TIP-TIP & KESILAPAN LAZIM

WHOLE NUMBERS (PLACE VALUE & ROUNDING OFF) TIPS

If the first digit to the right of the place value involved is 5 or more, add 1 to the digit in the place value involved and replace all the other digits on its right with zeros.
COMMON MISTAKES

Error in rounding off whole numbers Example: Round off 36 670 to the nearest thousand. 36 670 = 36 000 (to the nearest thousand)
Wrong because did not add 1 to 6.

36 670 = 37 000 (to the nearest thousand)

EPISODE 2 - WHOLE NUMBERS (CONVERSION) TIPS

For example: 1. 20 005 is written in words as twenty thousand and five. 2. Forty thousand seven hundred and eight is written in numerals as 40 708.

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in writing the whole number. Example: 621 026 written in words is six hundred twenty-one thousand and zero twenty-six
Zero in a number need not be written or read.

six hundred twenty-one thousand and twenty-six

EPISODE 3 - WHOLE NUMBERS (PARTITIONING, ASCENDING & DESCENDING) TIPS

The number which lies further to the right on a number line has a greater value than those to the left.

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in differentiate between ascending and descending. Example: Arrange 20 246, 20 199 and 21 046 in ascending order. 21 046, 20 246, 20 199

The sequence is in descending order. Ascending order is from smaller value to higher value.

20 199, 20 246, 21 046

EPISODE 4 - WHOLE NUMBERS (ADDITION & SUBTRACTION) TIPS

1. An addition is a process of finding the sum of two or more numbers. 2. A subtraction is a process of finding the difference between two numbers. 3. Subtraction is the inverse of addition.

4. For example, Find the sum of 8 752, 19 230 and 25 469. Answer:

COMMON MISTAKE

Error in arranging the digits according to their place values in vertical form. Example: 1. 2 352 + 645 = X

2 + 9

352 74

802

2.
Wrong because the digits are not arranged in their correct place values.

2 + 6

352 45

997

EPISODE 5 - WHOLE NUMBERS (MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION) TIPS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Any number multiplied by 1 is equal to the number itself. The product of any whole number multiplied by 0 is 0. The quotient of a number divided by 0 is undefined. The quotient of 0 divided by any number (except 0) is 0. Division is the inverse of multiplication. We can use lattice multiplication method to solve question. For example, 572 x 24 = 13 728

COMMON MISTAKE

Error in arranging the digits according to their place values in vertical form. Example:

1. 246 x 11 = Incorrect:

2 4 6 x 1 1

2 4 6 + 2 4 6

4 9 2

Correct:

2 4 6 x 1 1

2 4 6 + 2 4 6

2 7 0 6

EPISODE 6 - WHOLE NUMBERS (PAPER 2 -MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION) TIPS

1. 692 x 100 = Answer:

692 x 100 = 69 200 2. 727 x 1 000 = Answer:

727 x 1 000 = 727 000

3. 729 200 / 100 = Answer: 729 200 / 100 = 7 292 4. 726 000 / 1 000 = Answer:

726 000 / 1 000 = 726

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in order of operations. Example: 1. 60 000 / 3 x 4 = Incorrect: 60 000 / 3 x 4 = 60 000 / 12 = 5 000 Correct: 60 000 / 3 x 4 = 20 000 x 4 = 80 000
EPISODE 7 - WHOLE NUMBERS (MIX OPERATION & BODMAS) TIPS

Use BODMAS which stands for Brackets (B), Of (O), Division (D), Multiplication (M), Addition (A) and Subtraction (S). So, we should always compute the arithmetic in brackets first. Then, we divide, multiply, add and lastly, subtract.

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in calculations involving mixed operations. Example:

1. 4 840 / (40 32) = Incorrect: 4 840 / (40 32) = 121 - 32 = 89 Correct: 4 840 / (40 32) = 4 840 / 8 = 605
EPISODE 8 - WHOLE NUMBERS (PAPER 2 - MIX OPERATION & BODMAS) TIPS

1. Arrange the numbers according to their place values before adding from right to left. 2. In mixed operations involving multiplication and addition, do the multiplication first. 3. In mixed operation involving brackets, do the operations in the brackets first. For example, (33 + 24) x (120 85) = (33 + 24) x (120 85) = 1 995

