CLADE

CLADE

PHYLA

CLASS

SUBCLASS

SPECIES

TURBELLARIA
Freeliving;aquatic;ciliated;predators;haverhabdites,orglandsthatlaydownmu custoassistwithmovement;Haveyolkglandsseparatefromovaries;haveaciliat edepidermisthatrestsonabasementmembrane;mesodermformsparenchyma, whicharefillercellsderivedfrommusclecells;incompletedigestivesystemsthatcan rangefromsimpletohighlybranched;haveviscidglandswhichattachtosubstrates andassistinmovement;tegumentscellsaresyncytial,ornotseparatedbymem branes;haveflamecellsusedforosmoregulation;haverheoreceptorstodetectcur rent;havestatocystsandocelli

Nospecific examplegiven

TREMATODA

ACOELOMATEBILATERIA

PLAYHEMINTHES
Diverseclassoftriploblastic flatworms. AnimalsfromChapter8

LOPHOTROCHOZOA

Thinkflukes;allareparasitic;theypossessananteriorholdfastdevice;theyhavea nonciliatedsyncytialtegument;theirlifecyclesaretypicallycomprisedoftwoor morehosts;canbeasexualorsexualdevelopment.TheSchistosomeflukeisone example.

Chlonorchis sinensis (Chineseliver fluke)

MONOGENEA
Consideredvertebrateectoparasites;lifecycleiscompletedononehost;eachbears alargeposterioropisthaptor,oradhesiveorgan.Theyareparasitesthatliveonfish gills,feedingonepithelialcells,mucusandblood;severalgenerationsareboxedin sideoneanother(Russiandoll);canreproduceasexually,sexually,orviapartheno genesis Gyrodactylus

CESTOIDEA
Tapeworms;haveauniquebodythatisdividedintoscolex,neck,andstrobili(which iscomposedofmanyproglottids);theyliveintheintestinesandshedeggfilledpro glottidsoutwithfeces;eggdevelopswithinahydatidcyst,whichcanbedangerous.

Taeniasolium (PorkTape worm)

ACOELOMORPHA
Theoutgroupforallbilateralanimals;freelivingorparasitic;theyhaveacellularciliatedepidermis,asimplegut,andra diallyarrangednerves;consideredbasaltoprotostomesanddeuterstomes.

Nospecific examplegiven

MESOZOA
Havenogermlayers;arebelievedtohavedescendedfrommorecomplexlophotrochozoans;minuteandciliatedpara sitesand/orsymbiontsforinvertebrates.

Nospecific examplegiven

NEMERTEA
Ribbonworms;burrowinmarinesediment;somehaveaproboscisusedforfeeding;completedigestivetractenablein gestionandegestiontooccurconcurrently;largeduetoclosecirculationandcontractilevessels(noheart);bodyplan similartoturbellarians.

Carinoma Baseodiscus

GNATHOSTOMULIDA
Alltheseguyshavecuticularjawswithuniquemicrostructure Thesearethejawwormsthatlivebetweengrainsofsandandmud;nopseudocoelorcirculatorysystem,makingthem acoelomates;possessablindgut;theyhaveanepidermiswithoneciliumpercell;havecuticularjawsthatarequitecom plexandunique

Nospecific examplegiven

MICROGNATHOZOA
Verysmallanimalsthathavecomplexjaws(oncemisclassifiedasGnathostomulida);haveplatsontheirdorsalsurface; movebyciliaandlivebetweenfinegrainsofsand;anusistransient,makingthemacoelomates;onlyonespeciesidenti fied,butmaybemore. SubcladeconsistingofRotiferaand Acanthocephala

