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Proceedings of the 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference IPC2012 September 24-28, 2012, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

IPC2012-90211

DEVELOPMENT OF OFFSHORE X65/70 STEELS FOR DEEP WATER APPLICATION

Yun-Jo Ro Technical Research Laboratories, POSCO Gwangyang, Jeonnam, Korea Jang-Yong Yoo Technical Research Laboratories, POSCO Gwangyang, Jeonnam, Korea ABSTRACT
Heavy gauge X65/70 steels have been developed for deep-water offshore application. As the thickness of linepipe steels is increased, Mo, Ni, V alloying elements are generally employed to improve the low temperature toughness and strength balance. However, the price of such alloying element has been rapidly increased. Hence, in the present work, a lean composition is designed to achieve thick X65/70 grade steels with better strength and toughness balance. To prevent the degradation of toughness or strength due to a lean alloying composition, the authors optimize processing parameters, such as a rolling stop temperature or accelerated cooling patterns. By in large, two strategies have been applied to develop linepipe steels; i) cooling starts in + region, and iii) rolling stops in + region. These strategies promote ferrite+bainite dual phase microstructures exhibiting a good low temperature toughness and strength balance. Such dual phase microstructures are characterized by using EBSD (electron back scattered diffraction) technique. The result shows a percentage of DWTT shear area is strongly correlated with effective grain size (misorientation 15). As a result, the present work demonstrates that heavy gauge API steels grade X65/70 can be achieved with Mo+V free or small addition of Mo alloying elements.

Seung-Hwan Chon Technical Research Laboratories, POSCO Gwangyang, Jeonnam, Korea Ki-Bong Kang Technical Research Laboratories, POSCO Gwangyang, Jeonnam, Korea

INTRODUCTION
Installation depth of linepipe for offshore application has been much deeper since 1970s [1]. For example, in North Sea Frigg pipeline was installed in 155m water depth in 1974. Since then Blue stream project, pipeline was installed in 2150m water depth. As such an installation depth of pipeline is deeper, the wall thickness of linepipe becomes thicker because of the collapse caused by external pressure [2-5]. In short, wall thickness needs to be thick enough to stand for external pressure (0.1MPa/10m; 30MPa/3000m) and also bending moment along a longitudinal direction, exerting on pipeline when installed [2,3].

The wall thickness of pipeline for deep-water has been 30~44mm, and the maximum depth for each was ranged from 2200~3500mm [2-5]. Additionally, Timmermmans [1] suggested that the depth of oil or gas fields be ca. 5000m for flowlines and subsea connections for next 30 years, and long distance gas transmission lines be installed in 3000~4000m of water-depth. Demands for heavy gauge linepipe steels exist in the past; however, the requirement for steel has become more stringent than before. In particular, low temperature toughness for a heavy gauge linepipe steels has been harsher. For instance, Drop Weight Tear Test Shear Area (DWTT S.A.) requirement for steel plate has been typically greater than and equal to 85%, and tests have been generally conducted at 10~20C for X65/70 grade steel for deep-water applications. For the recent project, the DWT testing temperature has been lowered to -30C for plate condition, and DWTT S.A. is requested to be 85%. Likely, the low temperature toughness requirement will be more and more severe, as the location of site becomes more remote and cold region such as arctic region [6,7]. Furthermore, depth of the installation of pipeline for transmission will be even deeper than 2000m in the future. Hence, in order to meet the requirement of changing in linepipe steel plate requirement, we have developed linepipe steels for deep water applications (water-depth below 1000m). The paper describes the development of X65 (25.4~27mm thick) and X70 (37.1mm thick) with lean chemical compositions. Alloying elements, Mo, Cr, Cu, V, were limited to use for this development because of the high cost of such elements. These strengthening elements are normally used to improve low temperature toughness and strength, simultaneously, for linepipe steels [3,7-9]. In order to overcome such a limitation for chemical compositions, the rolling and accelerated cooling schedules were optimized. As a result, X65 and X70, having lean chemical compositions, have been developed.

