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MODERN DIGITAL AND ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Third Edition

B. P. LATHI

OXPORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS

CONTENTS

PREFACE 1

xi /

INTRODUCTION

Communication System 7 Analog and Digital Messages 3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Channel Bandwidth, and the Rate of Communication Modulation 10 Randomness, Redundancy, and Coding 12

INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALS

14

2.1 Size of a Signal 14 2.2 Classification of Signals 20 2.3 Some Useful Signal Operations 24 2.4 Unit Impulse Function 28 2.5 Signals and Vectors JO 2.6 Signal Comparison: Correlation 35 2.7 Signal Representation by Orthogonal Signal Set 2.8 Trigonometric Fourier Series 44 2.9 Exponential Fourier Series 53 2.10 Numerical Computation of D n 60

40

ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS

3.1 Aperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier Integral 71 3.2 Transforms of Some Useful Functions 78 3.3 Some Properties of the Fourier Transform 84 3.4 Signal Transmission through a Linear System 107 3.5 Ideal and Practical Filters 706 3.6 Signal Distortion over a Communication Channel 770

71

VII

viii

CONTENTS
3.7 Signal Energy and Energy Spectral Density 7 75 3.8 Signal Power and Power Spectral Density 123 3.9 Numerical Computation of Fourier Transform: The DFT

130

AMPLITUDE (LINEAR) MODULATION

151

4.1 Baseband and Carrier Communication 757 4.2 Amplitude Modulation: Double Sideband (DSB) 752 4.3 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 762 4.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 770 4.5 Amplitude Modulation: Single Sideband (SSB) 777 4.6 Amplitude Modulation: Vestigial Sideband (VSB) 779 4.7 Carrier Acquisition 183 4.8 Superheterodyne AM Receiver 189 4.9 Television 797

ANGLE (EXPONENTIAL) MODULATION

5.1 Concept of Instantaneous Frequency 208 5.2 Bandwidth of Angle-Modulated Waves 275 5.3 Generation of FM Waves 229 5.4 Demodulation of FM 233 5.5 Interference in Angle-Modulated Systems 247 5.6 FM Receiver 245

208

SAMPLING AND PULSE CODE MODULATION

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Sampling Theorem 257 Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM) 262 Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) Delta Modulation 287 278

251

PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION

7.1 A Digital Communication System 7.2 Line Coding 297 7.3 Pulse Shaping 370 7.4 Scrambling 319 7.5 Regenerative Repeater 322 7.6 Detection-Error Probability 329 7.7 M-ary Communication 334 7.8 Digital Carrier Systems 337 7.9 Digital Multiplexing 342 294

294

EMERGING DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES

8.1 The North American Hierarchy 354 8.2 Digital Services 368 8.3 Broadband Digital Communication: SONET 377

354

Contents 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Digital Switching Technologies 383 Broadband Services for Entertainment and Home Office Applications Video Compression 395 High-Definition Television (HDTV) 400

ix

392

SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS 404

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Cellular Telephone (Mobile Radio) System 404 Spread Spectrum Systems 406 Transmission Media 416 Hybrid Circuit: 2-Wire to 4-Wire Conversions 427 Public Switched Telephone Network 430

10

INTRODUCTION TO THEORY OF PROBABILITY

10.1 Concept of Probability 434 10.2 Random Variables 445 10.3 Statistical Averages (Means) 463 10.4 Central-Limit Theorem 472 10.5 Correlation 473 10.6.Linear Mean Square Estimation 476

434

11

RANDOM PROCESSES

487

11.1 From Random Variable to Random Process 487 11.2 Power Spectral Density of a Random Process 496 11.3 Multiple Random Processes 509 11.4 Transmission of Random Processes through Linear Systems 11.5 Bandpass Random Processes 574 11.6 Optimum Filtering: Wiener-Hopf Filter 522

570

12

BEHAVIOR OF ANALOG SYSTEMS IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE 532

12.1 Baseband Systems 532 12.2 Amplitude-Modulated Systems 534 12.3 Angle-Modulated Systems 541 12.4-Pulse-Modulated Systems 557 12.5 Optimum Preemphasis-Deemphasis Systems

567

13

BEHAVIOR OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE 577

13.1 Optimum Threshold Detection 577 13.2 General Analysis: Optimum Binary Receiver 582 13.3 Carrier Systems: ASK, FSK, PSK, and DPSK 590 13.4 Performance of Spread Spectrum Systems 607

CONTENTS 13.5 M-ary Communication 13.6 Synchronization 622 608

14

OPTIMUM SIGNAL DETECTION

626
626

14.1 Geometrical Representation of Signals: Signal Space 14.2 Gaussian Random Process 632 14.3 Optimum Receiver 637 14.4 Equivalent Signal Sets 662 14.5 Nonwhite (Colored) Channel.Noise 669 14.6 Other Useful Performance Criteria 670

15

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION THEORY

15.1 Measure of Information 679 15.2 Source Encoding 684 15.3 Error-Free Communication over a Noisy Channel 690 15.4 Channel Capacity of a Discrete Memoriless Channel 693 15.5 Channel Capacity of a Continuous Channel 707 15.6 Practical Communication Systems in Light of Shannon's Equation

679

777

16

ERROR CORRECTING CODES

728

16.1 Introduction 728 16.2 Linear Block Codes 731 16.3 Cyclic Codes 737 16.4 Burst-Error Detecting and Correcting Codes 745 16.5 Interlaced Codes for Burst- and Random-Error Correction 16.6 Convolutional Codes 747 16.7 Comparison of Coded and Uncoded Systems 755

746

APPENDIXES
A. B. C. D.

764
768

Orthogonality of Some Signal Sets 764 Schwarz Inequality 766 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization of a Vector Set Miscellaneous 777

INDEX

775