima et al., 1986) as X given below: B(E, x) 1 (b 1)(K 1) for K 1 K 1

B(E, x) 1 (b 1)x for K 1

K(E, x) cx a d tanhx/X k 2 tanh(2) 1 tanh(2) x 40 mfp

Where x is source to detector distance in the medium, in mean free path, b is the value of build up factor at one mfp, K(E,x) is the dose multiplication factor which represent the change in the shape of the dose weighed spectrum with increasing penetration depth and is represented by hyperbolic tangent function of penetration depth in mfp. The GP fitting parameters c, a, Xk, d are fitting parameters that depend on the attenuating medium and source energy. Thus the build up factor data for each chosen flyash sample is obtained by fitting the GP fitting formula. In order to standardize the above interpolation method, the energy absorption buildup factors were computed for water up to 40 mfp and in the chosen energy range 0.015 to 15.0 MeV with the help of this method. The results so obtained were compared with standard energy absorption buildup factor data of the American National Standards ANSI/ANS 6.4.3. for a few randomly selected energies of 0.015, 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0 MeV. It can be clearly seen from Table 7. that the energy absorption buildup factors generated by the present method are in good agreement with those of ANSI/ANS6.4.3.. Thus it can be safely assumed that the present method is appropriate and suitable for calculation of energy absorption buildup factor of the chosen flyash samples.

III.

Result and Discussion

The results of present investigations are discussed in terms of the energy absorption buildup factor as a function of incident photon energy and penetration depth. A. Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) as a function of incident photon energy Figures 1 to 7 show the variation in energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) with incident photon energy in energy region 0.015-15.0 MeV at different penetration depth for the chosen Flyash samples. All the flyash samples show almost similar variation of EABF in the continuous energy region based on domination of different photon interaction process in different energy region. From these figures, it is noted that for incident photon energies less than Epe, the EABF values are relatively lower as compared to that at the neighbouring higher energies for all the chosen penetration depths. Here Epe is the value of incident photon energy at which the photoelectric interaction coefficient matches the Compton interaction coefficient for a given flyash sample. Table 8 gives the approximate values of E pe for the present flyash samples. These values have been estimated by matching the two interaction coefficients calculated with the help of a computer program and data base XCOM. The low value of EABF is due to the predominance of photoelectric effect in this energy region which results in the fast removal of low energy photons thereby not allowing these photons to buildup. In the energy region Epe<E<Epp, the Compton effect is most dominant in energy degradation, where Epp, is the incident photon energy value at which the pair-production interaction coefficient matches the Compton interaction coefficient for a particular Flyash sample. The approximate value of E pp is also given in Table 8. It is further observed that in the energy range 0.08 to 1.0 MeV the buildup factor values are comparatively large for a given penetration depth owing to the dominance of the Compton effect which only helps in the degradation of photon energy and unable to remove a photon completely. Because of the multiple scattering of photons, they stay for a longer time in the material which leads to a higher value of buildup factor. It is also noted that in the energy range 0.15 to 0.4 MeV, the EABF value is very large because of exclusive dominance of the Compton effect. This result in a broad peak around a particular value of incident photon energy, Epeak (Table 7). This implies that the contribution of secondary photons to the energy spectra has a maximum value in this energy range for all the seven flyash samples.

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A Study Of Energy Absorption Buildup Factor In Some Flyash

Furthermore it is also observed that for incident photon energy greater than 2.0 MeV, the dominance of the pair production phenomenon over the Compton effect increases resulting in lowering of the buildup factor above this energy for a chosen sample. Table 7 . Comparison of calculated energy absorption build-up factors for water with standard ANSI/ANS 6.4.3. data. Energy =5.0 MeV Energy = 0.015 MeV mfp Standard Calculate Error Standard Calculate Error Value d (%) value d value value (%) 1.0 1.19 1.199 0.76 1.57 1.571 0.06 2.0 1.28 1.302 1.72 2.10 2.112 0.57 3.0 1.34 1.371 2.31 2.62 2.636 0.61 4.0 1.40 1.423 1.64 3.12 3.149 0.93 5.0 1.44 1.465 1.74 3.63 3.655 0.69 6.0 1.48 1.502 1.49 4.14 4.155 0.36 7.0 1.51 1.535 1.66 4.64 4.652 0.26 8.0 1.54 1.565 1.62 5.14 5.146 0.12 10.0 1.59 1.619 1.82 6.14 6.133 0.11 15.0 1.69 1.738 2.84 8.62 8.608 0.14 20.0 1.77 1.833 3.56 11.10 11.10 0.00 25.0 1.83 1.902 3.93 13.50 13.55 0.37 30.0 1.88 1.948 3.62 15.90 15.91 0.06 35.0 1.93 1.991 3.16 18.30 18.22 0.44 40.0 1.96 2.047 4.44 20.70 20.64 0.29

mfp

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0

Energy =10.0 MeV Standa Calcul rd ated Value Value 1.38 1.367 1.70 1.693 2.00 1.998 2.29 2.288 2.57 2.567 2.85 2.840 3.13 3.40 3.94 5.24 6.51 7.75 8.97 10.20 11.30 3.107 3.371 3.892 5.188 6.481 7.732 8.913 110.09 11.40

