Proceedings of the 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference IPC2012 September 24-28, 2012, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

IPC2012-90363

TOMOGRAPHY OF INCLINED SCC CRACKS IN AUSTRALIAN GAS PIPELINES

Erwin Gamboa and Luke Zadow The University of Adelaide Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

ABSTRACT Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) in pipeline steel occurs when an aggressive environment and tensile stresses act on a susceptible microstructure. Typically, SCC in gas pipelines tends to travel perpendicular to the hoop stresses in the through wall direction. Studies conducted on the TransCanada pipeline where a rupture had occurred revealed the incidence of SCC cracks whose crack path deviated at an angle from the normal. These inclined cracks have also been found in a pipeline in Australia which has lead to an increased need to better understand inclined SCC. This paper, based on the Australian pipeline, investigates the incidence rate, morphology, and observed interactions of inclined SCC in the Australian pipe.

pipelines due to SCC is reduced. SCC models [15, 16] have been created in the past to predict the growth rate and severity of SCC in pipelines aiding pipeline owners and operators responsible for managing SCC. SCC combines both an aggressive environment and tensile stresses acting on a susceptible microstructure. The tensile stresses are caused in part by the internal operating pressure. SCC cracks usually travel in a through wall direction perpendicular to the tangent of the hoop stresses at any location in the pipe [25]. Stress is capable of opening up the crack, allowing the environment fresh access to pipe material potentially causing the crack tip to propagate. Operating stresses usually have the greatest magnitude, but the pipeline also likely has residual stresses from manufacture and construction. Stress Corrosion Cracking in underground pipelines is divided into two fundamental classifications. These classifications are high pH SCC and near-neutral (NN) pH SCC. Both these classifications of SCC contain colonies of many small cracks which link up in the longitudinal direction. The main difference between these two types of SCC is found in the crack path. A feature of high pH SCC is its intergranular (IG) nature and the main feature of near-neutral pH SCC is the transgranular (TG) nature. The Australian pipeline used in this study, along with the noted SCC cases in Canada, has been shown to have suffered from high pH SCC [13]. Studies [13, 19, 25] have shown that SCC cracks do not always travel straight in the through wall direction. Inclined SCC is a phenomenon which introduces variables into the possibly severity of the SCC cracks alone, and also the possibility of more complex and potentially pipeline damaging interactions between cracks in close proximity. Currently a couple of theories exist that attempt to explain inclined SCC, but no

Keywords: Stress Corrosion Cracking, Tomography, Pipeline Steel

INTRODUCTION The majority of gas transmission pipelines are buried and as a result the pipes are subjected to the conditions present in the underground environment. Coatings are designed to protect pipelines from these environments; however, defects in the coating can allow corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) to take place in some cases. The occurrence of SCC has been an issue since 1965, where catastrophic failures caused financial deficits and loss of lives [8]. The incidence of SCC occurring in underground pipelines is low and when it does, there are usually severe ramifications. SCC has, in the past, been the mechanism for failure in pipelines which causes major disruptions to the supplier [1, 2]. As a result, it is critical for the fundamentals and behaviour of SCC to be understood in detail, ensuring the risk of failure in

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conclusive evidence has been shown for all cases. Current work is being carried out to ascertain the specific responsible crack growth mechanism/s.

the criteria for selecting cracks. Once a suitable SCC crack was found using this method, it was extracted for further analysis. Tomography: High resolution tomography was utilized in this project to image the cracks precisely. High resolution tomography is a quick and non-destructive method producing images that correspond accurately to the cross section through an object. These sequential adjoining images are compiled together to create a three-dimensional representation of the object that can then be manipulated digitally to perform a large number of measurements, visualization tasks, and observations [10]. Tomography will reveal the morphology of the crack paths and the computer image that will be generated is geometrically precise and therefore linear distances, angles, areas, volumes, and symmetry can be determined [6]. Tomography has been utilized for viewing the 3D nature of SCC in stainless steels where the cracks have been induced in specimens [14]. The visualization of the morphology of cracks is based on the variations in absorption coefficients of the material along the path of the transmitted X-ray beam through the specimen. The absorption coefficient has a correlation with densities and different densities which will provide a differently shaded colour. This makes the visualization of defects in the metals straightforward to resolve [5]. Physically, there are three fundamental components used in tomography. There is the X-ray source, that is, the output. There is a collection region known as the detector which detects the X-rays and ultimately depicts the image of the cross section. The most important part is the sample itself which is always in the centre. Figure 1 is a demonstration of the sample held in a stationary position while the source and detector rotate around it.

