Unit6. European Cities in The High Middle Ages

Cristbal Marn
I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
56

GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES
IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES

UNIT 6: EUROPEAN CITIES IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES

OUTLINE

ASPECTOS LINGSTICOS VOCABULARY
1 - AGRICULTURAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC
GROWTH
AGRICULTURARL GROWTH
DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH
ACTIVITIES

2 MEDIEVAL CITIES
STRUCTURE OF MEDIEVAL CITIES
BOUROUGHS AND BOURGEOIS
CITY FUNCTIONS
GUILDS
FAIRS
TRADE BETWEEN CITIES
ACTIVITIES

3 - SOCIETY, GOVERNMENT AND KINGS
SOCIAL GROUPS
POLITICAL POWERS AND
GOVERNMENT OF CITIES
THE KINGS
ACTIVITIES

4 - RELIGION, CULTURE, ART
ACTIVITIES
RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND HERESIES
MILITARY ORDERS
EDUCATION AND INNOVATION
GOTHIC ART: ARCHITECTURE,
SCULPTURE, PAINTING
ACTIVITIES

5 - THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES
THE BLACK DEATH
THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR
THE WESTERN SCHISM
CHANGES TOWARDS THE EARLY
MODERN AGE
ACTIVITIES

6 - VOCABULARY
ELPASADO:
PASADO CONTINUO
SUBORDINADAS
CAUSALES

/p/ /b/ /t/

/p/ / b / /t/

/d/ / k / /g/

/ t / /d / /S/
APPRENTICES
TO ACHIEVE
TO APPOINT
TO ATTAIN
BLACK DEATH
BOURGEOIS
COUNCILS
DEADLY
DISTAFF
FAIRS
FIRTSBORN
GOTHIC
TO GRANT
GUILDS
HERESIES
NEIGHBOURHOODS
POPE
SCHISM
SLENDER
STAINED GLASS
WINDOWS

PHONETICS

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1 AGRICULTURAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH.

During the 12
th
and 13
th
centuries the European
population grew. In 1300 there were about 73 million
inhabitants. During these centuries there was great
agricultural expansion. New cultivated lands were
ploughed up. For this reason, forests were felled and
marshy zones were drained. New population centres arose
in those new lands. There were technical innovations in the
agricultural tasks (jobs) too: triennial crop rotation system;
seed selection; plough with two wheels and mouldboard;
horses and oxen as draught animals; watermills or wheels.

Activities:

- Answer these questions:
In which centuries did European population grow?
Which were drained zones for new cultivation?
What were the technical innovations of agricultural tasks?
Fill in the boxes of this table about triennial crop rotation. Use any three examples of crops.

FIRST YEAR SECOND YEAR THIRD YEAR

2 MEDIEVAL CITIES.

Inside the European
medieval cities there were main
squares, where main buildings
(cathedrals and city councils) were
located. These cities had walls with
accesses where people had to pay
taxes if they wanted to pass inside.
Inside the cities there were modest
houses next to palaces, convents,
churches, or workshops. Outside of
the towns there were cemeteries,
hospitals, vegetable gardens and
new neighbourhoods. These walled
cities became known as "bourgs,"
"burghs," and later, boroughs.
Inhabitants were known as
bourgeois.

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The cities were centres for
handicraft (artisanal) activities and trade. A
lot of cities were of Roman origin, but others
arose near castles, monasteries, crossroads
or places where traders passed. Food
surpluses were sold in these cities. Over
time, these cities organized weekly markets.
All cities had administrative, defensive,
commercial and handmade functions. Some
specialized cities: commercial centres
(Genoa, Venice, Marseille, Barcelona);
handmade centres (Bruges, London); fair
centres (Medina del Campo, Antwerp,
Troyes, Champagne); cultural centres with universities (Paris, Oxford, Salamanca); administrative and
political centres (London); religious centres (Rome).

The handicraft activities were controlled by guilds, which
were associations of craftsmen in a particular trade. Each guild had
rules, and its craftsmen worked in workshops. The guilds were
organized in a structure composed by a master craftsman,
journeymen and apprentices. The trade fairs were celebrated in
cities, where merchants of different origins could sell their products.
The most important trade fairs were those of Champagne. The use
of the coin began again and the figure of moneychangers appeared
all over Europe. This was the origin of banks. During the XIII century
terrestrial trade routes were organized between principal European
cities. The major economic zones were in the north and the centre of
Europe, France and north of Italy. In the rest of Europe trade was
done by sea between main ports. The main commercial products
were cereals, spices, wine, salt, silk, wool, gold, silver, metals,
wood, meat, fish, leathers and skins.

