k

Contentsk
PAGEkNO
1.Ac nowledgement
2.Introduction
3.Aimkofkthekexperimentk
a-Generalkobjective
b-Specifickobjective
4.MaterialskRequiredk
5.Theoryk7/13
6.DetailskofkprocedurekandkObservations
7.Conclusionk
8.Bibliographyk
9.Signaturek

iitjeeboo sfree.blogspot.com

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Nic elk(k/'n? ?l/kni- ?l)kiskakchemicalkelementkwithkthekchemicalksymbolkNikandk

atomicknumberk28.
Itkiskaksilvery-whiteklustrouskmetalkwithkakslightkgoldenktinge.k
Nic elkbelongsktokthektransitionkmetalskandkiskhardkandkductile.k
Pureknic elkshowskaksignificantkchemicalkactivitykthatkcankbekobservedkwhenknic
elkiskpowderedktokmaximizekthekexposedksurfacekareakonkwhichkreactionskcankoccur
,
butklargerkpieceskofkthekmetalkarekslowktokreactkwithkairkatkambientkconditionsk
duektokthekformationkofkakprotectivekoxideksurface.k
Evenkthen,knic elkiskreactivekenoughkwithkoxygenksokthatknativeknic elkiskrarely
kfoundkonkEarth'sksurface,kbeingkmostlykconfinedktokthekinteriorskofklargerknic
el ironkmeteorites
thatkwerekprotectedkfromkoxidationkduringktheirktimekinkspace.kOnkEarth,ksuchkna
tiveknic elkiskalwayskfoundkinkcombinationkwithkiron,
akreflectionkofkthosekelements'koriginkaskmajorkendkproductskofktheknucleosynthe
siskprocesskinksupernovas.kAnkiron nic elkmixturekiskthoughtktokcomposekEarth'skin
nerkcore.[3]
Thekusekofknic elk(askaknaturalkmeteoricknic el ironkalloy)khaskbeenktracedkaskfar
kbac kask3500kBC.
Nic elkwaskfirstkisolatedkandkclassifiedkaskakchemicalkelementkink1751kbykAxelkF
redri kCronstedt,kwhokinitiallykmistoo kitskorekforkakcopperkmineral.k
ThekelementknamekcomeskfromkakmischievouskspritekofkGermankminer'skmythology,kNi
c elk(similarktokOldkNic ),kthatkpersonifiedkthekfactkthatkcopper-nic elkoreskre
sistedkrefinementkintokcopper.k
Nic el'skmostkimportantkmodernkorekmineralskareklaterites,kincludingklimonite,kg
arnierite,kandkpentlandite.kMajorkproductionksiteskincludekSudburykregionkinkCan
adak(whichkiskthoughtktokbekofkmeteorickorigin),
NewkCaledoniakinkthekPacifickandkNorils kinkRussia.
Becausekofknic el'skslowkratekofkoxidationkatkroomktemperature,kitkiskconsidered
kcorrosion-resistant.kHistoricallykthiskhaskledktokitskusekforkplatingkmetalsksu
chkaskironkandkbrass,k
tokitskusekforkchemicalkapparatus,kandkitskusekinkcertainkalloyskthatkwillkretai
nkakhighksilverykpolish,ksuchkaskGermanksilver.kAboutk6%kofkworldknic elkproduct
ionkiskstillkusedkforkcorrosion-resistantkpure-nic elkplating.k
Nic elkwaskoncekakcommonkcomponentkofkcoins,kbutkhasklargelykbeenkreplacedkbykch
eaperkironkforkthiskpurpose,kespeciallyksincekthekmetalkhaskprovenktokbekaks ink
allergenkforksomekpeople.
Nic elkiskonekofkthekfourkelementskthatkarekferromagnetickaroundkroomktemperatur
e.kAlnicokpermanentkmagnetskbasedkpartlykonknic elkarekofkintermediatekstrengthk
betweenkiron-basedkpermanentkmagnetskandkrare-earthkmagnets.k
Thekmetalkiskchieflykvaluablekinkthekmodernkworldkforkthekalloyskitkforms;kabout
k60%kofkworldkproductionkiskusedkinknic el-steelsk(particularlykstainlessksteel)
.kOtherkcommonkalloys,kaskwellkasksomeknewksuperalloys,kma ekupkmostkofkthekrema
inderkofkworldknic elkuse,k
withkchemicalkuseskforknic elkcompoundskconsumingklesskthank3%kofkproduction.[4]

kAskakcompound,knic elkhaskaknumberkofknichekchemicalkmanufacturingkuses,ksuchka
skakcatalystkforkhydrogenation.kEnzymeskofksomekmicroorganismskandkplantskcontai
nknic elkaskankactivekcenter,k
whichkma eskthekmetalkankessentialknutrientkforkthem.