NOMENCLATURE CEPA: Canadian Energy Pipeline Association IG: Intergranular MPI: Magnetic Particle Inspection SCC: Stress Corrosion Cracking SIF: Stress Intensity Factor SMYS: Specified Minimum Yield Stress TG: Transgranular gf: grams force

OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper is to survey a number of SCC crack samples with the purpose of quantifying the crack morphology with particular interest in inclined cracks and any possible crack interactions. This paper shows, using results obtained from metallography and tomography, the typical crack morphology of SCC cracks in one Australian pipeline. Additionally, the colonies where the cracks exist will be defined as either dense or sparse. The length to depth ratio for all cracks was found and related to colony definition for confirmation of previous works [12]. Data for the microstructure and Vickerss hardness will be presented for future potential investigations. This paper presents only the preliminary results of this ongoing study.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS This project utilized two primary techniques in determining and describing the morphology of an inclined crack and visualizing these cracks interacting. X-Ray tomography was utilized to visualize inclined cracks and interactions. This technique provided 3-Dimensional imaging of the SCC cracks and is relatively new method of 3D crack visualization to the pipeline community. Metallography was the other crack visualization technique used to determine the morphology of each SCC crack analysed. This is a more common crack visualisation technique and enables not only the morphology of the crack to be known, but also the type of the SCC crack and the hardness of the steel as the crack progresses through the pipe wall. Magnetic Particle Inspection: Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) was used in the study to best describe the crack from the surface of the pipe. This was a key component in the selection of cracks for further analysis through measuring the crack length and in finding axial and circumferential spacing between cracks to indicate possible crack interactions. The CEPA guidelines were used as

Figure 1: Example of how tomography works. In this case the X-ray source and the detector rotate around the sample in the centre which remains stationary. The axis of rotation is the centre of the circle [10].

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Tomography generates cross sectional images which can then be compiled or rendered into a 3D representation of the crack in the specimen. This technique was applied to the study of SCC crack morphology in an Australian steel gas pipeline. Samples examined using tomography were machined into small cylinders enabling the X-ray to produce a clear image of the cross section of the sample with less interference and imaging artefacts. As pipeline steel is quite dense (as compared to bone or even aluminium), the limit of sample size to be examined at The University of Adelaide was 4 mm in diameter. Metallography: The majority of cracks were investigated using a metallographic approach. Metallography has been used in a number crack visualization studies [5, 13, 25] and is currently the most accurate way to evaluate a cracks morphology, although it is time consuming. Grinding was employed to visualize crack morphology at 1mm steps along the individual crack length. At each step the samples were polished down with 1 micrometer diamond paste and put under an optical microscope. The images were then photographed and crack morphology recorded. This procedure will be repeated for a large number of SCC cracks for statistical significance (target of 90 percent confidence). This paper presents the preliminary results to date, obtained from 4 cracks. The cracks were 11, 5.5, 4, and 4 millimetres in length, taken from only 2 of the 4 crack colonies to be surveyed.

colonies (colonies with larger circumferential spacings) contained or had the potential to contain deep cracks and the dense colonies (colonies with smaller circumferential spacing) tended to contain more shallow cracks [12]. This leads to the conclusion that sparse colonies of cracks are more likely to be the locations of failure in a pipeline. Through the studies on the TransCanada pipelines experiencing SCC, dense and sparse colonies have been classified in terms of circumferential spacing (Table 1).
Table 1: Definition of SCC Density Classification [4]

SCC Density Dense Sparse

Approximate Circumferential Spacing < 0.2 wall thickness > 0.2 wall thickness

In this study, there are four colonies being investigated and these colonies are labelled: TC CC LC FC These colonies have been labelled arbitrarily and have been obtained from the same pipe. These colonies are separated over a 59m length of the pipe section. Measurement carried out on the majority of cracks in each colony revealed the approximate circumferential spacing between the cracks. This approximate number was then compared with the wall thickness of the pipe in each individual colony. The results from these measurements and the resultant colony classification for the crack colonies in this study are delivered in Table 2.
Table 2: Classification of Colonies being investigated.