GNATHIFERA

Limnognathia maerski

ROTIFERA
CalledWheelAnimalsfortheirringsofcilia(corona)thatdrawfoodintotheirmouths;havepedalglandslocatedon theirfootandisusedforattachingtosubstrates;bilaterallysymmetrical;completedigestivesystem;welldevelopedcuti clesandtoes;haveprotonephridiawithflamebulbsemptyingintothebladder;manyspeciesareparthenogenic(females laydiploideggs)andeutely;relatedtoAcanthocephalabasedontheirsyncytialepidermiscalledintracytoplasmiclamina, whichislikeconnectivetissue,andthefactthattheyhavespermwithanteriorflagella. Nospecific examplegiven

SYDERMATA

ACANTHOCEPHALA
Verydiversegroupofspinyheadedworms;parasitesoftheintestinaltractofvertebrates(usuallyfish);haveathickteg umentthatallowsabsorptionofnutrients;useinsectsasintermediatehosts(theireggs/shelledlarvaeareeatenbyar thropods,whicharethenconsumedbyvertebrates);molecularevidencesuggesttheyarehighlymodifiedRotifers;some haveanevertedproboscistopenetratehostsintestine. Nospecific examplegiven

CYCLIOPHORA
Haveanadhesivediskthatisusedtoattachtosubstrates;haveanacellularstalkandaringofciliausedforfeeding(like Rotifers);onlytwoorthreespeciesknownabout;firstdiscoveredin1995onthemouthpartsofaNorwaylobster;nota lotisknownaboutthem.

Nospecific examplegiven

GASTROTRICHA

Theseguysarebristly/scaly;haveasyncytialepidermisbelowthecuticle;completedigestivetractandRotiferlikephar ynx;feedondiatoms,bacteriaandsmallprotozoans;freshwaterspeciesgenerallyreproduceasexually(theyareher maphroditic);commoninlakes,pondsandmarineenvironments;movebyglidingonventralcilia;haveposterioradhesive glands;eutely;theyareacoelomates;insomespeciesthemouthincludesaneversiblecapsule,oftenbearingteethform fromtheoutercuticleofthebodywall;somespecieshaveporesintheirpharynxthatopentotheventralsurface,allow ingegestionofanyexcesswater.

Nospecific examplegiven

ENTOPROCTA
Theseguyslooklikehydroidpolyps,excepttheirtentaclesareciliated(lophophore);haveaUshapedalimentarycanal withboththemouthandtheanussituatedwithinaringofciliatedtentacles;haveachalkyexternalskeleton;inhabitthe seashoreorshallowwaters;mostaremarineandcolonial.

Nospecific examplegiven

ECTOPROCTA
Havealophophore;aretruecoelomates;sessile;havenohead;Ushapedstomach;oftencalledBryozoans;verysmall (usuallylessthan0.5mm);verydiversephylawithover4000identifiedspecies;liveincolonies;haveNOrespiratory,vas cularorexcretoryorgansinstead,theirfluidfilledcoelomisusedtotransportandexcretenutrientsviadiffusion;incolo nialformsthereisvariationinroles;earlycellcleavageisradialbutsilldeterminate. Nospecific examplegiven

BRACHIOPODA
Ancientphyla;comeinhingedandunhingedforms(thelatterholdstheirvalvestogetherwithjustmuscles);twocalcare ousvalvessecretedbyamantle;lophophoresusedinrespirationandfeeding;bottomdwellersattachedtomarinesub stratesbyafleshystalkcalledapedicel;theyhaveanervenetwithadorsalandaventralganglion;nephridiaopeninto coelomandemptyintothemantlecavity. Nospecific examplegiven

PHORONIDIA
Wormlikeanimalsthatcangrowupto30cminlength;only10speciesinexistence;liveinshallowcoastalwaters;they secretetubestolivein(unconnected);lophophoreusedforfeeding;haveatripartitecoelommesentericpartitionssep aratethebodycavityinproto,mesoandmetacoel;haveclosedcirculationbutnoheart;havehemoglobininbloodand apairofmetanephridiahandleexcretion;theirnervesformaring. Nospecific examplegiven