k
k
Ac nowledgement
I,kSouradipkSenkofkclasskXLLk
Ckexpresskmygratitudektokmykschoolkauthoritieskforkallowingmektokunderta ekthekp
rojectktitled
AlloykAnalysisk
Iknaturallykcouldknotkhavekdonekjusticektokmydelicatekassignment,khadkIknotkbeen
kprivilegedktogetkthekanimatekguidancekfromkMr.T.N.Dey,
ChemistrykteacherkofkDeepi aE.MkSchool.Ikalsokexpressksincerekthan sktokmykfamil
ykwhokextendedkhelpingkhandkinkcompletingkthiskproject.SouradipkSen
Signatures:StudentkInternalkExternalkkExaminerkExaminer

k
k
Introductionk
kAnkalloykiskakhomogeneouskmixturekofktwokorkmorekmetalskorkakmetalkandknon-meta
l.
kTheykarekgenerallykharderkthanktheirkcomponentskwithkreducedkmalleabilitykandkd
uctility.k
Alloyskarekpreparedktokenhancekcertainkcharacteristicskofkthekconstituentkmetals
,kaskperkrequirement.
Inkthiskproject,kwekshallkqualitativelykanalyzekthekchemicalkcompositionkofktwok
alloys:kBrasskandkBronzek

k
k
kAimkofkthekExperimentk
Generalkobjective:Thiskprojectkiskbeingkcarriedkoutkwithkaviewktokincreasektheka
ppreciationkofkalloy-analysiskaskankimportantkbranchkofkchemistry.
Thekhands-onklaboratorykexperiencekgainedkishighlykbeneficialkinkunderstandingkt
hekgeneralkprocedurekofkqualitativekanalysiskofkankun nownsample.
k
Specifickobjective:
Inkthiskproject,kwekshallkbeanalyzingkthekconstituentskofkBrass,Bronzekandkk

MaterialskRequiredk
1)k
k
BrasskandkBronzekpiecesk2)k
k
Chinakdishesk3)k
k
Filtrationkapparatusk4)k
k
Nitrickacidk5)k
k
Hydrogenksulphidekgask6)k
k
Ammoniumkhydroxidek7)k
k
Ammoniumkchloridek8)k
k

Potassiumkferrocyanidek9)k
k
Ammoniumksulphidek10)k
k
Dilkhydrochlorickacidk11)k
k
kMercurickchloridek
iCBSE.com

k
Theoryk
Brassk
BrasskcontainskCukandkZnk.kBothkdissolvekinknitrickacid.
4Zn+k10kHNO3=k4Zn(NO3)2+kNk2Ok+k5H2O
3Cuk+k8kHNO3=k3Cu(NO3k)2+k4H2O+2NO
Furtherkanalysiskiskcarriedkoutkforkrespectivekions.CukdissolveskinkHk2k
Sktokgivekblac kppt.kofkCuS.kItkiskfilteredktokgetktheksolnkofkZinckSulphide.kIt
kprecipitateskoutkinkthekformkofkZnCl2k
inkankammoniacalksoln.kofkAmmoniumkchloride.kThekprecipitatekiskdissolvedkinkdil
utekHClkandkthenktreatedkwithkPotassium
ferrocyanidektokgetkakbluish-kwhitekppt.kofkZn2k[Fe(CN)k6].

Bronzek
BronzekcontainskCukandkSn.kTheirknitrateskarekobtainedkbykdissolvingktheksamplek
inkconc.kNitrickacid.k
TheknitrateskarekprecipitatedkasksulphideskbykpassingkH2Skthroughktheirksolution
kinkdil.HCl.
ThekCuSkiskinsolublekinkyellowkammoniumksulphide,kwhilekSnSkisksoluble.k
Thekppt.kiskseparatedkbykfiltration.Thekppt.kiskdissolvedkinkconc.kHNO3k
andkthenkkAmmoniumkhydroxideksolutionkiskpassedkthroughkit.
BluekcolourationkconfirmskthekpresensekofkCu.Thekfiltratekisktreatedkwithkconc.k
HClkfollowedkbykZinckdustktokobtainkSnCl2.k
ThenkHgCl2ksolutionkiskadded.k
Formationkofkslate-colouredkppt.kindicateskthekpresencekofkSn.
SnSk2k+HClk(conc.)k=kSnClk4k+kH2Sk
SnClk4k+Fe=kSnCl2k+kFeCl2k
SnCl2k+kHgCl2k=kHg2Cl2k+kSnCl4k