RESULTS The results in this project are segregated into key areas, which, in the past have been used as characterizers of cracks and their behaviour. These are: Colonies (Dense/Sparse) Length to Depth Ratio Crack Morphology (Inclination) Microstructure These factors work in unison to best qualitatively describe the crack samples that were investigated. Work done on the TransCanada pipeline which experienced SCC [25] presented results describing two closely situated crack colonies. These results will in some cases be used as a comparison between the SCC located in this pipeline and in the pipeline in Australia. Colonies (Dense/Sparse): There are two main types of colonies of SCC cracks; dense and sparse cracks. These dense and sparse classifications are dependant on the circumferential spacing between the cracks in the colony. Leis (1997) explored these two types of observed crack colonies and it was concluded that the sparse

SCC Colony TC CC-1 CC-2 LC FC

Circumferential Spacing(avg.) (mm) 2.200 2.600 0.835 1.575 1.400

Wall Thickness (mm) 8.48 8.45 8.45 8.45 8.48

Classification Sparse Sparse Dense Dense Dense

An interesting point to note in Table 2 is that the Sparse/Dense cutoff dimension is approximately 1.7 mm, and that colonies LC and FC would be difficult to classify in the field by putting a ruler against the pipe wall. CC colony is a large segment of pipe with two differing areas of SCC cracks (circumferential and axial spacing) causing two sub groupings of this colony defined as separate dense and sparse colonies. From literature, it would then be predicted that the depth of cracks in the dense colony are less than that of the cracks more sparsely separated.

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Length to Depth Ratio: The effective crack depth can be plotted as a function of the crack length. The term effective refers to the perpendicular displacement from the surface of the pipe where the crack is located. This is best illustrated in Figure 2 where the theoretical crack is inclined and the total effective depth is shown.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: Illustration showing measured crack dimensions [19].

The length to depth ratio has a close correlation with the type of colony the cracks exist in. As has been stated, Leis [12]explored the two types of crack colonies and it was concluded that the sparse colonies contained or had the potential to contain deep cracks and the dense colonies tended to contain more shallow cracks as shown in Figure 3. This led to the conclusion that sparse colonies of cracks have more potential to be the locations of failure in a pipeline.

Figure 3: Depth of cracks in a) Sparse colonies and b) Dense colonies which are remote to failures (a) 160 cracks from 17 hydrotest failures (top image). (b) Cracking found in digs remote to failures (bottom image) [12].

The length and depth of each crack investigated was recorded and plotted against each other to see any observable trends.

Figure 4: Length to Depth ratio of cracks.

The data is recorded as a crack either existing in a sparse or dense SCC crack colony. These are also separate records showing the length to depth ratio for merged cracks. Currently, results for single cracks in sparse colonies are the predominant results shown. Figure 4 shows the evaluated maximum depth of single and cracks that have interacted forming one crack with respect to the crack length. The initial results show to be similar

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in trend with the results obtained in a previous study from Sutherby et. al. (2004) (Figure 5).

The current study presented the morphology of the crack itself into four main sections: Straight Section Total Crack Geometry Incline Segments Branches These main sections formed the basis of data collection with each of these areas having subsections which provide inputted values to best describe each part of the cracks being analysed. The straight section of the cracks is best described as the length of the crack before any significant deviation transpires. The measured entities in the straight section are: Depth Number of Small Turns Radial Range (measured from the initiation point) Preliminary results of this study for the length of the straight section in an inclined crack range approximately in the 200400 m range. The total crack geometry best describes the total area the crack covers with respect to the initiation point. These include: Total Crack Depth (Figure 2) Maximum Radial Range (measured from initiation point) Number of Inclined Segments The number of inclined segments is a lead in number to the inclined segments section. Inclined cracks do not always travel immediately from the straight section to the final inclined segment of the crack. This can best be illustrated in Figure 6.

Figure 5: Relation between crack length and depth in the perpendicular direction [19].