Activities:

- Answer these questions:
What is the name of the inhabitants of bourgs?
What were the guilds?
What were trade fairs?

- Write the name of a specialized city:
Commercial centre:
Handmade centre:
Fair centre:
Cultural centre:
Administrative centre:
Religious centre:

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59



- Look for information about the names of the different parts of a medieval city, and fill in the boxes for this
picture.

3 SOCIETY, GOVERNMENT AND KINGS

The hierarchical medieval society underwent
some changes during the 12
th
century:

- Some nobles abandoned their castles and went to cities.
They turned into the nobility of the courts of the kings.

- Clergy was still very hierarchical, but education and
culture were notably improved among its members.

- A lot of peasants abandoned the fiefs (feuds) and went,
as freemen, to cities. There they turned into the bourgeois
and worked in handicraft and trade.

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The cities were controlled
by feudal lords, but with the
passing of time many attained
great independence. Sometimes
kings granted them charters with
privileges: They didnt have to
pay taxes, or could tax foreign
merchants, or could contribute
with men for wars, etc. The cities
could create their own laws, and
because of this, they enjoyed
judicial and administrative
autonomy. The municipal administration was divided into councils formed by nobles and rich bourgeois, and
civil servants formed by mayors, aldermen and town councillors.

The kings came from noble families. A lot of them fought
in wars with their vassal nobles, in this way they extended their
territories and controlled their vassals. The elective monarchies
were converted into hereditary monarchies, and the power
passed from the king to his firstborn son. With the passing of
time, they increased their powers and authority. They appointed
delegates to represent them, and they converted the royal
councils into courts and parliaments that were assemblies formed
by nobility, clergy and representatives of the cities.

Activities:

- Answer these questions?
What kind of privilegies did kings give to cities?
What is the difference between the elective monarchies
and the hereditary monarchies?
How did the power of the kings increase?

- Look for information about parliaments and others assemblies in the medieval cities and write a short
composition.

- Look at these drawings and write the name of each of these characters in the blank boxes.

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61



4 RELIGION, CULTURE, ART

Heresies appeared in the last centuries of the Middle
Ages. The Holy Inquisition was created to persecute them. Saint
Bernard of Clairvaux reformed the Cistercian order to obtain a
spiritual updating of the clergy. In the 11
th
century Saint Bruno
founded the Carthusian order. In the 12
th
century mendicant orders
appeared: Dominican order founded by Saint Dominic and
Franciscan order founded by Saint Francis of Assisi. They were
dedicated to evangelization.

During the 12
th
and 13
th
centuries seven crusades took
place. In those crusades, the military orders (Knights Hospitaller,
Knights Templar, etc. ) were founded. Some of those, such as
Knights Templar, had a great power.

After the 12
th
century, many schools and universities
were founded. Their students studied the trivium (grammar,
rhetoric and dialectic or logic) and the quadrivium (arithmetic,
geometry, music, and astronomy). Some universities were
specialized in law, medicine, philosophy and theology. In
astronomy, the geocentric theory remained as a true theory. In
math, arithmetic books were written. In those centuries the
distaff, new dyes, varnish and glue were invented. In navigation,
the compass was used, and a new type of ship appeared: the
caravel. The printing press was invented by Gutenberg around
1440 in Germany.

A new style of art spread around Europe since the12th
century: Gothic art. This style arose in France and was the art
featured in churches and cathedrals.

ARCHITECTURE: the most
representative buildings are churches,
cathedrals, palaces and civil buildings
(town halls, guild halls, marketplaces,
universities, hospitals). Gothic
buildings are taller than Romanesque
buildings. They were made of stone,
with narrow walls and great windows
with stained glass windows. Other
elements were:
o Pointed ribbed vaults.
o Ogival or pointed arches.