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DEVELOPMENT OF X65 for OFFSHORE APPLICATION


Mill production trials of linepipe X65 steels with 25.4 and 27mm thickness were carried out. 500tons of continuous casting slabs for X65 Mo-free were prepared by LD converter furnace. Slabs with 300mm thickness were reheated and rolled to 25.4 and 27mm thick plate, and then accelerated cooling was applied to produce the final product. TMCP parameters will be discussed briefly in the later section. Target properties for X65 were summarized in Table 1. This requirement was for plate properties for deep-water application. Table 1. The requirement for X65 25.4~27mm thickness
Direction YP (MPa) TS (MPa) Charpy (J) DWTT S.A. (%) CTOD (mm) Transverse Longitudinal /Transverse Test temp. (C) RT -20 -20 -10 Specification 450~570 535~750 150 (Ave.) 85 (Ave.) 0.2

Conversely, as the FCT decreases, yield strength increases. This is because FCT tends to be low as SCT is high in the present work. Ultimate tensile strength also exhibits the similar trend of yield strength, as shown in Figures 1a&b. The optimum SCT and FCT is Ar3~Ar330C and Ms+30~50C, respectively. This accelerated cooling parameter has been applied to the second mill production trials.

(a)

520 500 480 460 440 420

YP, MPa

Ar3 Low SCT, C High

(b) Chemical Compositions & TMCP parameters


To develop linepipe X65 steel with 25.4~27mm thick plate, alloying element Mo was eliminated, and Cr was instead added to compensate hardenability of steel. Hardenability of Mo alloying element has been reported to be approximately 2~3 times greater than that of Cr [10]. Additional microalloying elements Ti, Nb were added for grain size refinement during reheating of slabs as well as controlled rolling processes for the developed steel. Other typical alloying elements V, Cu were also avoided to reduce the additional cost of plate production. Although effective strengthening elements Mo, V, Cu were removed from X65 with 25.4 & 27mm thickness plate, mechanical properties could be achieved with such a lean chemical composition, shown in Table 2. Table 2. Chemical Compositions, wt%
C 0.07 Mn 1.7 Cr 0.15 Others Ti, Nb

520 500 480 460 440 420

YP, MPa

Low

FCT, C

High

(c)

550

500

YP, MPa

450

TMCP parameters were optimized to achieve mechanical properties, listed in Table1. Rolling schedule was selected to obtain an excellent low temperature toughness and strength balance. Following strategy was employed; low reheating and rolling temperature was selected to maximize grain size refinement up to the center location of thickness for a plate. Furthermore, a ratio of deformation in non-recrystallization temperature range was maximized to obtain elongated austenite structure before a cooling starts. Typically, finish rolling temperature (FRT) was just above Ar3 (ferrite transformation start temperature), and start and finish cooling temperature (SCT and FCT) was respectively below Ar3 and above Ms (Martensite transformation start temperature). The effect of accelerated cooling temperature has been investigated. Figure 1 depicts that yield strength increases as the SCT becomes just below or above Ar3. This is because the areal volume fraction of ferrite decreases, as SCT increases, as shown in Figure 1c. Obviously, the yield strength increases, as the areal fraction of ferrite decreases.

400 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

Area fraction of ferrite, %


Figure 1. Accelerated cooling temperature affects yield strength. (a) Yield strength is proportional to start cooling temperature; (b) yield strength is inversely proportional to finish cooling temperature; (c) yield strength is proportional to the area fraction of ferrite. Closed and open square symbols in (a) & (b) mean transverse and longitudinal direction results, respectively. The plotted data in (c) is for yield strength results for transverse direction.

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Microstructures Analysis ; DWTT S.A. vs. Effective grain diameter


Figure 2 shows a typical ferrite + bainite microstructure of X65, taken from the center location of plate (25.4mm thickness). Optimum ferrite grain size was about 5m, and 30 ~ 45% areal volume fraction of ferrite was optimal for strength according to the relationship between yield strength and areal volume fraction of ferrite, as shown in Figure 1c. Ferrite grain size is simply measured by linear intercept method according to ASTM E112-96.

averaged effective grain diameter increases. Also, increases in abnormal fracture appearance are matched with the degradation of DWTT S.A., as shown in Figures 4a & b. As an example, Figure 4c shows the example for good (left) and poor (right) DWTT S.A. case. As a result, in order to obtain good toughness and strength balance, an effective grain size needs to be below approximately 11m for the developed X65, which a plate thickness is from 25.4 to 27mm. The influence of bimodal grain size distribution (or effective grain diameter) on DWTT S.A. needs to have more attention for further research to understand exact degradation mechanisms.