The three arrows in Figure 5 show the relative location of the preliminary results imposed on the results presented on the Canadian line [19]. Crack Morphology (Inclination): The morphology of SCC has been assumed to be a relatively simple straight crack with small potential deviation from the normal to the hoop stresses. Studies show clearly that generally SCC does occur initially normal to the surface of the pipe (normal to the hoop stresses). As it has been found with initial studies into pipelines in Australia and more comprehensively in the TransCanada pipelines [19, 25], the cracks formed and growing as SCC do not always travel perpendicular to the hoop stresses and otherwise to an angle to the perpendicular direction. Through the study in the Canada pipelines, it has been noted that all the inclined SCC that was studied was intergranular and therefore high pH SCC [25]. This study aimed to describe the morphology of cracks under three main headings. The cracks can be described geometrically as: Straight (crack propagates in an approximately straight path normal to the principle stresses) Zig-Zag (crack propagates initially straight before changing direction multiple times) Inclined (crack propagates initially straight before eventually moving in a direction at an angle to hoop stresses and continues in this direction) Research conducted on the TransCanada pipelines [25] revealed that inclined SCC has a pattern to it where cracks travel perpendicular to the hoop stresses to a depth of 200-600 m and the crack would then change direction (or deflect) at an angle of approximately 30-60o to the circumferential direction.

1 2

Figure 6: Illustration showing SCC crack experiencing 3 inclined segments. Pipe free surface is at the top.

Each inclined segment will be defined individually to best describe the action and size of each inclined segment of the crack. The following data set was produced for each crack and crack segment. Incline Depth Initiation Incline Direction (Looking Downstream)

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 Incline Angle Incline Depth Termination Maximum Radial Travel These data sets are illustrated visually in Figure 7.

Figure 9: Crack morphological data representations and measurements taken to describe the branching segment

Figure 7: Crack morphological data representations and measurements taken to describe the crack.

Branching can occur in SCC cracks and can be significant in the total crack geometry. Figure 8 illustrates a crack which has a large branch that deviates at approximately 90o from the immediate crack direction but then turns and runs parallel to the main crack inclined direction. There may be one or more branches on a given SCC crack and each branch will be geometrically defined with the following measurements. Initiation Depth Description Incline Angle Incline Direction (Looking Downstream) Branch Depth (Termination)

All these results were tabulated with respect to which colony the cracks originate from, where in the colony, and the proximity of the closest nearby cracks. Appendix A shows the results obtained from a crack in CC-1 colony (further samples have been examined but results have not been included for clarity). Preliminary results show that the largest incline segment in an inclined crack is largely between 40-50 degrees away from the straight theoretical crack path. This implies that this variation is slightly smaller than the recorded 30-50 degrees [25]. Figure 6 illustrates a crack where other inclined segments exist, but the crack then inclines significantly to the left (segment 3). Preliminary work suggests that many inclined segments (e.g. segments 1 and 2 in Figure 6) that are not the largest inclined segments are generally between 30-40 degrees. On occasions the smaller inclined segments are 50-60 degrees, but rarely occur at 40-50 degrees. Preliminary results also show that some crack segments that appear to be branching off a crack (Fig. 8) can actually be two cracks interacting where one is a crack that has not yet surfaced. It has been observed that the main crack path can be significantly altered (i.e. in depth in Fig. 8) by branching of this form. Tomography: The tomography process was applied on 4mm diameter samples with pre-existing SCC cracks. This diameter was the largest allowable size to obtain the clearest possible crack image. A preliminary image illustrating the imaging tomography can produce is shown in Figure 10.

Main Crack Path

Branch
Figure 8: Illustration of significant branching from the main crack path. Pipe free surface is at the top.

The geometrical definitions that are measure of a branched crack used in this study are described in Figure 9.

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50 m
Figure 11: Micro-structure of SCC crack observed in CC colony. Pipe free surface is at the top.

Figure 11 shows a photograph (50x) of the IG nature of the crack path typical of high pH SCC.
A Vickers hardness test was used on sections of the pipeline along SCC cracks to determine any possible relationships between SCC and the mechanical properties of the steel. A similar test of this nature was investigated in a study [25] to determine a potential correlation between hardness and the inclined nature of SCC cracks. Tests were carried out using a 100 gram weight and at certain distances from the surface of the outer pipe wall. For comparability, the same load (HV0.1) was used in this study in the through wall direction. For an accurate result, the average of three hardness measurements at each depth step was taken for each of the colonies.

Figure 10: Crack imaging of 4mm sample where the different colours represent the differing crack regions along the samples z-axis.

This preliminary image is an illustration of the imaging of crack morphology that can be achieved. Initial results show that the crack tip is hard to resolve and this is due to the resolution of the equipment used. Work is being carried out to determine the accuracy of this tomography technique.

