Chapter 5 Exercise Solutions

5.17. Evidence of runs, trends or cycles? NO. There are no runs of 5 points or cycles. So, we can say that the plot point pattern appears to be random. 5.21. Check: Any point outside the 3-sigma control limits? NO. 2 of 3 beyond 2 sigma of centerline? NO. 4 of 5 at 1 sigma or beyond of centerline? YES. Points #17, 18, 19, and 20 are outside the lower 1-sigma area. 8 consecutive points on one side of centerline? NO. One out-of-control criteria is satisfied. 5.19. Evidence of runs, trends or cycles? YES, there is a "low - high - low - high - low" wave (all samples), which might be a cycle. So, we can say that the pattern does not appear random. 5.23. Check: Any point outside the 3-sigma control limits? NO. (Point #12 is within the lower 3-sigma control limit.) 2 of 3 beyond 2 sigma of centerline? YES, points #16, 17, and 18. 4 of 5 at 1 sigma or beyond of centerline? YES, points #5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. 8 consecutive points on one side of centerline? NO. Two out-of-control criteria are satisfied. 5.24. The pattern in Figure (a) matches the control chart in Figure (2). The pattern in Figure (b) matches the control chart in Figure (4). The pattern in Figure (c) matches the control chart in Figure (5). The pattern in Figure (d) matches the control chart in Figure (1). The pattern in Figure (e) matches the control chart in Figure (3).

Chapter 5 Exercise Solutions 5.28. Many possible solutions.

MTB > Stat > Quality Tools > Cause-and-Effect

Cause-and-Effect Diagram for Coffee-making Process

Personnel Method Machine

C offee drinkers

Worn-out C leanliness

E spresso drinkers

Brew temperature A ge of brew Brew method

Insufficient training

C onsistently Bad C offee

Ty pe of filter C offee grind A mount of w ater C offee roast C offee beans Water temperature A mount of beans Water source

Env ironment

Measurement

Material

5.29. Many possible solutions, beginning and end of process are shown below. Yellow is nonvalue-added activity; green is value-added activity.
Snooze
No

Awake

Check time

6:30am ?

Yes

Get out of bed

Arrive at work

Chapter 5 Exercise Solutions 5.32. m=5 1 = Pr{at least 1 out-of-control} = Pr{1 of 5 beyond} + Pr{2 of 5 beyond} + L + Pr{5 of 5 beyond}
5 = 1 Pr{0 of 5 beyond} = 1 (0.0027)0 (1 0.0027)5 = 1 0.9866 = 0.0134 0
MTB > Calc > Probability Distributions > Binomial, Cumulative Probability Cumulative Distribution Function
Binomial with n = 5 and p = 0.0027 x P( X <= x ) 0 0.986573

m = 10

1 = 1 Pr{0 of 10 beyond} = 1

10 0 10 (0.0027) (1 0.0027) = 1 0.9733 = 0.0267 0

Cumulative Distribution Function

Binomial with n = 10 and p = 0.0027 x P( X <= x ) 0 0.973326

m = 20

1 = 1 Pr{0 of 20 beyond} = 1

20 0 20 (0.0027) (1 0.0027) = 0.0526 0

Cumulative Distribution Function

Binomial with n = 20 and p = 0.0027 x P( X <= x ) 0 0.947363

m = 30

1 = 1 Pr{0 of 30 beyond} = 1

30 0 30 (0.0027) (1 0.0027) = 0.0779 0

Cumulative Distribution Function

Binomial with n = 30 and p = 0.0027 x P( X <= x ) 0 0.922093

m = 50

1 = 1 Pr{0 of 50 beyond} = 1

50 0 50 (0.0027) (1 0.0027) = 0.1025 0

Cumulative Distribution Function

Binomial with n = 50 and p = 0.0027 x P( X <= x ) 0 0.873556

Although the probability that a single point plots beyond the control limits is 0.0027, as the number of samples increases (m), the probability that at least one of the points is beyond the limits also increases.