MOLLUSCA
Theyarebilaterallysymmetricalanimalsthathaveatrochophore larva,atwopartbodyconsistingofaheadandafoot,amantle cavityusedforgasexchange,wasteremovalandgameterelease,a reducedcoelom,andamixedcirculatorysystem(openinthefoot, visceraandmantle,buthavevesselsaroundgillsforgasexchange). Mosthavearadula(attachedtoodontophores)usedforscraping foodoffsubstrates.Theradulahasrowsofcurvedteethmade fromchitinandareusedforraspingordrilling.Theyhavestruc turalunitscalledmesenteriesintheircoeloms,greatlyincreasing opportunitiesforchangesinphenotypes. Somemolluscshaveshellssecretedbythemantle.Shells havethreelayers 1. PeriostracumTheouterlayermadeofchonchiolin. 2. PrismaticLayerMiddlelayerwithCaCO3inaproteinmatrix. 3. NacreousLayerInnerlayermadefromnacre.CalledMoth erofPearl Molluscsalsohavemetanephridia,whichfunctionsimilarto kidneys.Opentubuleslinktothecoelom.Inmanymolluscs,the ductsofthemetanephridia(Bojanusorgans)reabsorbsaltandare usedforthedischargeofeggsorsperm.

SOLENOGASTRES
Livefreelyontheocean floor;carnivoresofcnidari anpolyps;nogills;her maphroditic.

Nospecific examplegiven

APLACOPHORA
Cylindricalanimalsthatcrawl ontheirventralsurfaces; haveareducedheartand lacknephridia.

CAUDOFAVEATA
Liveinburrowsonthesea floor;feedondetritusand microbes;haveonepairof gills;aredioecious;thought tobetheclosestrelativeto molluscs.

Nospecific examplegiven

MONOPLACOPHORA
Oneshellorvalve;onlyabout11species;Neopilinaexhib itsreplicationofvariousorgansandorgansystems,remi niscentofmetamericanimals. Neopilina

POLYPLACOPHORA
Sometimescalledchitons;havemanycalcareousplates (usually8)orvalves;algalfeedersthattendtoroam;live onhardsubstratesorinshallowmarinewaters;cancurl upintoaball;footprovidessuctiongrip;dioeciouswith externalfertilization;haveatrochophorelarvawithno veliger. Nospecific examplegiven

OPISTHOBRANCHIA
Theseguysarethecom monseaslugs;theylack gillsbuthavecerata,which areprojectionsfromtheir bodiestoincreasesurface area(forgasexchange); somecanincorporate cnidocystsfromeaten anemones.

Nospecific examplegiven

GASTROPODA
Snailsandslugs;exhibittor sion,ortheprocessinwhich thedigestiveandneuralsys tembecomelooped;some haveanoperculumgrowing offfoottosealshell;have osphradiathatsensewater quality;exhibitcoiling,orthe shiftingoftheshelltobetter distributeweight;mostsen sorystructureslocatedante riorly;opencirculationsys tem;

PROSOBRANCHIA
Marinesnailandslugs;gills infrontoftheheart;sepa ratesexes;majorityof gastropodsbelongto prosobranchia;someare terrestrialsnail.

Conches Cones Cowries Limpets Murexes Periwinkles Volutes Whelks

MOLLUSCA
Continued

PULMONATA
Terrestrialslugsandsnails; mantlecavityishighlyvas cularizedandactsasa lung;theyhavepneu mostomes,whichare openingsintheirmantle cavities;operculumcover thepneumostomes.

Nospecific examplegiven

Nautilus

CEPHLOPODA
Classcontainingsquid,octopodes,cuttlefishandnautilus; mostspecieshaveareducedshell,withtheexceptionof thenautilus;footismodifiedintotentaclesusedforcap turingprey,movementandreproduction;tentacleshave suctionscupsprovideaholdfaststructureforpredation; havecomplexeyes;largebrainsaidinginsensorypercep tion,memoryanddecisionmaking;octopodescanbe verysmart(rememberOtto?);matingoccursaftercourt ship,whenthemalepassesaspermatophoreintothe femalesmantlecavity;dioecious;Octopodesaresem elparous,meaningtheiroffspringareproducedinasingle groupafterwhichtheparentdie;

Usegasinshellfor buoyancy;havea siphunclethatperfo rateseachseptum. Feedonsmallinver tebrates.