0.20 High SCT Low SCT 0.15

Area fraction

0.10

0.05

0.00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Effective grain diameter, m

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2 A typical ferrite+bainite dual phase microstructure; the micrograph was taken from the center location of 25.4mm thick X65. Electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) method was employed to investigate the relationship between effective grain diameter and DWTT S.A. Since DWTT S.A is known to be improved, as grain size decreases [11]. In the present study, effective grain diameter was defined as the diameter of enclosed area where a misorientation angle was greater than and equal to 15 relative to neighboring grains, and areal weighted effective grain size was used as an indicator for grain size comparison among plates, which has been differently TMCP. Notably, phase was not distinguished when the effective grain diameter was calculated. All EBSD map was obtained from the center location of a plate. Figure 3 presents the grain boundary maps for high and low SCT case. Besides grain boundary maps, the distribution of effective grain diameter (areal fraction weighted) was illustrated next to boundary maps. As clearly shown in Figures 3a & c, when the SCT is high, bimodal grain size distribution occurs, indicating that large grain size was accompanied with smaller sized grain. Areal weighted average grain size for high and low SCT case is 10.2 and 12.9m for each. Interestingly, the areal weighted average (AWA) grain diameter was large, when bimodal grain diameter distribution was observed. Hence, AWA grain size is a good countermeasure for bimodal grain size distribution and also the presence of large grains in X65 steel. When large size grains coexist with finer grains (High SCT case in Figures 3b&c), DWTT S.A. degrades. This observation is additionally supported by Figure 4a. As an effective grain diameter increases from 9 to 17m, DWTT S.A. become more scattered, and large amount of plates are failed to pass the specification (85% @ -20C), as depicted in Figure 4a. The reason for such degradation of DWTT S.A. is attributed to the occurrence of an abnormal fracture appearance near the end of fracture surface along the crack propagation direction. Figure 4b shows that the amount of percentage for abnormal fracture appearance (see right fractograph in Figure 4c) increases as the

Figure 3 Example of grain boundary maps (misorientation angle 15) and effective grain diameter distribution for each condition; (a) high SCT (average grain diameter = 12.9m), (b) low SCT case (average grain diameter = 10.2m), (c) effective grain diameter distribution for each case.

(a)
DWTT S.A., %

100

80

60

10

12

14

16

18

Effective grain diameter, m

(b)
Abnormal fracture app., %

40

Brittle near end of fracture Brittle near Notch tip


30

20

10

0 8 10 12 14 16 18

Effective grain diameter, m

Figure 4. continue

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(c)

phase regions. A typical microstructure is ferrite + bainite (Figure 2). The current DWTT fractograph is at odd with the previous result by others that ferrite+bainite microstructure promotes separation [12]. And thus, ferrite+bainite microstructure does not always promote separation on DWTT fracture surface, according to the present result.

(a)

100 80

DWTT S.A.,%

60 40 20 0 -40 -30 -20

Figure 4 Effective grain size is important factor for DWTT S.A.; (a) Relationship between DWTT S.A. and effective grain diatmeter, (b) relationship between the fraction of abnormal fracture apearrance and effective grain diameter. (c) Fractograph illustrates the good DWTT S.A. (86%) and poor DWTT S.A. (79%). For Figures 4a & b, DWT test temperature was -20C, and full thickness specimen (25.4 & 27mm thickness) was employed.

27mm 25.4mm
-10 0

Temperature, C
(b)

Mill Production Results obtained with Optimum TMCP Condition


The optimized rolling and cooling parameters were applied to the second mill trials. The tensile and low temperature toughness test results were summarized in Table 3. Full size flat bar tensile specimen was employed to measure tensile properties in accordance with API 5L. DWT test was conducted according to DNV-OS-F101 and API RP 5L3, and CTOD test was followed BS7449. For DWT and CTOD test, full thickness specimen was used. As listed in Table 3, tensile and toughness properties were met with the target requirement. Mean value of yield strength and ultimate tensile strength was 492 and 563MPa in transverse direction, respectively. For longitudinal direction, YS and UTS was 485 and 556MPa for each. Tensile result exhibited low anisotropy between directions. For low temperature toughness, average of DWTT S.A. and CTOD was 90% and 1.71mm for each.