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o Large and slender columns and pillars.
o Shape of latin cross plan.

o Ambulatories.
o Arcades.
o A long nave making the body of the church, a transverse arm called the transept and, behind it, an
extension which may be called the choir, chancel or presbytery.
o Buttresses, flying buttresses, abutments with pinnacles.
o Towers and pinnacles.
o Transept spire above the crossing.
o Rose windows (or Catherine windows).
o Gargoyles.

SCULPTURE: it had religious, educational and decorative purposes. It decoratde fronts, capitals,
columns The principal topics are images of the Virgin Mary with the child Jesus, Christ Pantocrator, and
figures of apostles and saints. Gothic sculpture is more naturalistic than Romanesque sculpture.

PAINTING: it also had an educational function. It was used to decorate the insides of churches. Its
more highly developed than Romanesque painting, since the Gothic painting is more realistic and
expressive. Panel painting was developed and miniatures were still used as illustrations for books.

Activities: - Look at these drawings and write, next to their correct number, the names of the religious
orders and the names of the military orders. You can look them for their names by the habits of the
monks or by the coat of arms of the knights.

1:...................................................................
2:...................................................................
3:..............................
4:..............................
5:......................................
6:..............................
7:..............................
1 2 3 4
5 6 7
8 9

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8:......................................
9:..............................

- Using the drawing of the Gothic cathedral on page six and the elements of the explanations on pages six
and seven, fill in the boxes of this drawing.

- Look for information about these photos and explain what they are and their functions.

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5 THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES

In the 14
th
century a crisis developed due to to bad crops.
This caused famines and decreases in population. An epidemic
called the <<Black Death>> spread from Asia to all of Europe.
This deadly illness caused the death of 1/3 of the European
population.

In those times there were continual wars, where some
European kingdoms fought amongst themselves. The main war
was <<The Hundred Years War>>.

In that century there was a breaking-off within the Catholic Church called the <<Western Schism>>
or <<Papal Schism>>. For decades there were several popes ruling at the same time. Each one claimed
that they were the true pope.

At the end of 14
th
century there were some changes:
- The population began to recover in Europe.
- Some European monarchies achieved more power and
centralized it in their hands.
- Politics institutions (parliaments and courts) were developed.
- New currents of thinking (Humanism) and scientific research
arose and spread very fast thanks to the printing press.
- New navigational innovations were developed, and thanks to
these innovations, there were new geographical discoveries.

All these things (and others) changed the medieval society and led to the development of a new
historical period: Early Modern Period.

Activities:

- Answer these questions?
What was the cause of famines and decreases in population in the 14
th
century?
What was the Western Schism?
What changes occured at the end of 14
th
century?
What is the name of the new period after the Middle Ages?

- Look for information about the <<Black Death>> and write a short composition.

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6 VOCABULARY

English Pronunciation Spanish
A
Abutments sust.
]'btmnts]
Contrafuertes
Accesses sust.
]'ksesIs]
Accesos, entradas
to Achieve verb.
]'tI:v]
Lograr, alcanzar, conseguir
Aldermen sust.
]'a:Idrmen]
Regidores-oras
Apostles sust.
]'pcsIs]
Apstoles
to Appoint verb.
]'paInt]
Nombrar, designar
Apprentices sust.
]'prentIsIs]
Aprendices
Assemblies sust.
]'sembII:s]
Asambleas
Authority sust.
]a:'crtI]
Autoritario
to Attain verb.
]'teIn]
Conseguir, lograr, alcanzar
B
Black Death adj. y sust.
]bIk] ]de]
Peste Negra
Bourgeois sust.
]'bw:]
Burgueses-as
Boroughs sust.
]'b/rs]
Burgos, municipios
Breaking-off sust.
]'breIkI] ]cI]
Ruptura
C
Chancel sust.
]'chan(t)sI]
Presbiterio
Choir sust.
]'kwaI(r)]
Coro
Coat of arms sust., prep. y sust.
]kt] ]cv] ]:rms]
Escudo de armas
Compass sust.
]'k/mps]
Brjula
to Contribute verb.
]kn'trIbju:t]
Contribuir, aportar
Councillors sust.
]'kansIrs]
Consejal-a
Councils sust.
]'kansI]
Ayuntamientos, consejos
to Cultivate sust.
]'k/ItveIt]
Cultivar
Currents of thinking sust., prep. y sust.
]'k/rnt] ]cv] ]'IkI]
Corrientes de pensamiento
D
Deadly adj.
]'dedII]
Mortal, mortifero-a
Decreases sust.
]'dI:krI:s]
Descensos, disminuciones
Distaff sust.
]'dIst:I]
Rueca
to Drain sust.
]dreIn]
Drenar, avenar
Draught animals sut. y sust.
]dr:It] ]'nImIs]
Animales de tiro
Dyes sust.
]daIs]
Tintes, tinturas, colorantes
E
Elective adj.
]I'IektIv]
Electiva-o
to Enjoy verb.
]In'daI]
Disfrutar
to Evangelize verb.
]I'vanjIz]
Evangelizar
Explanation sust.
]'ekspI'neIn]
Explicacin, aclaracin
F
Fairs sust.
]Ie(r)s]
Ferias
Firstborn sust.
]Is:rst'ba:rn]
Primognito-a
Flying buttresses adj. y sust.
]'IIaII] ]'b-trsIs]
Arbotantes
Foreign adj.
]'IcrIq]
Extranjero-a
G