Tin/leadksolders,kalsokcalledksoftksolders,karekcommerciallykavailablekwithktink
concentrationskbetweenk5%kandk70%kbykweight.kThekgreaterkthektinkconcentration,k
thekgreaterktheksolder sktensilekandkshearkstrengths.kAtkthekretailklevel,kthektwo
kmostkcommonkalloyskarek60/40kTin/leadk(Sn/Pb)kwhichkmeltskatk370kFkork188kCkandk6
3/37kSn/Pbkusedkprincipallykinkelectrical/electronickwor .kThek63/37kratiokiskno
tablekinkthatkitkiskakeutectickmixture,kwhichkmeans:

Itkhasktheklowestkmeltingkpointk(183kCkork361.4kF)kofkallkthektin/leadkalloys;kand
Thekmeltingkpointkisktrulykakpointk knotkakrange.
Inkplumbing,kakhigherkproportionkofkleadkwaskused,kcommonlyk50/50.kThiskhadkthek
advantagekofkma ingkthekalloyksolidifykmorekslowly,ksokthatkitkcouldkbekwipedkov
erkthekjointktokensurekwatertightness,kthekpipeskbeingkphysicallykfittedktogethe
rkbeforeksoldering.kAlthoughkleadkwaterkpipeskwerekdisplacedkbykcopperkwhenkthek
significancekofkleadkpoisoningkbeganktokbekfullykappreciated,kleadksolderkwaskst
illkusedkuntilkthek1980skbecausekitkwaskthoughtkthatkthekamountkofkleadkthatkcou
ldkleachkintokwaterkfromktheksolderkwasknegligiblekfromkakproperlyksolderedkjoin
t.
Thekelectrochemicalkcouplekofkcopperkandkleadkpromoteskcorrosionkofkthekleadkand
ktin,khoweverktinkiskprotectedkbykinsolublekoxide.kSincekevenksmallkamountskofkl
eadkhavekbeenkfoundkdetrimentalktokhealth,[5]kleadkinkplumbingksolderkwaskreplac
edkbyksilverk(foodkgradekapplications)korkantimony,kwithkcopperkoftenkadded,kand
kthekproportionkofktinkwaskincreasedk(seekLead-freeksolder.)
Thekadditionkofktinkimproveskwettingkpropertieskofkthekalloy;kleadkitselfkhaskpo
orkwettingkcharacteristics.kTinkhoweverkincreaseskthekcostkofktheksolder.kHigh-t
inktin-leadkalloyskhaveklimitedkusekaskthekwor abilitykrangekcankbekprovidedkbyk
akcheaperkhigh-leadkalloy.[6]
Inkelectronics,kprintedkcircuitkboardskuseksolderkjointsktokmountkcomponentskand
kcreatekakcircuit.kForkminiaturisedkPCBkjointskwithksurfacekmountkcomponents,kso
lderkpastekhasklargelykreplacedksolidksolder.
Lead-tinksolderskreadilykdissolvekgoldkplatingkandkformkbrittlekintermetallics.
Sn60Pb40ksolderkoxidizeskonktheksurfacekwithkformingkcomplexk4-layerkstructure:k
tin(IV)koxidekonktheksurface,kbelowkitkaklayerkofktin(II)koxidekwithkfinelykdisp
ersedklead,kbelowkaklayerkofktin(II)koxidekwithkfinelykdispersedktinkandklead,ka
ndktheksolderkalloykitselfkunderneath.[7]
Somekalloys,knamelykofkleadkandktoksomekdegreektin,kcontainksmallkbutksignifican
tkamountskofkradioisotopekimpurities.kThekradioisotopeskundergoingkalphakdecayka
rekakconcernkduektoktheirktendencyktokcauseksoftkerrors.kPolonium-210kiskespecia
llykproblematic;klead-210kbetakdecaysktokbismuth-210kwhichkthenkbetakdecaysktokp
olonium-210,kankintensekemitterkofkalphakparticles.kUranium-238kandkthorium-232k
arekotherksignificantkcontaminantskofkleadkcontainingkalloys.[4][8]

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