Microstructure: The microstructure of the steel consists of banded ferrite and pearlite which were elongated in the rolling direction [13]. This was confirmed with the aid of a 2% nital etch applied to a surface polished down to 1 m. The purpose of this etching was to reveal the crack path through the microstructure and the cracks were confirmed to be intergranular (characteristic of high pH SCC).

Figure 12: Vickerss hardness profile of Australian pipeline steel (FC colony).

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Figure 12 shows the hardness profile of the pipeline steel in the through wall direction of one particular crack region. As is also the case in the study from Xie et. al. (2009), the hardness fluctuates through the wall thickness (Fig. 12). This is indicative of one area of the pipeline under investigation and represents preliminary results. Another study done [19] showed that there was an increased hardness on the inside and outside regions of the pipe wall which was considered significant. Further testing is carried out to be able to obtain hardness trends at different pipe locations.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank the following for their help and expertise: Geoff Caller, Craig Clark (APA) This work was funded by the Energy Pipelines CRC, supported through the Australian Governments Cooperative Research Centres Program. The cash and in-kind support from the APIA RSC is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES [1] Baker, TN, Rochfort, GG, Parkins, RN 1987, Postrupture Analyses Reveal Probable Future Line Failures, Oil & Gas Journal, Jan 12, 1987, pp. 65-70.

CONCLUSION The phenomenon of inclined SCC in Australia has largely not been quantified. Through this study, a confirmation has been performed in showing that sparse colonies of SCC cracks contain the deeper cracks for a given crack length. This confirms the dependence of length to depth ratio of SCC cracks on the nature of the colony itself as originally proposed [12].

[2] Baker, TN, Rochfort, GG, Parkins, RN 1987, Studies of Line Failure Focus on Cracking Conditions, Oil & Gas Journal, Jan 26, 1987, pp. 65-70. [3] Callister, W. Materials Science and Engieering. John Wiley and Sons, New York 1994. [4] Canadian Energy Pipeline Association 2007, Stress Corrosion Cracking: Recommended Practices, 2nd edn, Alberta, Canada. [5] Connolly BF, Horner DA, et al, X-ray microtomography studies of localised corrosion and transitions to stress corrosion cracking, Materials Science and Technology, 22(9)(2006), 1076-1085. [6] Conroy, G.C., Vannier, M.W., 1984. Noninvasive threedimensional computer imaging of matrix-filled fossil skulls by high-resolution computed tomography. Science 226, 456-458. [7] Elboujdaini, M & Shehata, MT 2004, Stress Corrosion Cracking: A Canadian Prospective for Oil and Gas Pipeline, CANMET Material Technology Laboratory, Ottawa, Canada. [8] Federal Power Commission, Final staff report on investigation of Tennessee Gas Transmission Company Pipeline No.100-1 failure near Natchitoches, Louisiana, March 1965, Bureau of Natural Gas, Washington DC 1965. [9] Hertzberg, R. Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials. John Wiley and Sons, New York 1996. [10] Ketcham, R.A. and Carlson, W.D., 2001. Acquisition, optimization and interpretation of X-ray computed tomographic imagery: Applications to the geosciences. Computers and Geosciences, 27, 381-400. [11] Lam, KY & Wen, C 1993, Interaction Between Microcracks and a Main Crack in a Semi-Infinite Medium, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 753-761.

The survey carried out revealed that a large number of SCC cracks viewed were inclined or showing early signs of inclination. Cracks of a smaller length and therefore depth were often of a zig-zag shape where the crack tip was progressing away at an angle. The preliminary results therefore can describe the cracks to be largely inclined which achieving a sufficient depth in the through wall direction. In terms of the crack morphology, the preliminary results suggest: Straight Section depth is approximately 200-400 m. Final inclined angle is approximately 40-50 degrees from the straight crack path. Maximum radial range of an inclined crack is approximately 1-1.6mm (for a crack up to 11mm long). Preliminary results from etching have confirmed that all SCC cracking are high pH, or IG, SCC.

