EE 336 Lab Report # 08

RC, RL Filters and Mechanical Resonance

Magdalena Simic Ravi B Gondaliya

Performed on March 8, 2012 Submitted on March 15, 2012

Iman A. Hashemi Section 02

Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach, FL 32114

I.

Introduction

This lab was intended to explore the concepts of RC, RL filters and mechanical resonance. Different circuits are assembled to establish various types of filter configurations. A theoretical calculation of the cutoff frequency to each circuit is calculated and compared to the results of a corresponding bode plot. An oscilloscope, oscillator, LCR machine, and digital multi-meter (DMM) are all used for test equipment during this analysis. An RC circuit contains a capacitor and resistor while an RL circuit contains an inductor and resistor. Depending on component properties, they are able to filter a specified range of frequencies through the passing current. Overall, the experiment successfully demonstrated the fundamental analysis of the topics introduced. A filter is a circuit that is able to adjust the frequency range of a passing input signal. This can be used to amplify, attenuate, or block a desired spectrum. There are four main classifications of filter: low pass filter, high pass filter, band pass filter, and band stop filter. A low pass filter is able to allow the passing of low frequencies while preventing a range of higher frequencies. Conversely, a high pass filter is able to allow the passing of high frequencies while denying lower frequencies. A band pass filter is able to amplify a desired frequency range while attenuating anything near the outside of the spectrum. A band stop filter will simply stop all frequencies between two specified cutoff frequencies. The desired operation of such filters is entirely dependent upon the circuit configuration. The two filters that were analyzed in this experiment were low-pass and high-pass filters. By analyzing experimentally derived data with known plots for high and low pass filters, it is easily determined which filter is employed for each circuit. Below are plots, demonstrating the curves for both high and low pass filters.

Figure 1: Low-Pass Bode Plot

Figure 2: High-Pass Bode Plot

When analyzing these filter circuits, the use of phasors may be necessary. A phasor is a complex number representation of voltage or current properties in a circuit. It is able to represent the magnitude and phase angle of a time varying frequency. By using this imaginary form, DC

circuit analysis can be used on an AC signal. This allows the analyst to avoid very high order differential equation mathematic computation. Mechanical resonance is an occurrence when the frequency of oscillations in a mechanical system is equal to the natural frequency of the system. A natural frequency is the frequency at which the system would naturally oscillate if it were to be set in motion. Such a property varies with many characteristics of the system. This is seen in the experiment when a speaker is fed an input frequency that matches its natural frequency. II. Result Analysis and Discussion

When the circuit was constructed as shown below:

FIGURE 3: The assembly of the circuit 1

Component R1 C1
Now, ( )

Theoretical Measured Percent Value Value Difference 1000 990 1.01% 1uF 1.0165uF 1.64%

Table 1: Comparison of Measured and Theoretical Values of Capacitor and Resistor Used in Circuit

(1)

Where, R1 = resistance of the resistor = 1k = Source Voltage = 10V = Voltage drop across R1 = 6.6V

So from (1), We have ( ) .. (2)

The data for the frequency from the function generator and the Voltage measured from the oscilloscope is as below. The frequency was increased from 10Hz-5000Hz with a step of 1-4-7 and the corresponding value of the voltages from the oscilloscope was obtained. f(Hz) V(V)(Use Amplitude) 10 15.7 40 9.61 70 5.88 100 2.24 400 1.09 700 629*(10^-3) 1000 230*(10^-3) 4000 112*(10^-3) 7000 62*(10^-3) 10000 23.4*(10^-3) 40000 11*(10^-3) 50000 8.4*(10^-3) Table 2: The table demonstrating relationship between frequency and voltage measure from Oscilloscope The bode plot (graph of voltage vs. frequency) is shown as below. The x axis (frequency scale) is converted to logarithmic scale.