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in calculations involving mixed operations. Example: 1. 2 450 + 1 360 x 24 = Incorrect: 2 450 + 1 360 x 24 = 3 810 x 24 = 91 440 Correct: 2 450 + 1 360 x 24 = 2 450 + 32 640 = 35 090

It is wrong because multiplication should be done first. (BODMAS)

EPISODE 9 - FRACTIONS (PROPER FRACTIONS, THE ADDITION & SUBTRACTION) TIPS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1/2 = one over two or one half 1/4 = one over four or one quarter 3/4 = three over four or three quarters Fraction with the numerator that is less than its denominator is called proper fraction. Improper fraction is a fraction with numerator that is same as or greater than its denominator. For example,

We write the improper fraction as 3/2. We read it as three halves or three over two.

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in counting the total number of equal parts (denominator) in a given diagram. Example:

1.

What fraction of the given diagram is shaded? Incorrect: 3/4 Correct: 3/8
EPISODE 10 - FRACTIONS (PAPER 2 - PROPER FRACTIONS, THE ADDITION & SUBTRACTION) TIPS

1. There are two method of adding mixed numbers. Method 1: Add the whole numbers and fractions separately. Method 2: Change the mixed numbers to improper fractions first. 2. Subtraction of mixed numbers can be carried out using two methods. Method 1: Subtract the whole numbers and fractions separately. Method 2: Change mixed numbers to improper fractions first.

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in addition and subtraction of fractions. Example: 1. 4 1/2 + 3 1/4 + 1 3/8 = Incorrect: 3/4

Correct:
EPISODE 11 - FRACTIONS (MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION OF FRACTIONS, BODMAS) TIPS

1. To multiply any proper fractions by a whole number, we can use the following methods: a. Use diagrams Example: 1 /2 of 4 = 1/2 x 4 =2

b. Multiply the whole number by the numerator Example:

c. Cancellation Example:

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in multiplication. Example: 1. 1 2/3 x 24 =

Incorrect : 1 2/3 x 24 = =
5

/3 x 24 /72

120

= 1 2/3

2.

Correct

:
EPISODE 12 - FRACTIONS (PAPER 2 - MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION OF FRACTIONS, BODMAS) TIPS

1. In solving problems involving fractions, use the following steps. Step 1: Understanding the problem. Step 2: Devising a plan. Step 3: Implementing the plan. Step 4: Looking back. Example: Puan Asiah bought 5 1/2 m of white cloth, 3 1/5 m of red cloth and 1 7/10 m of floral cloth. How many metres of cloth did she buy altogether? Answer:

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in division Example: 1. 2 1/2 / 4 =

Incorrect

2.

Correct

:
EPISODE 13 - DECIMALS (CONVERTING FRACTION TO DECIMALS AND VICEVERSA, ADDITION & SUBTRACTION) TIPS

1. The decimal point separates the whole number part from the fraction part.

2. Every digit in a decimal has its own place value. The place value of each digit in decimals can be shown using a place value chart.

The number shown in the place value chart above is read as zero point two six.

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in lining up the decimal points when adding or subtracting. Example: 1. 15.28 + 3.6 = Incorrect:

Correct:

EPISODE 14 - DECIMALS (PAPER 2 - CONVERTING FRACTION TO DECIMALS AND VICE-VERSA, ADDITION & SUBTRACTION) TIPS

1. Addition of decimals is the process of finding the sum of two or more decimals. 2. In the addition of decimals, arrange the decimals vertically according to their place values. Example: 12.402 + 1.308 =13.71

3. Subtraction of decimals is the process of finding the difference between two decimals. 4. In the subtraction of decimals, arrange the decimals vertically according to their place values. Example: 12.072 1.929 = 10.143

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in arranging the numbers according to their place values in vertical order. Example: 1. 1. 4.9 + 12 = Incorrect: 4.9 + 12 = 6.1

Correct: 4.9 + 12 = 16.9

EPISODE 15 - DECIMALS (MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION, BODMAS, ROUNDING OFF) TIPS

1. To multiply a decimal by 10, 100 or 1 000, move the decimal point 1,2 or 3 places to the right respectively. Example: 6.02 x 10 =

2. To division a decimal by 10, 100 or 1 000, move the decimal point 1,2 or 3 places to the left respectively. Example: 256.7 /100 =

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in placing the decimal point in the product. Example: 1. 3.128 x 12 = Incorrect:

3.128 x 12 = 3.7536

Correct: 3.128 x 12 = 37.536

EPISODE 16 - DECIMALS (PAPER 2 - MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION, BODMAS, ROUNDING OFF) TIPS

1. In mixed operations involving addition and subtraction of decimals, calculation is done from left to right. Example: 1. 1. 8 2.56 + 1.783 1 = Answer: 8 2.56 + 1.783 1 = 6.223

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in lining up the decimal points during calculation in vertical form. Example: 1. 18.9 1.35 + 0.57 + 1 = Incorrect: 18.9 1.35 + 0.57 + 1 = 1.12

Correct: 18.9 1.35 + 0.57 + 1 = 19.12

EPISODE 17 - PERCENTAGE TIPS

1. To change a proper fraction of tenths to a percentage, convert it to fraction of hundredths. 2. To change a proper fraction to a percentage, we can also multiply it by 100%. Example:

Convert 1/2 to a percentage.

3. To change a percentage to a decimal or vice versa, express it as a fraction of hundredths. Then, convert it to decimal or percentage. Example: Convert 0.33 to a percentage. 0.33 = 33/100 = 33%

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in converting fractions to percentages. Example: 1. Convert 3/10 to a percentage. Incorrect:

Correct:

EPISODE 18 - PERCENTAGE (PAPER 2) TIPS

1. A mixed number can be converted to a percentage by multiplying the mixed number by 100%. Example: 1 1/5 = 6/5

2. To find the value for the given percentage of a quantity, a. Write the given percentage as a fraction b. Multiply the fraction by the given quantity Example: Find 8.5% of 1 400.

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in finding the value of a given percentages. Example: 1. Find 4% of 20. Incorrect:

Correct:

EPISODE 19 - MONEY & TIME TIPS

1. In the 12-hour system, one day is divided into two parts as follows: (a) Between 12 midnight and 12 noon

(b) Between 12 noon and 12 midnight Example:

2. A quarter past five

3. A quarter to five

4. Half past five

COMMON MISTAKES

1. 1. RM152.60 + RM48 = Incorrect: RM152.60 + RM48 = RM153.08

Correct:

RM152.60 + RM48 = RM200.60

EPISODE 20 - MONEY & TIME (PAPER 2) TIPS

1. The relationship between units of time are as follows:

Example: 3 years =

days

3 years = 3 x 365 days = 1 095 days

2.
COMMON MISTAKES

Error in calculating duration in months and days. Example: 1. Calculate the duration from 15 April 2007 to 3 July 2007. Incorrect:

Correct:

EPISODE 21 - AVERAGE TIPS

1. An average is a value that is evenly distributed among a number of quantities. 2. The average of two or three quantities can be found by distributing its total evenly among these two or three quantities respectively. 3. Formula of average can be determined as follows:

For example: Calculate the average of 1 / 2 kg, 3 / 4 kg and 619 g, in g. Solution: 1 / 2 kg =500 g 3 / 4 kg = 750 g

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in changing the units of measurement Example: 1. Calculate the average of 24 minutes, 42 minutes and 3/4 hour. Incorrect:

Correct:

EPISODE 22 - AVERAGE (PAPER 2) TIPS

1. To calculate the average, the units for all the items must be the same

2. Example: The average score of five pupils in a Mathematics test is 82 marks. If four of the pupils marks are 75, 80, 67 and 97, how many marks does the fifth pupil score? Solution Total item values = Average x Number of items = 82 x 5 = 410 Total of four pupilss marks = 75 + 80 + 67 + 97 = 319

So, the fifth pupils marks = 410 319 = 91

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in calculating average involving different units Example 1. What is the average of 2 kg, 0.5 kg, 1.3 kg and 120 g? Incorrect :

Correct:

EPISODE 23 - LENGTH & MASS TIPS

1. Length is the distance between two points along a straight line.

2. Relationship between units of length o 1 cm = 10 mm o 1 m = 100 cm o 1 km = 1 000 m Example: Convert 3.25 km to m. Solution:

3.35 km

=3.15 x 1 000 m = 3 250 m

3. The mass of an object can be measured by using weighing scale.

4. Relationship between units of mass o 1 kg = 1 000 g Example:Convert 5 820 g as a decimal of a kg. Solution:

5 820 g

= 5 820 g / 1 000 g = 5.82 kg

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in reading the mass of an object on weighing scale. Example: 1. State the mass, in kg and g, of the tin of lychee, as shown in the diagram.