Figure 5 (a) DWTT transtion curve for 25.4 and 27mm thickness X65 plate. Different symbols means indicated in graph in Figure 5a. (b) Example of DWTT fracture appearance for X65 tested at 20C

Mass Production of X65 for Offshore Application


The optimum rolling and cooling parameter obtained from mill trials has been applied to mass mill production. Approximately 10,000 metric tons were manufactured, and the thickness of plate was generally 25.4~26mm. Similar to the mill trials, continuous casting slabs were prepared by LD converter furnace. Slabs with 300mm thickness were reheated and controlling rolled to 25.4 and 26mm thickness plate, and then accelerated cooling was applied to produce final plate products. Figure 6 summaries the distribution of mechanical properties for X65 steels. Mechanical properties were measured according to rules, as mentioned in the previous section. The specification for each property was listed in Table 1. Arithmetic averages of properties were listed in Table 4. Yield and tensile strength for both directions are distributed within 450~470MPa and 535~670MPa, respectively, as shown in Figures 6a-6b. The tensile property distribution suggests a low anisotropic property between longitudinal and transverse direction. Additionally, for low temperature toughness in Figures 6c & 6d, DWT and charpy impact test was carried out at -20C for plates. Figure 6c shows the distribution of values of DWTT S.A. for every heat, and DWTT S.A. are all above 85%. Furthermore, Figure 6d illustrates the result of charpy impact energy obtained at -20C for both strain aged

Table 3 25.4~27mm thick plate mechanical properties


Direction Transverse YP (MPa) Longitudinal Transverse TS (MPa) Charpy (J) DWTT S.A. (%) CTOD (mm) Transverse Longitudinal Results 466~528 460~511 536~578 537~565 319~411 85~96 1.5~2.01

In addition, the result of DWTT transition curve for 25.4 and 27mm thickness plates is presented in Figure 5a, and the example of DWTT fracture appearance is also presented in Figure 5b. 75% of DWTT S.A. can be obtained down to -30C, and 85% is able to be obtained down to -20C. On the fracture appearance of DWTT specimen, very limited separation occurs in the center location of thickness, since X65 plate were rolled above Ar3, and then accelerated cooling has begun in +

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Relative frequency, %

and as-TMCP condition. Strain aging was conducted at temperature of 250C for 60 minutes after 5% straining to specimens. Charpy impact energy of either strain aged or as-TMCP condition was higher than 350J at the given testing temperature. Degradation of charpy impact properties after strain aging was not observed in mass mill production. As a result, X65 having a lean composition was produced and exhibited a good toughness-strength balance. Table 4 Averaged value of mechanical properties
Direction YP (MPa) Transverse Longitudinal Transverse Longitudinal Average 506 494 576 564 461 Transverse 460 99

60

(d)

50 40 30 20 10 0 360

As-TMCP TMCP + Strain Aged

380

400

420

440

460

480

500

CVN / Aging CVN at -20C, J

TS (MPa) As-TMCP TMCP+Strain Aged

Charpy (J)

Figure 6 The distribution of mechanical testing results for produced X65 plates (25.4~26mm thickness); (a) yield strength, (b) tensile strength, (c) DWTT S.A. obtained at 20C, (d) Charpy energy obtained at -20C for as-TMCP and strain aged condition. DEVELOPMENT OF X70 for OFFSHORE APPLICATION
In laboratory scale, two different chemical compositions were used to develop heavy gauge X70 for offshore application. 100Kg of ingot casts for X70 were prepared by vacuum induction melting. Slabs with 160mm thickness were reheated and rolled to 37.1mm thickness plate, and then accelerated cooling was applied to produce the final product. Important target properties for X70 plate were summarized in Table 4. As compared to the target requirement of X65 steels in the previous section, the requirement for X70 is much stringent. For instance, DWT test temperature is -30C for plate. Moreover, thickness of X70 plate is also thicker than X65 plate because the target installation depth is below 2000m. Lab-scale tests were conducted to evaluate the candidate chemical compositions for heavy gauge X70 with 37.1mm thickness plate. Table 4. The requirement for X70 plate (37.1mm thickness)
Direction YP (MPa) TS (MPa) Charpy (J) DWTT S.A. (%) Transverse Longitudinal /Transverse Test temp. (C) RT -50 -30 -20 Specification 480~580 570~690 100 (Ave.) 85 (Ave.) 0.38

