Force Force=mass*acceleration (F=ma) Weight=mass*gravitational field strength (W=mg) Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics that studies fluids

(liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest; fluid kinematics, the study of fluids in motion; and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms, that is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint rather than from a microscopic viewpoint. Fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research with many unsolved or partly solved problems. Fluid mechanics can be mathematically complex. Sometimes it can best be solved bynumerical methods, typically using computers. A modern discipline, called computational fluid dynamics (CFD), is devoted to this approach to solving fluid mechanics problems. Also taking advantage of the highly visual nature of fluid flow is particle image velocimetry, an experimental method for visualizing and analyzing fluid flow. In physics, buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a liquid, gas or other fluid, that opposes the weight of an immersed object. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus a column of fluid, or an object submerged in the fluid, experiences greater pressure at the bottom of the column than at the top. This difference in pressure results in a net force that tends to accelerate an object upwards. The magnitude of that force is proportional to the difference in the pressure between the top and the bottom of the column, and (as explained by Archimedes' principle) is also equivalent to the weight of the fluid that would otherwise occupy the column, i.e. thedisplaced fluid. For this reason, an object whose density is greater than that of the fluid in which it is submerged tends to sink. If the object is either less dense than the liquid or is shaped appropriately (as in a boat), the force can keep the object afloat. This can occur only in a reference frame which either has a gravitational field or is accelerating due to a force other than gravity defining a "downward" direction (that is, a non-inertial reference frame). In a situation of fluid statics, the net upward buoyancy force is equal to the magnitude of the weight of fluid displaced by the body.

Buoyancy The buoyant force tends is a force that acts in the upward direction when an object is partially or fully submerged in water. The equation for the force is: Fb is the buoyant force, pointing upwards, in Newtons (N). Vs is the volume submerged in metres cubed (m3). L is the density of the liquid (or gas) that the object is being submerged in kilograms per metre cubed (kg / m3). g is the force of gravity in Newtons per kilogram (N / kg). Note: if an object is only partially submerged, then Vs is only the volume of the submerged section. Consider a floating object. The floating object has two forces acting on it, that of gravity and that of buoyancy. If the object is not sinking or rising, then these two forces will be equal. The force of gravity generally the form: Fg is the force of gravity in Newtons (N). m is the mass in (kg). g is the acceleration due to gravity in Newtons per kilogram (N / kg). is the density of the object in kilograms per metre cubed (kg / m3). V is the volume of the object in metres cubed (m3). This equation will be equal to the above one in static equilibrium, and depending what variables are given, you can use these to solve for the remaining ones. Pressure Pressure is a force per unit area. Thus, the force on an object is the pressure applied times the area over which it is applied: F is the total force in Newtons (N). P is the pressure in Pascals (Pa). A is the area in metre squared (m2).e So if we imagine the window of a submarine, the pressure inside is 1atm (or 101.3kPa) and the pressure outside could be 500Pa. The

pressure difference times the area of the window (0.05m) would give the total force from the water on the submarine window. We can also calculate the pressure at some depth. For this we use the equation: P2 is the pressure at height h2 in Pascals (Pa). P1 is the pressure at height h1 in Pascals (Pa). RhoL is the density of the liquid, in kilograms per metre cubed (kg / m3). g is the force of gravity, in Newtons per kilogram (N / kg). h2 is the height for the pressure P2 in meters (m). h1 is the height for the pressure P1 in meters (m). Bernoulli's Equation Bernoulli's Equation relates the pressure of a fluid with its height and velocity, allowing you to predict the properties as a fluid at a general point in a complicated system pipes based on your knowledge of it a some particular point. The full equation takes the following form:

is the velocity of the fluid in metres per second (m / s) is the gravitational constant in metres per second squared (m / s2) is the height of the fluid in meteres (m) is the pressure of the fluid in Pascals (Pa) is the density of the liquid in kilograms per metre cubed (kg / m3) is a constant. Another useful fact to remember related to bernoulli's equation is the fact that in a steady flow of an incompressible liquid, the total rate of volume flow per unit time at any point is constant. This is easy to understand because it is basically a statement that since the liquid is incompressible, it can't "bunch up" or "spread out" at any point (the density of the liquid is constant). This means that if you have liquid flowing through a pipe with a shrinking diameter, the velocity of the liquid much increase: Consider that after a small time dta small bunch of liquid travels a distance dx = vdt, where v is the velocity. Then the total volume that has been displaced is dV = Adx, where A is the area of the pipe at this point. In other words: dV = A(vdt), and thus we say:

