Chapter 5: Water and Solution 5.1: Physical characteristics of water 1. Pure water is colourless, tasteless and odourless 2.

Water exists in 3 states: solid, liquid and gas 3. Pure water boils at 100 oC and freezes at 0 oC under normal atmospheric Pressure. 4. Impurities in water can change the physical characteristics of water. 5. The presence of salt in water will increase its boiling point(more than 100 oC) And lower its freezing point(lower than 0 oC) 5.2 The composition of water 1. Pure water is a compound which made up of 2 elements- hydrogen and Oxygen. 2. The composition of water can be determined by the electrolysis of water 3. The gas discharged at the anode relights a glowing wooden splinter shows that it is a oxygen gas. 4. The gas discharged at the Cathode gives a pop sound with a burning wooden splinter shows that it is a hydrogen gas. 5. The ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is 1:2 6. This shows that a molecule of water is made up of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen. 5.3: Evaporation of water 1. Evaporation is the process by which a liquid changes into gas. 2. Evaporation of water can occurs at any temperature below 1000C. 3. The rate of evaporation of water is affected by the following factors: (a) surrounding temperature (b) the surface area of the water (c) the movement of air (d) humidity of the air Application of evaporation of water in daily life 1. Wet cloths dry up due to evaporation. They dry faster in hot weather And when it is windy. 2. The hot air from the hair dryer dries our hair faster. 3. Agricultural products such as chillies, paddy and pepper are dried through Evaporation to preserve them. 4. During the processing of certain food such as milk powder, water is removed by evaporation. This keeps the food longer. 5.4 Solution and Solubilty 1. When a substance dissolves in a liquid, a solution is formed. 2. The substance that dissolves is called the solute. 3. The substance that dissolves the solute is called the solvent. 4. The concentration of a solution depends on the amount of solvent in it. 5. A dilute solution contains very little solute dissolved in a solvent. 6. A concentrated solution contains a lot of solute dissolved in a solvent. 7. A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute in a solvent. 8. The solubility of a solute depends on the: a) nature of the solvent b) nature of the solute c) temperature 9. Factors that affect the rate of dissolving a) The temperature of the solvent.

b) Size of the solute particles c) The rate of stirring. 10. Water as a universal solvent. a) Water is known as a universal solvent because it can dissolve many known substances. b) It is commonly used for cooking, preparing variety of drinks, dissolving washing powder and detergent and in industries manufacturing processes. 11. Organic solvents Solvent solute Uses Turpentine Paint Dilutes and removes paint Ether Fats Extracts fats and oil Acetone Nail polish Makes and removes nail polish 5.5 Acids and alkalis Properties of acids 1. Acids have a sour taste. 2. Acids turns blue litmus paper red. 3. Acids have pH values less than 7. 4. Acids are corrosive. 5. Acids react with metals to give off hydrogen gas. Example: Hydrochloric acid + zinc Zinc chloride + hydrogen Properties of alkalis 1. Alkalis have a bitter taste. 2. Alkalis have a soapy feeling. 3. Alkalis turn red litmus paper blue. 4. Alkalis have pH values more than 7. 5. Alkalis are corrosive. 6. Alkalis react with ammonium salts to gives off ammonia gas. Example: Sodium hydroxide + ammonium chloride ammonia + Sodium chloride + water Neutralisation 1. Neutralisation is a chemical reaction in which an acid reacts with an alkali to form a salt and water. 2. Example: Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide sodium chloride + water [Acid] [Alkali] [salt] 3.Titration is a method used for neutralization. Application of neutralisation in our daily life 1. Toothpaste contains magnesium hydroxide neutralises the acid produced by bacteria in the teeth. 2. Antacids such as milk of magnesia are taken to relieve gastric pain caused by excess hydrochloric acid that produced in the stomach. 3. A bee bite(sting) is acidic which results in a swelling can be treated with a mild alkali such as calamine lotion or bicarbonate powder. 4. Mixing calcium hydroxide to soil reduces the acidity of the soil. 5. Hair shampoos are usually slightly alkaline. Using a hair conditioner that is acidic makes the hair clean and soft.

Preservation of water quality Water Effects of water pollutants Pollutants Untreated *Contains harmful sewage(waste microorganisms that cause water from diseases like cholera and drains or toilets diarrhea *Shortage of oxygen in polluted water kills aquatics animals and plants Fertilisers(from Substances in fertilizers are farms) nutrients for algae. The algae blooms causes the water to be short of oxygen. This kills other aquatic organisms Pesticides(from *Non-degradable pesticides farms) remain in water and poison the aquatic organisms *These substances will be passed along the food chains and will affect the health of plants, animals and humans Industrial * Some aquatic life die while wastes such as others are found to have toxic chemicals poisonous chemicals in their and heavy bodies metals * This toxic chemicals accumulate and are passed along food chains Oil spillage Kill marine life thus threating the livelihood of the fisherman Mud and *water becomes muddy, sand(from preventing sunlight from deforestation passing into the water. and Submerged plants cannot construction photosynthesise and will die sites) *Rivers become shallow, causing flash floods during heavy rain

Ways to control water pollution *Treat raw sewage *Use biodegradable detergents *Do mot pour detergents or harmful chemicals into the open drain Reduce the use of fertilizers

*Reduce the use of pesticides *Pratise biological control pests

*Treat Industrial wastes into safe effluents before disposal * Enforce the law efficiently and strictly Impose heavy fines and penalties on ships found to pollute the sea Control deforestation and construction to prevent severe soil erosion