DWTT S.A. (%)

(a)
Relative frequency, %

40 YP-T YP-L 30

20

10

0 400

440

480

520

560

600

Yield Strength, MPa


30

Relative frequency, %

(b)

TS-T TS-L

25 20 15 10 5 0 520 560 600 640 680

Tensile Strength, MPa


100

CTOD (mm)

Relative Frequency, %

(c)

80

Chemical Compositions & TMCP parameters; Lab-scale trials


Two different alloy chemistries were examined to compare between high C-low Mn (typical alloying system) and low C-high Mn alloy composition, in order to develop linepipe X70 steel with 37.1mm thick plate. High C-low Mn case contains multi-strengthening alloying elements, Cu, Mo, Nb, V, and the other is low C and high Mn without additional Cu, V alloying elements. Experimental alloying compositions were summarized in Table 5.

60

40

20

0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

DWTT S.A. at -20C, %

Figure 6 continue

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Table 5. Chemical Compositions, wt%


Concept High C-Low Mn Low C- High Mn C 0.07 0.06 Mn 1.6 1.8 Mo <0.10 <0.10 Others Ti, Nb,Ni Cu, V Ti, Nb, Ni

TMCP parameters were similar to those for X65, as described in the earlier section. Low reheating and rolling temperature was selected to refine grain size throughout the thickness of plate. A finish rolling temperature was slightly lowered since the thickness of X70 plate was thicker than that of X65. Typical microstructure for each composition displays in Figure 7. For each alloy composition, base microstructure was slightly different. For high C-low Mn case, ferrite + bainite dual phase microstructure was base microstructure, whereas for low C-high Mn case, ferrite + acicular ferrite was base structure. For high C-low Mn case, the volume fraction of ferrite was higher than the low C-high Mn case. This suggests that Ar3 for high C-Low Mn case is slightly higher than that for low C-high Mn case. Grain size was measured by EBSD and illustrated in Figure 8. This will be discussed with DWTT results in the later section.

DWTT S.A. greater than 85% at the testing temperature of -30C, whereas high C-low Mn case shows a scattered DWTT S.A. including DWTT S.A. below 85% at the testing temperature of -30C. In addition, Figure 9 presents DWTT fractograph and grain boundary maps for each composition. DWTT S.A. in Figure 9a and 9b is 78% and 90% for high C-low Mn and low C-high Mn case, respectively. For high C-low Mn case, fracture morphology contains large area of brittle fracture appearance on both near notch tip region and the end of fracture surface; however, fractograph for low C-high Mn case does not show any brittle fracture appearance. Consequently, low C-high Mn composition case exhibits a better DWTT property, as compared to the high C-low Mn case.

Table 6 Result of tensile and DWT tests


Composition High C-Low Mn Low C High Mn High C-Low Mn Low C High Mn High C-Low Mn Low C High Mn Location t/4 t/2 t/4 t/2 t/4 t/2 t/4 t/2 -47C -47C Results 514~520 506~519 504~531 516~529 594~627 589~640 596~605 600~615 61~93 86~96

YP (MPa)

TS (MPa)

DWTT S.A. (%)

DWTT S.A., %

(a) (b) Figure 7 Optical micrograph showing (a) ferrite and bainite microstructure in high C-Low Mn alloys system, (b) ferrite and acicular ferrite structures in low C-high Mn alloy system. The micrograph was taken from the center location of 37.1mm thick X70 steels. Mechanical Properties Results for Lab-scale Test Tensile and DWT tests for transverse direction were conducted for lab-scale trials. Tensile specimen was used for sub-sized specimen and round bar shape according to API 5L. Since tensile specimen was subsized and round shape, the results might be only a representative for local microstructures. Hence, tensile specimens were machined from quarter and center section of X70 with 37.1mm thickness plate. Tensile results were summarized in Table 6. For both alloy compositions, yield and tensile strength measured from each location were satisfied with the requirement listed in Table 4. And, the tensile properties were similar throughout the thickness of plate, regardless of alloying composition. For DWTT, the reduced size specimen was used in accordance with DNV-OS-F101 and API RP 5L3, and DWT test temperature was reduced according to API RP 5L3 (for the present work ; -30C 47C). The results of DWTT S.A. were listed in Table 6 for each composition, and DWTT transition curve is also presented in Figure 8. According to the DWTT results, low C-high Mn case exhibits better DWTT properties than high C-low Mn case; low C-high Mn case has