V v/s log(f)
18 16 14 12 10 Voltage(V) 8 6 4 2 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 log(f) (Hz)

FIGURE 4: The graph showing relationship between Voltage and log (f)

According to the graph, the type of filter used here is a low pass filter. Now, Total resistance of the circuit = (510+1000+2.34) = 1512.34 Also, Cut off frequency = = 80Hz From bode plot,

So

= 85Hz and

So, percentage difference between

For Circuit 2: The circuit was connected as follows:

FIGURE 5: The RL circuit connection

Component R1 Inductor

Theoretical Measured Percent Value Value Difference 1000 990 1.01% 50mH 49.96 mH 0.08%

Table 3: Comparison of Theoretical and Measured Data for Resistor and Inductor Here, R = Resistance value of a Load Resistor = 1k = Internal resistance of the inductor = 116.36 = Internal resistance of the oscillator = 510 (from (2)) = 1000+116.36+510= 1626.36

L =inductance of the inductor = 49.958 mH Now, = cut off frequency =

= 5186.82 Hz (where,

Varying the frequency from 10Hz to 20,000Hz with the step of 1-4-7 and recording the corresponding voltage from the oscilloscope, we get, f(HZ) V(V)(Amplitude)

10 26.2 40 27.4 70 27.6 100 27.8 400 27.8 700 27.8 1000 27.6 4000 27.4 7000 27.2 10000 26.0 20000 25.8 Table 4: The table demonstrating relationship between frequency and voltage measure from Oscilloscope

28

V v/s log(f)

27.5

27 Voltage(V) 26.5

26

25.5 1 10 100 log(f) (Hz) 1000 10000 100000

FIGURE 6: The graph showing relationship between Voltage and log (f)

From this bode plot, it can be deduced that the circuit creates a low pass filter. This is clearly indicated by the passing of the low frequency spectrum and not of the high frequency spectrum. The cut off frequency was then deduced from this plot by using the intersection of parallel lines

running along the slop of the curve. This method estimated a cut off frequency of 5500Hz, thus differing by 5.85% from the calculated value.

Circuit 3 calculations: The following circuit is made for Circuit 3 calculations:

FIGURE 7: The function generator attached with speaker and the oscilloscope The data for the frequency from 10Hz to 400 kHz with a step of 1-4-7 by recording the corresponding voltages across the speaker is as below: V (V)(Amplitude) 10 252mV 40 266mV 70 272mV 100 282mV 400 325mV 600 291mV 1000 283mV 4000 292mV 7000 340mV 10000 394mV 40000 556mV 70000 772mV 100000 1.51V 400000 2.55V Table 5: The table demonstrating relationship between frequency and voltage measure from Oscilloscope f(Hz)

The plot of voltage (V) v/s frequency (Hz) is as below:

3000 2500 2000 Voltage(mV) 1500 1000 500 0 1 10 100 1000 log(f) 10000 100000 1000000

FIGURE 8: The graph showing relationship between Voltage and log (f) Circuit 4 calculations: For circuit 4, the circuit was connected as below:

FIGURE 9: The function generator attached with speaker and the oscilloscope

The data of the Voltage v/s frequency obtained from the experiment of circuit 4 is as below: f(Hz) V(mV)(Amplitude) 10 252V 40 260V 70 266V 100 252V 400 258V 600 144V 1000 69.6V 4000 40V 7000 29V 10000 22.8V 40000 21.4V 70000 21V 100000 20.4V 400000 20.2V Table 6: The table demonstrating relationship between frequency and voltage measure from Oscilloscope The graph of Voltage (mV) v/s frequency (Hz) for circuit 4 is as below:
300 250 200 Voltage(mV) 150 100 50 0 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 log(f)(Hz)

FIGURE 10: The graph showing relationship between Voltage and log (f) The difference between the graphs of Circuit 3 and Circuit 4 can be easily distinguished. The Circuit 3 configuration is behaving like the high pass filter while the configuration in circuit 4 is behaving like a low pass filter. The circuit 3 allows the signals that are higher than the certain frequency and thus is high pass filter. The circuit 4 allows the signals that are lower than the certain frequency and this is low pass filter.

III.

Conclusion

The lab demonstrated and taught many fundamental aspects of RC and RL filters along with mechanical resonance. By comparing theoretical graphs for low and high pass filters to graphs obtained experimentally we were able to conclude that the circuits containing the capacitor or inductor both created a graph similar to a low pass filter. From the graphs we were also able to obtain experimental cut off frequencies for both circuit 1 and 2. For circuit 1, the percent difference between theoretical and measured cut off frequencies was 6.06% and for circuit 2, it was 5.85%. Also, when comparing the graphs obtained from circuits 3 and 4, we were able to conclude that a circuit with a speaker alone, acts as a high-pass filter but if an inductor is added to the circuit, the circuit then behaves like a low-pass filter. IV. Statement

This experiment was efficient in demonstrating the properties of filters. The teaching assistant provided all the necessary assistance when asked.