FUTURE WORK This survey will, in future work, gather more statistically significant results (ie 200+ cracks) concerning: Percentage of inclined cracks compared to straight cracks. Relationship between incline angle and the significant inclined segment. Proximity of inclined cracks under the free surface. Hardness profiles of each colony for relationship between SCC and mechanical properties of steel A library of microstructure images for each observed crack Complete confirmation that all cracks are IG

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[12] Leis, BN & Colwell, JA 1997, Initiation of StressCorrosion Cracking on Gas Transmission Piping, Effects of the Environment on the Initiation of Crack Growth, ASTM STP 1298, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1997. [13] Linton, V, Gamboa, E, Law, M 2007, Fatigue of SCC Cracks in Gas Transmission Pipelines, Final Report, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide. [14] Marrow, TJ, Babout L, et al, Three dimensional observations and modelling of intergranular stress corrosion cracking in austenitic stainless steel, Journal of Nuclear Materials 352 (2006), 62-74. [15] Parkins, R.N. 1980, Predictive Approaches to Stress Corrosion Cracking Failure, Corrosion Science, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 147-166. [16] Parkins, R.N. 1989, The Application of Stress Corrosion Crack Growth Kinetics to Predicting Lifetimes of Structure, Corrosion Science, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 1019-1038. [17] Parkins, RN & Singh, PM 1990, Stress Corrosion Crack Coalescence, Corrosion, vol. 46, no. 6, pp.485-499. [18] Song, F 2008, Overall Mechanisms of High pH and NearNeutral pH SCC, Models for Forecasting SCC Susceptible Locations, and Simple Algorithms for Predicting High pH SCC Crack Growth Rates, Corrosion 2008 Conference & Expo, Paper 8129. [19] Sutherby, R & Chen, W 2004, Deflected Stress Corrosion Cracks in the Pipeline Steel, International Pipeline Conference, 4-8 October 2004, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [20] Venegas, V, Caleyo, F, Baudin, T, Hallen, JM, Penelle, R 2009, Role of Microtexture in the Interaction and Coalescence of Hydrogen-Induced Cracks, Corrosion Science, vol. 51, pp. 1140-1145. [21] Vosikovsky, O, Trudeau, LP, Rivard, A 1980, Effect of Residual Stresses on Fatigue Crack Growth Threshold, International Journal of Fracture, vol. 16, pp. R187-R190. [22] Vosikovsky, O 1981, Fatigue Crack Closure in an X70 Steel, International Journal of Fracture, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 301-309. [23] Wang, YZ, Atkinson, JD, Akid, R, Parkins, RN 1996, Crack Interaction, Coalescence and Mixed Mode Fracture Mechanics, Fatigue Fracture Engineering Material Structures, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 427-439. [24] Wang, J & Atrens, A 2003, Analysis of Service Stress Corrosion Cracking in a Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline,

Active or Dormant?, Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 11, pp. 3-18. [25] Xie, J, Yang, L, Sen, M, Worthington, R, King, F 2009, Mechanistic investigation of Deflected Stress Corrosion Cracking in Pipeline Steels, Corrosion 2009 Conference & Expo, Paper 09121 [26] Hertzberg, R. Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials. John Wiley and Sons, New York 1996.

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Appendix A: Sample results recorded from a crack cross section Sample Code = FC-I8-2 Sample Name = Cut Step = Number of Cracks in Sample = I8-2 Crack 1 Crack Length = 5.5mm Description I8-2 1mm step 3 Straight Section Depth ( m) No. of Small Turns Radial Range ( m) Left Right 13 33 71 93 Total Depth (mm) Total Crack Geometry Max Radial Travel ( m) Max Radial Range ( m) Left Right 15 24 33 0 30 154 297 283 236 85 Number of Inclined Segments

Cut 0 Cut 1 Cut 2 Cut 3 Cut 4

Straight Zig-Zag Straight Straight Straight

1043 695 1153 1383 1015

2 2 3 5 5

1.043 1.546 1.543 1.383 1.015

154 297 283 236 85

0 3 1 0 0

Incline Depth Initiation ( m) 709 1153

Incline Segment 1 Incline Direction Incline (Looking Angle Downstream) () (oclock) 5 4 29.46 35.93

Incline Depth Termination ( m)

Max Radial Travel ( m) 159 261

Incline Depth Initiation ( m) 1006

Incline Segment 2 Incline Direction Incline (Looking Angle Downstream) () (oclock) 8 31.81

Incline Depth Termination ( m)

Max Radial Travel ( m) 134

1006 1543

1218

Incline Depth Initiation ( m) 1218

Incline Segment 3 Incline Direction Incline (Looking Angle Downstream) () (oclock) 4 40.72

Incline Depth Termination ( m)

Max Radial Travel ( m) 280

1546

10

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