100

80

60

40 Low C - High Mn High C-Low Mn -57 -47 -37 -27

20

Temperature, C
Figure 8 Low C-high Mn case shows better DWTT properties relative to high C-low Mn case in DWTT transition curve for each composition. In X-axis, acutal testing temperature was used in this figure. According to the API RP 5L3, -17C has been droped to employ the reduced size DWTT specimen (37mm 19mm thickness). High C-low Mn case did not intentionally incldue test temperture of -57C. In order to examine the difference in DWTT property between different compositions, the effective grain size was checked for each case using EBSD. This has been shown to be a good countermeasure for DWTT properties, as briefly discussed in the section for X65. Effective grain size was measured from the center location of plate thickness direction. Next to each fractograph in Figure 9, grain boundary maps (misorietation angle 15) are displayed to emphasize

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the effect of grain size on DWTT S.A. Effective grain size for high Clow Mn and low C-high Mn case is 13.1m and 8.6m, respectively. Additionally, effective grain size distribution is also shown in Figure 8c. Grain size is tightly distributed within 25m for low C-high Mn case, whereas grain size larger than 30m is detected for high C-low Mn case. This present observation suggests that the finer grain size (or diameter) promote the higher percent of DWTT S.A., which is coincident with the results in X65 (see Figure 4a). Therefore, finer grain size is one of the most important factors to improve low temperature DWTT property for heavy gauge linepipe steels. Excellent DWTT properties for low Chigh Mn steels can be attributed to fine grain structure and homogenous grain size, as shown in Figure 9. Japanese researchers reported [7] that charpy impact toughness could be improved, as Mn alloying content increasesed with fixed other compositions. This improvement was ascribed to the refinement of grain size. According to the Japanese researchers, grain size could be refined because of the low Ar3 with high Mn content. They argued that grain growth was suppressed after transformation because of low Ar3 temperature. The present DWTT results also support the previous Japanese works [7] (Ar3 = 756C for Low C-High Mn vs. Ar3 = 740C for High C-Low Mn: Ar3 = 910(273C)-(74Mn)-(57Ni)-(16Cr)-(9Mo)-(5Cu) [13]) Additionally, the recent work suggests that low C content may promote more homogeneous solid-state microstructure and also reduces microsegregation, because the temperature window of phase field for low C content is larger than that for high C case, and thus solutes can be homogenized in solid easily after solidification, since diffusivity of solutes in phase is 100 times greater than in phase [14,15]. This implies that low C alloy composition will not encourage intensive micro-segregation relative to high C composition, and consequently it would result in more homogeneous microstructure. Therefore, low C and high Mn composition has beneficial effect on low temperature toughness. More systematic research needs to advance the understanding for the effect of C and Mn on DWTT properties.

0.20 Multi-Composition Low C - high Mn 0.15

Area fraction

0.10

0.05

0.00 10 20 30 40 50

Effective grain diameter, m

(c) Figure 9 (a) Grain bounday maps and fractography of DWTT for High C-Low Mn case. DWTT S.A. is 78%. (b) Grain boundary map with fractograph of DWTT for low C + high Mn case. DWTT S.A. is 90%. DWT test temperature for both cases was -47C. (c) effective grain diameter distribution comparision A mill trial for X70 with 37.1mm thickness plate has been recently carried out. Low C high Mn composition was employed in order to obtain low temperature toughness based on lab-scale experimental results. Mechanical testing is currently in-progress.