Error (%) 0.94 0.41 0.10 0.09 0.12 0.35 0.73 0.85 1.22 0.99 0.45 0.23 0.64 1.08 0.88

Energy =15.0 MeV Standa Calcul rd ated value value 1.29 1.274 1.51 1.512 1.72 1.730 1.93 1.937 2.14 2.135 2.34 2.328 2.53 2.73 3.11 4.04 4.93 5.81 6.64 7.42 8.09 2.516 2.702 3.068 3.981 4.901 5.790 6.592 7.316 8.050

Error (%) 1.24 0.13 0.58 0.36 0.23 0.51 0.55 1.03 1.35 1.46 0.59 0.34 0.72 1.40 0.49

B. Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) as a function of penetration depth The variation of generated energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) data is studied with the penetration depth upto 40 mfp for different incident photon energies from 0.015 to 15.0 MeV for the chosen flyash samples. From the present results shown in figures 8 to 21, it is concluded that in general, the buildup factor increases with increase in penetration depth. This is attributed to the fact that the increase in penetration depth increases the interaction of gamma-radiation photons with matter resulting in generation of large number of low energy photons due to occurrence of Compton scattering process. Which results in the increase in EABF with the increase in penetration depth. www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page

A Study Of Energy Absorption Buildup Factor In Some Flyash

From the figures, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, it can be seen that in case of lower incident photon energy, mainly in energy region 0.015 to 0.10 MeV, the value of buildup factor is small, it is due to the absorption of photons, because in this energy region i.e. < 100 keV photoelectric interaction is more dominant process resulting in the complete absorption of photons due to which EABF is small. It is analyzed from figures 8 to 21 that for a fixed value of penetration depth, the buildup factor increases with increase in incident photon energy from 0.015 to 0.3 MeV. Thus the buildup factor values is highest at 0.3 MeV after which a reversed trend is observed i.e. the buildup factor decreases with the increase in incident photon energies from 0.6 to 15.0 MeV. It is seen that for energies greater than 1.0 MeV, there is a sharp fall in the value of buildup factor, which ultimately depicts the dominance of pair production process in the region. Table:8 Approximate values of Epe, Epp and Epeak for chosen flyash samples. Flyash sample Epe Epp Epeak Low-Calcium High-Calcium Low-Iron Sub bituminous Lignite High-Iron Bituminous 0.2 MeV 0.2 MeV 0.2 MeV 0.2 MeV 0.3 MeV 0.3 MeV 0.3 MeV 3.0 MeV 3.0 MeV 3.0 MeV 3.0 MeV 3.0 MeV 3.0 MeV 3.0 MeV 0.25 MeV 0.25 MeV 0.25 MeV 0.25 MeV 0.25 MeV 0.25 MeV 0.25 MeV

IV. Conclusions The generated energy absorption buildup factor data will be helpful in estimating the penetration and diffusion of gamma rays in flyash samples. Normally, in laboratory experiments, lead is used for shielding purposes but in field conditions its use is cumbersome because it is costly and has limited abundance. It can be stolen from the places where nuclear wastes are dumped. Instead of lead, Flyash can be used as a gamma-ray shielding material in field experiments which is suitable from the points of view of cost and availability. Above studies projects flyash as an potential radiation shielding materials.
Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with incident photon energy (MeV) for Bituminous Flyash at different penetration depths.
10
3

Bituminous flyash

Energy absorption buildup factor(EABF)

1 mfp 8 mfp 16 mfp 24 mfp 32 mfp 40 mfp

10

10

10

0.01

0.1

10

Incident photon energy (MeV)

Figure: 1
Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with incident photon energy (MeV) for subbituminous flyash at different penetration depths.
Subbituminous flyash
10
Energy absorption buildup factor(EABF)
3

1 mfp 8 mfp 16 mfp 24 mfp 32 mfp 40 mfp

10

10

10

0.01

0.1

1
Incident photon energy (MeV)

10

Figure: 2 www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page

A Study Of Energy Absorption Buildup Factor In Some Flyash

Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with incident photon energy (MeV) for Lignite Flyash at different penetration depths.
10
3

Lignite Flyash

Energy absorption buildup factor(EABF)