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66



Glue sust.
]gIu:]
Pegamento
Gothic adj.
]'gcIk]
Gtico
to Grant verb.
]gr:nt]
Conceder, otorgar

Guilds sust.
]gIIds]
Gremios, cofradas
H
Habits sust.
]'hbIts]
Hbitos (vestimenta religiosa)
Hereditary adj.
]h'redterI]
Hereditaria
Heresies sust.
]'hersI:s]
Heregas
Hierarchical adj.
]'h'ra:rkIkI]
Jerrquica
J
Journeymen sust.
]'ds:rnImn]
Oficial
L
Leather sust.
]'Ier]
Cuero
Lord sust.
]Ia:rd ]
Seor
M
Major adj.
]'meIdr]
De mayor importancia
Marshy zones adj. y sust.
]'ma:rshI]
Zonas fangosas, pantanosas
Mayor sust.
]'meIr]
Alcalde-sa
Meat sust.
]mI:t]
Carne
Mendicant orders adj. y sust.
]'mcndIk()nt] ]'a:rdr]
rdenes mendicantes
Military orders adj. y sust.
]'mIIterI] ]'a:rdr]
rdenes militares
Moneychangers sust.
]'m/nIteIndrs]
Cambistas, prestamistas
Mouldboard plough sust.y sust.
]mIdba:rd] ]pIa]
Arado de vertedera
N
Neighbourhoods sust.
]'neIbrhds]
Barrios, vecindarios
Next to adv. y prep.
]nekst] ]tu:]
Al lado de, junto a
O
Owing to adv.
]'I] ]tu:]
Debido a, a causa de
Oxen sut.
]'cksn]
Bueyes
P
Panel paintings sust. y sust
]'pn] ]'peIntIs]
Tablas pintadas
Parliaments sut.
]'p:rImnts]
Parlamentos
to Pass verb.
]p:s]
Pasar por, pasar para
to Persecute verb.
]'ps:rsIkju:t]
Perseguir
Pinnacles sust.
]'pInkIs]
Pinculos
to Plow up verb. (phrasal verb)
]pIa] ]/p]
Arar, abrir surcos en la tierra
Pointed ribbed vaults adj., adj. y sust.
]'paIntId] ]rIbd] ]va:It]
Bveda de crucera
Pope sust.
]pp]
Papa
Printing press sust. y sust.
]'prIntI] ]pres]
Imprenta
Privileges sust.
]'prIvIIds]
Privilegios
R
to Recover verb.
]'rI:'k/vr ]
Recuperar, recobrar
Remain verb.
]rI'meIn]
Seguir, continuar
Research sust.
]'rI:ss:rt ]
Investigacin
Rose windows sust. y sust.
]rz] ]'wInd]
Rosetn
S
Schism sust.
]'skIzm]
Cisma
Seed sust.
]sI:d]
Semilla
Silk sust.
]sIIk]
Seda
Skins sust.
]skIns]
Pieles
Slender adj.
]'sIendr]
Esbelto-a, delgado-a, fino-a,

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to Sell verb.
]seI]
Vender
Spices sust.
]spaIsIs]
Especias