A sphygmomanometer or blood pressure meter (also referred to as a sphygmomanometer) is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow, and a mercury or mechanical manometer to measure the pressure. It is always used in conjunction with a means to determine at what pressure blood flow is just starting, and at what pressure it is unimpeded. Manual sphygmomanometers are used in conjunction with a stethoscope. A sphygmomanometer consists of an inflatable cuff, a measuring unit (the mercury manometer, or aneroid gauge), and a mechanism for inflation which may be a manually operated bulb and valve or a pump operated electrically. The usual unit of measurement of blood pressure is millimeters of mercury (mmHg) as measured directly by a manual sphygmomanometer. There are two types of sphygmomanometers:

Manual sphygmomanometers require a stethoscope for auscultation (see below). They are used by trained practitioners, and cannot be used in environments too noisy to permit hearing the characteristic sounds. It is possible to obtain a basic reading through palpation, but this only yields the systolic pressure.

Mercury sphygmomanometers are considered to be the gold standard. They measure blood pressure directly by observing the height of a column of mercury; errors of calibration cannot occur (unless the markings on the scale of millimeters are wrong). Due to their accuracy, they are often required in clinical trials of pharmaceuticals and for clinical evaluations of determining blood pressure for high-risk patients including pregnant women. Aneroid sphygmomanometers (mechanical types with a dial) are in

common use; they require regular calibration checks, unlike mercury manometers. Aneroid sphygmomanometers are considered safer than mercury based, although less accurate.[2] A major cause of departure from calibration is mechanical jarring. Aneroids mounted on walls or stands are less susceptible to this particular problem. Digital, using oscillometric measurements and electronic calculation rather than auscultation. They may use manual or automatic inflation.

These are electronic, easy to operate without training by anybody, and can be used in noisy environments. They measure systolic and diastolic pressuresby oscillometric detection, using a piezoelectric pressure sensor and electronic components including a microprocessor[3]. They do not measure systolic and diastolic pressures directly, but calculate them from the mean pressure and empirical oscillometric parameters. Most instruments also display pulse rate. Digital oscillometric monitors are also confronted with "special conditions" for which they are not designed to be used:arteriosclerosis; arrhythmia; preeclampsia; pulsus alternans; and pulsus paradoxus.Digital instruments may use a cuff placed, in order of accuracy, and inverse order of portability and convenience, around the upper arm, the wrist, or a finger. The oscillometric method of detection used gives blood pressure readings that differ from those determined by ausculation, and vary subject to many factors, for example pulse pressure, heart rate and arterial stiffness. Some instruments claim also to measure arterial stiffness. However such machines are not recommended for regular users as machines that claim to have 3% accuracy rate, are usually inaccurate to over 7%, and even provided two different readings when checked at the same time. Such people should use an analog sphygmomanometer, as it is highly accurate, and both mercury as well as a dial based should be kept. Blood pressure is the pressure of circulating blood against the blood vessel walls. This measurement, which is usually taken using a stethoscope, pressure gauge and inflatable cuff wrapped around an arm, provides a quick indicator of a person's health. Blood pressure cuffs must be properly applied and inflated for blood pressure readings to be accurate. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury--written as mmHg-because, historically, blood pressure calculations were made using a column of mercury displaced by pressure generated by the heartbeat and measured in millimeters. Today, digital blood pressure machines are capable of accurately calculating blood pressure automatically. Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic blood pressure measures how hard the heart's left ventricle contracts to circulate blood through the body. Normal adult blood pressure is 120/80, where the top (first) number is the systolic pressure. Diastolic Blood Pressure Diastolic blood pressure measures the pressure in the blood vessels when the heart's chambers are relaxed and filling with blood. In a normal adult blood pressure of 120/80, diastole is the bottom (second) number.

Pascal's Law states, " The intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid at rest, is the same in all direction."