Causes of high birth rate

1. Climatic factor: India is a hot country. In the hot climate girls get puberty at an early age which lengthens the fertility period. In the cold countries, girls get puberty late which reduces their effective period to produce children. In India, this climatic factor along with other socio-economic factors has in a high birth rate 2. Socio-Cultural Factors: (i) Universal and Early Marriage System: In India universal marriage is a social custom. 76 percent of ladies between the age group 15--44 are married. Since marriage among women is almost universal, birth rate becomes higher. Further, Indian women marry comparatively, at an early age. The average marriage age of women is about 16 years. As the child-bearing capacity is more at an early age, birth rate tends to be higher. (ii) Craze for a male child: In Indian society, more importance is given to the male child as certain religious duties have to be performed only by sons. So they go for more and more child expecting a son to come. This lades to a high birth rate. (iii) Joint-family System : In India there is joint family system, which induces the young couples to have more children though they are individually not able to support them. An additional child brings no immediate hardship to parents. This is another factor responsible for high birth rate. 3. Economic Factors: (i) Poverty : Some demographers establish a casual relationship between poverty and high birth rate. In poor families children are considered an asset as they add to family income from an early age. Further, a large family acts as a social security for the old age. Besides, it is believed that the reproductive capacity of the poor is intense as sex is the only form of entertainment for them. According to one economist, sexual play is the national play of India. Thus a high birth rate is always associated with poverty of the people. (ii) Illiteracy and Unemployment: In India people are illiterate and ignorant. In 1991, 60 percent of Indian women were illiterate. Further, 68 percent of women were unemployed and confined to four corners of the house. They did not know the benefit of family planning measures. This results in high birth rate.

(iii) Partial success of Birth Control Measures:

Causes of high fertility in developing countries

In developing countries they often lack means of birth control or there society is against birth control because women do not usually have a say in developing countries about having children it is the man's decision. Also have a girl is often considered a burden on the family because the family will usually have to provide a dowry when she gets married while sons are considered an asset because they can help with farming and labor. So while a family may have five daughters the father will keep demanding the women have more children in attempts to gain a son (heir) if the women does not comply the father may beat her or simply divorce her and get another wife. Poor education, Women have no careers, no contraception, farmers need many children to work land, high infant mortality rates so more babies born. Many Developing countries are Hindu or Arab so large fDeveloping Countries Birth Rates

Developing countries have high birth rates because

Many parents will have a lot of children in the expectation that some will die because of the high infant mortality rate Large families can help in looking after the farm The children will be able to look after their parents if they become old or sick; there may not be a old age pension scheme There may be a shortage of family planning facilities and advice

Developed countries have low birth rates because

It is expensive to look after large families More women prefer to concentrate on their careers Increasing sexual equality has meant women have more control over their own fertility There is a ready availability of contraception and family planning advice amilies encouraged. In Tribal

developed countries, the countries with an economic base built largely on manufacturing and
technology rather than agriculture. Although the need for medical and dental care may not differ from undeveloped to developed countries, the effective demand does vary. They have the available health professionals, the economic base to support the purchase of health care, and an informed public.frican communities large families give statusThe New York Times Magazine on Sunday examined why

Causes of low fertility industrialized countries have been experiencing decreased fertility
rates and how differing policies regarding maternity leave and worker benefits are affecting the rates. According to the Times Magazine, fertility rates in more than 90 countries are below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman, and the "relatively large families of new immigrants" are "staving off a population crisis" in the U.S., which has a fertility rate that "hovers around replacement level." Some scholars say that many factors -- including greater access to contraception, later marriage and a decrease in "hopefulness about the future" -- account for the decreased fertility rates, but many researchers say that the "particular burdens women face in the work force" also is a factor. According to Times Magazine, it might be more difficult to be a working parent in the U.S. than in countries experiencing larger decreases in fertility rates because the country spends less on child care than any other industrialized country and paid leave is not guaranteed. The lowest fertility rates in Western Europe are in countries -- such as Italy, Greece, Portugal and Spain - where "the old idea that the man is the breadwinner and the woman is the childraiser holds strong," while countries that support the highest numbers of working women -- including Denmark, Finland and Norway -- have among the highest rates in the region, the Times Magazine reports. Sociologist Ronald Rindfuss said that Norwegian women who live in towns with more day care slots available have more children and begin to have children earlier than women in towns with less day care slots. In addition, experts have linked an increase in Sweden's birthrate to policies mandating paid maternity leave, the Times Magazine reports (Lerner, New York Times Magazine