Incorrect :

Correct:

EPISODE 24 - LENGTH & MASS (PAPER 2) TIPS

1. When a decimal multiplied with 10 or 100, the decimal point is moved to the right. When a decimal divided by 10 or 100, the decimal point is moved to the left (depending on the number of zeros). Example: a. 47 000 m x 10 =____________km b. 0.39 km x 100 = m c. 950 m / 10 =___________km d. 2.75 km / 100 =________m Solutions: e.

f.

g.

h.

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in finding the fraction of a given mass. Example:

1. 1 4/5 of 16 kg = Incorrect:

Correct:

EPISODE 25 - VOLUME OF LIQUID TIPS

1. The standard units for measuring volume of liquid are litres (l) and milliliters (ml). 2. The relationship between the units of volume is 1 litre (l) = 1 000 millilitres (ml)

Example: a. Convert 8 l to ml.

8l

= 8 x 1 000 ml = 8 000 ml

b. Convert 2 600 ml to l.

2 600 ml

= 2 600 / 1 000 = 2.6 l

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in converting the unit of volume Example: 1. Convert 4 l 60 ml to ml. Incorrect:

4 l 60 ml

= 4 l + 60 ml = 400 ml + 60 ml = 460 ml

2. Correct:

4 l 60 ml

= 4 l + 60 ml = 4000 ml + 60 ml = 4060 ml

EPISODE 26 - VOLUME OF LIQUID (PAPER 2) TIPS

1. To find the fraction of a given volume, multiply the fraction by the volume. Example: (a) Find 1 1/5 of 15 l in l. Solution

1 1/5 of 15 l

= 6/5 x 15 l = 18 l

2. (b) Find 5/8 of 6.4 l in ml. Solution

5/8 of 6.4 l

5/8 of 6.4 l =4l = 4 x 1 000 ml = 4 000 ml

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in changing the units of volume Example: 1. Find 2/5 of 1 250 ml in l. Incorrect :

2/5 of 1 250 ml

= 2/5 x 1 250 ml = 18 l

Correct:

2/5 of 1 250 ml

= 2/5 x 1 250 ml = 500 ml = 500 ml / 1 000 ml = 0.5 l

EPISODE 27 - SHAPE & SPACE TIPS

1. Perimeter of the composite shapes is the total length around the shapes. 2. We can use measuring tapes, rulers or strings to measure the perimeter of the composite shapes; 3. The perimeter of the composite shapes can be calculated by adding all the sides of the shapes. 4. The area of the composite shapes is the amount of surface that it covers. 5. The area can be measured by counting the number of unit squares that the shape covers on a grid.
COMMON MISTAKES

Error in calculating the area.

Example: 1. Find the area of the rectangle 6 cm length and 2 cm breadth. Incorrect :

Area

= 6 cm + 2 cm + 6 cm + 2 cm = 16 cm

Correct:

Area

= 6 cm x 2 cm = 12 cm2

EPISODE 29 - DATA HANDLING TIPS

1. A bar graph is a representation of data using either vertical or horizontal bars. 2. We can recognize the terms such as frequency, mode, range, maximum or minimum value from the bar graph. Example:

The bar graph above shows the clothing sizes for a group of pupils. (a) How many pupils wear size 8? (b) What is the most common size? (c) What is the largest size? (d) What is the smallest size? (e) What is the difference between the largest size and the smallest size? Answer

(a) 20 pupils wear size 8. (b) The common size is 6. (c) The largest size is 12. (d) The smallest size is 6. (e) The difference between the largest size and the smallest size

= =

12 6 6

COMMON MISTAKES

Error in interpreting data from pictograph. Example: 1.

The pictograph shows the number of television produced by a factory in three months. How many televisions were produced in February?

Number of televisions produced in February Number of televisions produced in February

= 5 televisions

=5x5 = 25 televisions

EPISODE 30 - DATA HANDLING (PAPER 2) TIPS

1. The frequency is the number of times a certain value occurs such as number of Malay pupils in a class.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The mode is the most common value or the item that happens most frequently. The maximum value is the highest value such as the highest score. The miniimum value is the lowest value such as the smallest shoe size. The range is the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value. The mean is the average value.
COMMON MISTAKES

Error in determine the mode. Example: 1.

The pie chart shows the sales of pens in a bookshop on Tuesday. What is the mode?

The mode is 25. The mode is blue pens.