Complex numbers

It was first used to solve cubic equations.

Z(complex number)= a+bi (in electric engineering and electronic engineering I is considered as j ) Rectangular form of complex numbers is a+bi Complex number can be divided in to two parts which are real and imaginary. Real part of the complex number Z denoted as Re z and complex part of the Z is denoted as Im z. If Z= a + bi then Re z = a Im z =b (not bi)

complex numbers Computations (rectangular form)

Assume Z1=a+bi and Z2=P+Qi and Z3=X+Yi

Z1+Z2= a1+a2 +(b1+b2)i Z1 . Z2=a1a2+b1b2+(a1b2+a + a2b1)i Z1/Z2=(A+Bi)(P-Qi)/(P2+Q2) Conjugate of a Complex number Conjugate of complex number Z is denoted as (here is I type is Z) If Z=A+iB then Z=A-iB Most important thins of Z` is Z*Z` is always a real number Z. Z=A2+B2

Properties of conjugate (Z1+Z2)*=Z1*+Z2* (Z1.Z2)*=Z1*Z2* (Z1/Z2)*=Z1*/Z2* Complex Plane (Argand diagram) Argand diagram is a 2-D plane. Complex number is considered as a point in the Argand diagram. X axis is to represent the Re z and the y axis is to represent the Im z.

Polar form of complex numbers Z=a+ib = r(cosO+sinO) Proof:- using the Argand diagram O(usually teta) is the angle Z makes with the positive x axis(counterclockwise sense) And r is the distance from origin to the point z. Thus a=r.Cos and b=r.Sin Then Z=a+bi =r.Cos +r.Sini Also you can see that r=a2+b2 |z|= {(ReZ)2 +(ImZ)2} ArgZ=Tan-1{ ImZ/ReZ}

Complex numbers can be added using the parallelogram low.

|Z|=r=a2+b2 Also |Z| is the length of the line leads form origin to Z point. So Z1 and Z2 are two complex numbers |Z1-Z2| is the length between points connecting Z2 and Z1

Consider z1 and z2 tow points in the Argand diagram. Origin (o) and z2 and z1 are there points in the space and those three points form a triangle.

Points z1 ,z1+z2 and origin forms a triangle. In a triangle length of two sides is always larger or equal to the other side. So, this gives equation below. |z1+z2||z1|+|z2| Computations using polar form Assume Zn=rn (Cosn +Sinn) Addition of complex numbers |Z1+Z2 |=(r1Cos1 + r2Cos2)2 +(r1Sin1+r2Sin2)2

 arg(Z1+Z2) = Tan-1{ (r1Sin1+r2Sin2)/( r1Cos1 + r2Cos2)} Product and Division of Complex numbers Z1Z2= r1r2(Cos*1+2+ +iSin*1+2]) Z1/Z2=r1/r2(Cos*1-2++iSin*1+2]) If you are using a scientific calculator for compute complex numbers first add them as the rectangular form and compute and finely get the argument and the modules. Polar form rectangular form r (Cos+iSin)=rCos+irSin Since we know the product and division of complex numbers we can write |Z1Z2|=|Z1||Z2|(absolute value of a product complex numbers is the product of the absolute value of those complex numbers) |Z1/Z2|=|Z1|/|Z2|(same as the above explanation) De Movers theorem It is a very use full rule usually we prove it using mathematical induction. It is very useful when finding the complex roots of a number or a equation. This states that (Cos+iSin)n=Cosn+iSinn Uses and applications of De Movers theorem Find a large power of a complex number Ex:- (1+i)24=2(Cos/4 +iSin/4) Use to get the trigonometry equations such as Sin2=2SinCos Roots (very important) Consider the equation Z=Wn For a given z value there are a w value where Wn becomes Z this set of W values are called the nth root of Z. Important points about Roots If Z(complex number)=Wn then there are n values for W that satisfy this equation.

How to find the n values for the nth root of a complex number. Since z is a complex number. Z can be written as Z=Cos + iSin r (Cos+iSin) =Rn(Cos+iSin)n=Rn(Cosn+Sinn) Equating the absolute of the both side we have r = R n R =nr (since r is a real positive value we take the primary root of nr.) By equating the argument value of both sides we have +2k = n =/n +2k/n K=0,1,2,3,,n-1(because if u take numbers after n-1 as k you will get the same values u get form 0 to n-1, that is because sin and cos values repeat after reaching 2.) Primary value for nth root is the value get for k=0. Example:Find the 3rd root of -1 3 -1=W -1=R3 (Cos+iSin) -1 =1(Cos2+iSin2) =R3 (Cos +iSin)3=R3(Cos[3+ +iSin*3+) By equating the absolute value of both side get R=1 2 +2k=3 =2/3 +2k/3 For K=0,1,2 find the value. Answerer R=1 K=0; =2 K=1; =2 +2/3 K=2; =2 + 4/3
About roots of a complex number If a real polynomial has a complex root z then conjugate of z is also a complex root of the same polynomial. But that not a case to root of a complex number.

 About roots of a complex number (Z1/n)m may or may not be equal to (Zm)1/n (m and n are real numbers) Ex:- It can be proved that [ (-1+i)1/4 ]2 [ (-1+i)2 ]1/4 but [ (-1+I )1/3 ]2=[ ( -1+I )2 ]1/3 Roots of a polynomial equation. If a polynomial equation has a complex root then conjugate of that is also a root of that same polynomial. Because of that polynomial with a odd number degree always have a real root because complex roots always come in pairs.