Squid
Mantlemodified withstriatedmuscle tobringinandexpel water.Haveapen,a remnantofashell; movefoodbyperi stalsis

Octopus
Havechromato phores,allowing themtochange color;noshells

BIVALVES

MOLLUSCA
Continued

Theseareclams/mussels/etc.thathavetwovalvesorshells; posteriorendcanbeopenedslightlytoexposeincurrentand excurrentsiphons;mostaresedentaryandliveonhardsub strates;anteriorendsareusuallyburiedinthesubstrate;senso rycellsinmantle,includingthosefortouch,light,andgravity detection(statocysts);alsohaveosphradiausedforchemore ception;gillsplayapartintrappingfood,whichpassintothe stomachonafoodstring;coelomrestrictedtoasmallregion; opencirculationinvisceraandfoot;canusefoottodigholesor movearound;theyhaveNOradula;reducedcephalization;lar vaedevelopintomodifiedformscalledglochidia,whichare releasedintothewaterandattachtofishscalesofgills;some haveamodifiedmantleresemblingpreyfishorinsects,assisting inreleasingglochidia;trochophoreveligerlarvae;

Nospecific examplegiven

SCAPHOPODA
Onlyaround300species;burrowing;havearadulaandciliate tentaclesusedforfeedingonzooplankton;mantleiswrapped aroundtheviscera,formingatube;theyliveinlong,cylindrical shellsandusetheirfoottoburrowintosubstrates;alllivein marinewaters;andsiphonswherewaterandfoodenters,al lowingforgasexchangetooccuracrossthemantle;nogills

Nospecific examplegiven

ANNELIDA
Generalcharacteristicincludehavingsetae, whicharetinychitinousbristlesthatareusually attachedtoparapodia,butareabsentinleech es;exhibitmetamerismtheirbodiesarecom posedofseriallyrepeatingsegments,allowing muchgreaterdiversityandcomplexityinstruc tureandfunction;protostomedevelopment withaspiralcleavage,trochophorelarvae,anda schizocoelouscoelom;closedcirculatorysys tem;havemetanephridiadrainingfromthecoe lomtotheoutsideofthebody;havesupra haryngealgangliaandventralnervechords Endsegmentcalledapygidium(notatrueseg ment),wherenewsegmentsareaddedand wheretheanusopenstotheoutside;havecir ruslocatednearanusthatareusedintactile feedbackandchemoreception;Mesenteries sectionoffeachsegment;digestivesystem, bloodvesselsandneuraltubesareNOTseg mented.

POLYCHAETES
Marineworms;havelongsetaeusedforlocomotion;eachsegmenthas aseparategangliaandlateralnerves;verydiverseclasssomearefilter feederswhileothersarepredators;somecanbecommensal,gathering particlesfromotherfilterfeeders;Lugwormsmakesandpilesthatcol lectparticlesattheirburrowsentrance;reproductioninburrowing wormsissynchronousallwormsproducegametesatthesametime; thegroupSiboglinidaeisabundantarounddeepseavents;somehavea trophosomethatbearschemoautotrophicbacteria.

Lugworms Siboglinidae

OLIGOCHAETES
CladewithinAnnelida
Adaptedforaterrestrialandfreshwaterexistence;setaearelessnu merousandshorter;monoecious;developmentisdirect;segmentation allowsthewormtocontractcircularmusclestopushforward;havea clitellum,whichisacocooninwhicheggsandspermaredeposited; haveatyphlosoletoincreasesurfacearea;haveChloragogentissue whichfunctionsasaliver;havenephridiaineachsegment

Earthworms

CLITELLATA

HIRUDINEA
Leeches;haveananteriorandposteriorsuckerusedformotility;most arepredators,feedingonthejuicesofitsprey;suckerscansecretean anticoagulantandapainkiller;internalmetamerismisreduced;feed withamuscularproboscisorpharynxwiththreejawsarmedwithteeth; gasisexchangedviathecoelom;stomachhasalateralcecae,which helpsthemtransportnutrientstotherestoftheirbody(andalsoin creasessurfacearea).