1 mfp 8 mfp 16 mfp 24 mfp 32 mfp 40 mfp

10

10

10

0.01

0.1

10

Incident photon energy(MeV)

Figure: 3
Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with incident photon energy (MeV) for High Calcium Flyash at different penetration depths.
High Calcium Flyash
10
3

Energy absorption buildup factor(EABF)

1 mfp 8 mfp 16 mfp 24 mfp 32 mfp 40 mfp

10

10

10

0.01

0.1

10

Incident photon energy (MeV)

Figure: 4
Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with incident photon energy (MeV)for High Iron flyash at different penetration depths.
10
3

High Iron Flyash

Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)

1mfp 8mfp 16mfp 24mfp 32mfp 40mfp

10

10

10

0.01

0.1

10

Incident photon energy (MeV)

Figure: 5
Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with incident photon energy (MeV) for Low Calcium flyash at different penetration depths.
Low Calcium Flyash
10
Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)
3

1mfp 8mfp 16mfp 24mfp 32mfp 40mfp

10

10

10

0.01

0.1

10

incident photon energy(MeV)

Figure: 6 www.iosrjournals.org 30 | Page

A Study Of Energy Absorption Buildup Factor In Some Flyash

Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with incident photon energy (MeV) for Low Iron flyash at different penetration depths.
Low Iron Flyash
10
Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)
3

1mfp 8mfp 16mfp 24mfp 32mfp 40mfp

10

10

10

0.01

0.1

10

Incident photon energy (MeV)

Figure: 7
Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with penetration depth for Bituminous Flyash at chosen energies.
Bituminous flyash
10
3

Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)

0.015 MeV 0.03 MeV 0.05 MeV 0.08 MeV 0.1 MeV 0.3 MeV

10

10

10

10

20

30

40

Penetration depth (mfp)

Figure: 8
Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with penetration depth for Bituminous Flyash at chosen energies.
Bituminous Flyash
0.6 MeV 1 MeV 2 MeV 4 MeV 6 MeV 15 MeV

Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)

10

10

10

10

20
Penetration depth(mfp)

30

40

Figure: 9
Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with penetration depth for Sub bituminous Flyash at chosen energies.
Subbituminous Flyash
10
3

Energy Absorption Builup Factor(EABF)

0.015 MeV 0.03 MeV 0.05 MeV 0.08 MeV 0.1 MeV 0.3 MeV

10

10

10

10

20

30

40

Penetration depth (mfp)

Figure: 10 www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page

A Study Of Energy Absorption Buildup Factor In Some Flyash

Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with penetration depth for Sub bituminous Flyash at chosen energies.
Subbituminous Flyash
Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)
0.6MeV 1MeV 2MeV 4MeV 6MeV 15MeV

10

10

10

10

20
Penetration depth (mfp)

30

40

Figure: 11
Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with penetration depth for Lignite Flyash at chosen energies.
10
3

Lignite Flyash
0.015 MeV 0.03 MeV 0.05 MeV 0.08 MeV 0.1 MeV 0.3 MeV

Energy Absorption Buildup Factor(EABF)

10

10

10

10

20

30

40

Penetration depth (mfp)

Figure: 12
Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with penetration depth for Lignite Flyash at chosen energies.
Lignite Flyash
Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)
0.6MeV 1MeV 2MeV 4MeV 6MeV 15MeV

10

10

10

10

20
Penetration depth (mfp)

30

40

Figure: 13
Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with penetration depth for High Calcium Flyash at chosen energies.
High Calcium Flyash
10
3

Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)

0.015 MeV 0.03 MeV 0.05 MeV 0.08 MeV 0.1 MeV 0.3 MeV

10

10

10

10

20
Penetration depth (mfp)

30

40

Figure: 14 www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page

A Study Of Energy Absorption Buildup Factor In Some Flyash

Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with penetration depth for High Calcium Flyash at chosen energies.
High Calcium Flyash
0.6MeV 1MeV 2MeV 4MeV 6MeV 15MeV

Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)

10

10

10

10

20
Penetration depth (mfp)

30

40

Figure: 15
Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with penetration depth for High Iron Flyash at chosen energies.
10
3

High Iron Flyash

0.015 MeV 0.03 MeV 0.05 MeV 0.08 MeV 0.1 MeV 0.3 MeV

Energy absorption buildup factor(EABF)

10

10

10

10

20
Penetration depth(mfp)

30

40

Figure: 16
Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with penetration depth for High Iron Flyash at chosen energies.
High Iron Flyash
0.6MeV 1MeV 2MeV 4MeV 6MeV 15MeV

Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)

10

10

10

10

20
Penetration depth (mfp)

30

40

Figure: 17
Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with penetration depth for low Calcium Flyash at chosen energies.
Low Iron Flyash
10
3

Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)

0.015 MeV 0.03 MeV 0.05 MeV 0.08 MeV 0.1 MeV 0.3 MeV

10

10

10

10

20

30

40

Penetration depth (mfp)

Figure: 18

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A Study Of Energy Absorption Buildup Factor In Some Flyash

Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with penetration depth for low Calcium Flyash at chosen energies.
Low-Calcium Flyash

Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)

10

0.6MeV 1MeV 2MeV 4MeV 6MeV 15MeV

10

10

10

20
Penetration depth (mfp)

30

40

Figure: 19
Variation of energy absorption build up factor with penetration depth for Low Iron Flyash at chosen energies.
low Iron Flyash
1000
0.015 MeV 0.03 MeV 0.05 MeV 0.08 MeV 0.1 MeV 0.3 MeV

Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)

100

10

1 0 10 20 30 40
Penetration depth(mfp)

Figure: 20
Variation of energy absorption buildup factor with penetration depth for Low Iron Flyash at chosen energies.
Low Iron Flyash
0.6MeV 1MeV 2MeV 4MeV 6MeV 15MeV

Energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)

10

10

10

10

20
Penetration depth (mfp)

30

40

Figure: 21

References:
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] ANSI, 1991. American National Standard Gamma Ray Attenuation Coefficients and Buildup Factor for Engineering Materials, ANSI/ANS-6.4.3. El-Hosiny, FI., El-Faramawy, N.A. 2000. Shielding of gamma radiation by hydrated Portland cement-lead pastes. Radiat. Meas., 32,93. Gopinath D.V.and Samthanam K. (1971) Radiation transport in one dimensional finite systems - part I. Development in the anisotropic source - flux technique, Nucl. Sci. Eng. 43, 186. Gerward, L., Guilbert, N, Jensen, K.B., Levring, H., 2001. X-ray absorption in matter Reengineering , XCOM. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 60,23-24 Gerward, l., Guilbert, N., Jensen, K.B., Levring, H, 2004 WinXcom- A program for calculating X-ray attenuation cofficients Radit. hys. hem., 71, 653-654 Harima Y. (1983) An approximation of gamma ray buildup factors by modified geometrical progression. Nucl. Sci. Eng. 83, 299-309. Harima Y., Sakamoto Y., Tanaka S. and Kawai M. (1986a) Validity of the geometric- progression formula in approximating the gamma ray buildup factors, Nucl. Sci. Eng. 94, 24. Harima. Y., 1993 A historical review and current status of buildup factor calculations and applications, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 41, 631-672. Harima Y., Sakamoto Y., Tanaka S. and Kawai M. (1986a) Validity of the geometric- progression formula in approximating the gamma ray buildup factors, Nucl. Sci. Eng. 94, 24. Harima Y., Sakamoto Y., Tanaka S., Kawai M., Fujita T., Ishikawa T., Kinno M., Hayashi K., Matsumoto Y., and Nishimura T. (1986b) Applicability of geometrical progression approximation (G-P method) of gamma-ray buildup factors, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI)-M, 86-071.

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A Study Of Energy Absorption Buildup Factor In Some Flyash

[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] Nelson W. R., Hirayama H., Rogers D. W. O. (1985) EGS4 code system, SLAC - 265. Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford California. Sardari., D., Abbbaspour, A., Baradaran, S, Babapour,F., 2009 Estimation of gamma and X ray photons build up factor in soft tissue with Monte Carlo method, Appl.Radiat.Isot.67,1438-1440 Suteau, C., Chiron 2005 An iterative method for calculating gamma ray build up factor in multi layer shields, radiat.prot.dosim.116,489492 Shimizu, A., 2002, Calculations of gamma-ray buildup factors up to depths of 100 mfp by the method of invariant embedding, (I) analysis of accuracy and comparison with other data, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 39,477-486. Shimizu. A., Onda, T., Sakamoto, Y., 2004 Calculations of gamma-ray buildup factors up to depths of 100 mfp by the method of invariant embedding, (III) generation of an improved data set, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 41, 413-424. Sakamoto, y. Tanaka, S., Harima, Y., 1988. Interpolation of gamma ray build up factors for point isotropic source with respect to atomic number, Nucl.Sci.Eng.100,33-42 Sidhu, G. S., Singh , Parjit S. and Mudahar, Gurmel S. (2000) A study of energy and effective atomic number dependence of the exposure buildup factors in biological samples, J. Radiol. Prot. 20, 53. Takeuchi K. and Tanaka S. (1984) PALLAS - ID (VII); A code for direct integration of transport equation in one - dimensional plane and spherical geometries. Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, JAERI-M 84, 214.

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