Stained glass windows adj., sust. y sust.
]steInd] ]gI:s] ]'wInd]
Vidrieras
Surplus sust.
]'ss:rpIs]
Excedentes
T
Take place verb. y sust. (expresin)
]teIk] ]pIeIs]
Tiene lugar
Tasks sust.
]t:sks]
Tareas, labores
Terrestrial trade adj. y sust.
]t'restrII] ]treId]
Comercio terrestre, por tierra
Turn into verb.y prep. (phrasal verb)
]ts:rn] ]'Intu]
Transformase en, convertirse en
U
Universities sust.
]'ju:n'vs:rstIs]
Universidades
Updating sust., expresin
]/p'deItIq]
Actualizacin, puesta al da
V
Varnish sust.
]'v:rnI]
Barniz
W
Watermills sust.
]'wa:trmIIs]
Molino de agua
Wheels sust.
]wI:Is]
rueda
With the passing of time prep., art., sust.,
prep. y sust. (exprsin de tiempo)
]wI] ]I] ]'p:sI] ]cv] ]taIm]
Con el paso del tiempo

Caballero medieval con armadura: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/knight-8.gif
Ciudad medieval 1: http://fc06.deviantart.net/fs48/f/2009/183/3/4/Middle_age_city_2_by_Tripio.jpg
Ciudad medieval 2: http://esunmomento.es/images/Ciudad%20medieval.jpg
Avila:
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_b_aYBobkrtI/SwvL2f9cS5I/AAAAAAAAAAs/ImvJduR0MLg/s1600/avila+foto.jpg
Ciudad medieval 3: http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/45000/45056/45056_med_village_lg.gif
Rotacin bienal y trienal: http://historiacuartoeso.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/rotacion-cultivos.png
Burgus de la Edad Media:
http://educando.edu.do/UserFiles/P0001/Image/CR_Articulos_Educando/art_estudiante/edad_media_burgu
es.jpg
Burgueses de la Edad Media:
http://www.learnquebec.ca/export/sites/learn/en/content/curriculum/social_sciences/features/situation_middl
eages/situation_middleages_images/bourgeoisie_p.jpg
Medieval trade routes: http://www.ucalgary.ca/HIST/tutor/imagemid/hanseatic.gif
Mercado medieval: http://nationalityinworldhistory.net/images/MedievalChurchc1100s.jpg
Mercado medieval: http://www.mashpee.k12.ma.us/JAllen/ubanlife.gif
Estudiantes edad media: http://www.uprm.edu/ideal/images/EstudiarenlaEdadMedia_7C13/image.png
Msicas: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_BQE8864mcS0/S8R5BtXXlJI/AAAAAAAAFac/mJ6u1fsrC-0/s1600/edad-
media-musica.jpg
Ricas horas del duque de Limburg: http://cv.uoc.edu/~04_999_01_u07/percepcions/octubre.jpg
Eduardo III de Inglaterra: http://www.ebrisa.com/portalc/media/media-S/images/00021515.jpg
Peste negra: http://www.cardenashistoriamedicina.net/images/7-1-peste-negra.jpg
Catedral gtica: http://faculty.cua.edu/Pennington/Religion402/Architecture/ChartresCutaway.jpg
Vidrieras: http://www.sacred-destinations.com/scotland/images/edinburgh/st-giles/stained-glass-cc-
satosphere.jpg
Rosetn: http://www.lib-art.com/imgpainting/7/2/11127-south-rose-window-french-gothic-glass-painter.jpg
rdenes militares: http://www.miniaturasjm.com/userdata/image/ordenes_militares_01.jpg
Grgola 1: http://www.theofantastique.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/paris_gargoyle.jpg

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Grgola 2: http://blog.coquipr.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Church_of_St_Mary_Moseley_Gargoyle.jpg
Burgus:
http://educando.edu.do/UserFiles/P0001/Image/CR_Articulos_Educando/art_estudiante/edad_media_burgu
es.jpg
Personajes de la Edad Media: http://cpmeejea.educa.aragon.es/personajes.htm
Campesino:
http://educando.edu.do/UserFiles/P0001/Image/CR_Articulos_Educando/art_estudiante/edad_media_camp
esino.jpg
Caballero medieval: http://www.gijoecanada.com/images/ignite_knight%20hospitaller%202.jpg
Imprenta: http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/4200/4255/printing-press_1_lg.gif

Unit6. European Cities in The High Middle Ages

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