Leeches

CladecontainingNematoda&Nematomorpha

NEMATODA
Thebiggestphyladiscussed;areeutely(firstutilizedindevelopmentalresearchintheNematodeCaenorhabditiselegans, whichhas959cells);hasnodistinctbodycavity;hasapseudocoel,meaningthevisceralliefreeinthegutcavity,butsev eralmodificationsmakeveryefficientuseofahydrostaticskeleton;dorsalandventralnervecordsinnervatethedorsal andventralmuscles;hydrostaticskeletonimpactsdigestion,mobilityandreproductionhydrostaticpressuremovesthe contentsoftheintestineandstretchestherelaxedmusclesinthebodywall;haveamoeboidsperm;manyspeciescanlive inananaerobicenvironmentbyshuttingdownthetricarboxylicacidcycleandtheelectrontransportsystem;mostare parasitic;severallifecycleswerepresentedintheclassnotes,allinvolvingparasitism. Riverblindnesswasalsobrieflymentioned,causedbyOnchoceravolvulusandcarriedbyblackflies.ItisprevalentinAfri caandinfectsmillionseachyear.Leadstolongtermcornealinflammationandthickeningofthecornealstroma,causing blindness.

NEMATOIDEA

Ascarislumbricoides (Roundworm) Necatoramericanus (Hookworm) Enterobiusvermicu laris (Pinworm) TrichinellaSpiralis Wucheria (Elephantiasis) Dirofilariaimmitis (Heartworm)

NEMATOMORPHA
Commonlycalledhorsehairworms;arethreadlikewithnodistincthead;haveaverythickcollagenouscuticleandacel lularepidermis;havemuscleoflongitudinalfibersonly;haveasimplenervoussystemorananteriorringandventral chord;haveavestigialdigestivesystem;areparasitesofarthropods;freelivingasadults.

Nospecific examplegiven

ECDYSOZOA

KINORHYNCHA
Small,freeliving,dioeciouspseudocoelomatesfoundinmarinemud;theymovebypullingthemselvesalongbyringsof recurvedspinesontheirheads;adultshavespinyheads,spinelessnecks,and11externaltrunksegments;bodiesaretri angularincrosssection;headcanretractintotrunk,whichiscoveredwithcuticularplatesthatmoltduringgrowth;feed onphytoplankton. Nospecific examplegiven

PRIAPULIDA
Marineworms,about1215cmlong;foundincoldwater;havearetractableintrovertandatwolayeredpharynx;cuticle isthinandbearsspines;structurallyrelatedtoLoricifera;wormsorientthemselvesuprightinmud.

Nospecific examplegiven

LORICIFERA
Liveinspacesinmarinegravel;namedforitsloricancuticle;tinyanimalswithspinyheadsandanabdomencoveredbya girdleofspinyplatescalledlorica.SimilartoKinorhyncha.

Nospecific examplegiven

ONYCHOPHORA
Similarformofmetamerismtoarthropods;musclesattachtocuticle;cuticleshedsbyecdysis;commonnamesinclude Velvetwormsandwalkingworms;havechitinintheircuticle;haveatrachealsystem;opencirculationandatubular heart;Dinocaridids,meaningterribleshrimp,areanextinctCambriangrouppossessingamouthshapedlikeacutter (probablyusedforholdingprey).

Anomalocaris Terrible Shrimp

TARDIGRADA
HaveinsectlikesetaeandMalpighiantubules;commonlycalledwaterbears;verystrangeanimalsthatformendospores thatresistharshenvironments(evenspace).

Nospecific examplegiven