SUMMARY
Heavy gauge X65 and X70 steels have been developed with lean compositions, and mechanical properties were satisfied with target requirements. Thermomechanical parameters were carefully chosen and precisely controlled to obtain a good toughness and strength balance for X65/70 steels. 1. Finish rolling temperature was set just above or below Ar3, depending on alloy composition as well as a thickness of plate. This low temperature finish rolling schedule was selected in order to obtain fine microstructure, which will promote excellent toughness properties. Moreover, cooling starts temperature was also precisely controlled to be below Ar3 to obtain 30~45% ferrite + bainite microstructure. 2. The present work showed that areal weighted averaged (AWA) effective grain size was a good countermeasure for bimodal effective grain size distribution. Also, DWTT S.A. was strongly correlated with AWA effective grain size determined by EBSD. This suggests that large grain in plate has detrimental effect on DWTT properties. For developed X65 steel, DWTT S.A. was higher than 85% when AWA effective grain size was smaller than ca. 11m. 3. For X70 steel, low Chigh Mn alloy system exhibited high DWTT S.A. obtained at -47C. An excellent low temperature DWTT. S.A. was attributed to fine grain size. However, high C-low Mn steel was not able to obtain good DWTT S.A. at the given testing temperature. More works need to be done to improve understanding for the beneficial effect of low C-high Mn content on DWTT properties for linepipe steels.

(a)

(b)

Figure 9 continue

REFERENCE [1] Timmenrmans, W.J., The Future of Offshore Pipelining, Offshore (2010), www.offshore-mag.com.

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[2] Braskoro, S., Dronkers, T.D.T., van Driel, M., From Shallow to Deep Implication for Offshore Pipeline Design, Journal of the Indonesian Oil and Gas Community (2004), 1-9. [3] Hillenbrand, H.-G., Graef, M.K., Gros-Weege, Marewski, G.K.U., Development of Linepipe for Deep-water Application, Proceedings of The Twelfth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Kitakyushu, Japan (2002), 287~294. [4] Graef, M., Vogt, G., Experiences with Thick Walled Offshore Pipelines, 9th International Conference and Exhibition (1997), 1-17 [5] Graef, M., Hillenbrand, U. Zeislmair, A., Production of Longitudinally Welded Large Diameter Linepipe for Deep Water Application, Pipeline Technology Conference, Brugge, Belgium (2000), 389-401. [6] Lillig, D.B., The First (2007) ISOPE Strain-Based Design Symposium Review, Proceedings of The Twelfth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Vancouver, Canada (2008), 1-12. [7] Shiga, C., Hatomura, T., Kudoh, J.-I, Kamada, A. Hirose, K., Sekine, T., Development of Large Diameter High Strength Line Pipes for Low Temperature Service, Kawasaki Steel Technical Report (1981), 97-109. [8] Morozonv, Yu.D., Matrosov, M.Yu., Nastich, S.Yu., Arabei, A.B., New Generation of High Strength Tube Steels with a Ferrite-Bainite Structure, Metallurgist (2008), 450-456. [9] Yoo, J.Y., Ahn, S.S., Seo, D.H., Song, W.H., Kang, K.B., New Development of High Grade X80 to X120 Pipeline Steels, Materials and Manufacturing Processes (2011), 154-160. [10] Hara, T., Shinohara, Y., Terada, Y., Asahi, H., Doi, N., Metallurgical Design and Development of High Deformable High Strength Line Pipe Suitable for Strain-based Design, Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Osaka, Japan (2009), 73-79. [11] Chon, S.H., Yoo, J.Y., Seo, D.H., Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Heavy-gauge X70 Offshore Pipeline Steels, Pipeline Technology Conference, Ostende, Belgium (2009), 84-87. [12] Hara, T., Shinohara, Y., Asahi, H., Terada, Y., Effects of Microstructure and Texture on DWTT Properties for High Strength Line Pipe Steels, Proceedings of International Pipeline Conference, Calgary, Canada (2006), 245-250.

[13] Ouchi, C., Sampei, T., Kozasu, I., The Effect of Hot Rolling Condition and Chemical Composition on the Onset Temperature of Transformation after Hot Rolling, Transactions ISIJ (1982), 214-222. [14] Zurob, H.S., Zhu, G., Subramanian, S.V., Purdy, G.R., Hutchinson, C.R., Brechet, Y., Analysis of the Effect of Mn on the Recrystallization Kinetics of High Nb Steel: An Example of Physically-Based Alloy Design, ISIJ international (2005), 713722. [15] Hulka, K., Gray, J.M. High Temperature Processing of Line-Pipe Steels, Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001, Orlando, USA (2001) 587 612.

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