Tumor Jinak Mammae

Reproductive Years: Fibroadenomas are seen predominantly in younger women age 1525 years. Fibroadenomas usually grow to 1 or 2 cm in diameter and then are stable, but may grow to a larger size. Small fibroadenomas (1 cm in size or less) are considered normal, although larger fibroadenomas (up to 3 cm) are disorders and giant fibroadenomas (larger than 3 cm) are disease. Similarly, multiple fibroadenomas (more than 5 lesions in one breast) are very uncommon and are considered disease. The precise etiology of adolescent breast hypertrophy is unknown.Aspectrum of changes from limited to massive stromal hyperplasia (gigantomastia) is seen. Nipple inversion is a disorder of development of the major ducts, which prevents normal protrusion of the nipple. Mammary duct fistulas arise when nipple inversion predisposes to major duct obstruction, leading to recurrent subareolar abscess and mammary duct fistula. Later Reproductive Years: Cyclical mastalgia and nodularity are usually associated with premenstrual enlargement of the breast and are regarded as normal. Cyclical pronounced mastalgia and severe painful nodularity that persists for more than 1 week of the menstrual cycle is considered a disorder. In epithelial hyperplasia of pregnancy, papillary projections sometimes give rise to bilateral bloody nipple discharge. The term fibrocystic disease is nonspecific. Too frequently, it is used as a diagnostic term to describe symptoms, to rationalize the need for breast biopsy, and to explain biopsy results. Synonyms include fibrocystic changes, cystic mastopathy, chronic cystic disease, chronic cystic mastitis, Schimmelbusch disease, mazoplasia, Cooper disease, Reclus disease, and fibroadenomatosis. Fibrocystic disease refers to a spectrum of histopathologic changes that are best diagnosed and treated specifically. Treatment of Selected Benign Breast Disorders and Diseases Cysts: In practice, the first investigation of palpable breast masses is frequently needle biopsy, which allows for the early diagnosis of cysts.A21-gauge needle attached to a 10-mL syringe is placed directly into the mass, which is fixed by fingers of the nondominant hand. The volume of a typical cyst is 510 mL, but it may be 75 mL or more. If the fluid that is aspirated is not bloodstained, then the cyst is aspirated to dryness, the needle is removed, and the fluid is discarded as cytologic examination of such fluid is not cost-effective. After aspiration, the breast is carefully palpated to exclude a residual mass. If one exists, ultrasound examination is performed to exclude a persistent cyst, which is reaspirated if present. If the mass is solid, a tissue specimen is obtained.When cystic fluid is bloodstained, 2 mL of fluid are taken for cytology. The mass is then imaged with ultrasound and any solid area on the cyst wall is biopsied by needle. The presence of blood usually is obvious, but in cysts with dark fluid, an occult blood test or microscopy examination will eliminate any doubt. The two cardinal rules of safe cyst aspiration are (1) the mass must disappear completely after aspiration, and (2) the fluid must not be bloodstained. If either of these conditions is not met, then ultrasound, needle biopsy, and perhaps excisional biopsy are recommended. Fibroadenomas: Removal of all fibroadenomas has been advocated irrespective of patient age or other considerations, and solitary fibroadenomas in young women are frequently removed to alleviate patient concern. Yet most fibroadenomas are self-limiting and many go undiagnosed, so a more conservative approach is reasonable. Careful ultrasound examination with core-needle biopsy will provide for an accurate diagnosis. Subsequently, the patient is counseled concerning the biopsy results, and excision of the fibroadenoma may be avoided. CHAPTER 16 THE BREAST 349 Sclerosing Disorders: The clinical significance of sclerosing adenosis lies in its mimicry of cancer. It may be confused with cancer on physical examination, by mammography, and at gross pathologic examination. Excisional biopsy and histologic examination are frequently necessary to exclude the diagnosis of cancer. The diagnostic work-up for radial scars and complex sclerosing lesions frequently involves stereoscopic biopsy. It is usually not possible to differentiate these lesions with certainty from cancer by mammography features, hence biopsy is recommended. Periductal Mastitis: Painful and tender masses behind the nipple-areola complex are aspirated with a 21-gauge needle attached to a 10-mL syringe. Any fluid obtained is submitted for cytology and for culture using a transport medium appropriate for the detection of anaerobic organisms. Women are started on a combination of metronidazole and dicloxacillin while awaiting the results of culture. Antibiotics are then continued based on sensitivity tests. Many cases respond satisfactorily, but when there is considerable pus

present, surgical treatment is recommended. A subareolar abscess usually is unilocular and often is associated with a single duct system. Preoperative ultrasound will accurately delineate its extent. The surgeon may either undertake simple drainage with a view toward formal surgery, should the problem recur, or proceed with definitive surgery. In a woman of childbearing age, simple drainage is preferred, but if there is an anaerobic infection, recurrent infection frequently develops. Recurrent abscess with fistula is a difficult problem and may be treated by fistulectomy or by major duct excision, depending on the circumstances. When a localized periareolar abscess recurs at the previous site and a fistula is present, the preferred operation is fistulectomy, which has minimal complications and a high degree of success. However, when subareolar sepsis is diffuse rather than localized to one segment or when more than one fistula is present, total duct excision is the preferred procedure. The first circumstance is seen in young women with squamous metaplasia of a single duct, although the latter circumstance is seen in older women with multiple ectatic ducts. However, age is not always a reliable guide, and fistula excision is the preferred initial procedure for localized sepsis irrespective of age. Antibiotic therapy is useful for recurrent infection after fistula excision, and a 24-week course is recommended prior to total duct excision. Nipple Inversion: More women request correction of congenital nipple inversion than request correction for the nipple inversion that occurs secondary to duct ectasia. Although the results are usually satisfactory, women seeking correction for cosmetic reasons should always be made aware of the surgical complications of altered nipple sensation, nipple necrosis, and postoperative fibrosis with nipple retraction. Because nipple inversion is a result of shortening of the subareolar ducts, a complete division of these ducts is necessary for permanent correction of the disorder. RISK FACTORS FOR BREAST CANCER Increased exposure to estrogen is associated with an increased risk for developing breast cancer, whereas reducing exposure is thought to be protective. Correspondingly, factors that increase the number of menstrual cycles, such as early menarche, nulliparity, and late menopause, are associated with increased risk. Moderate levels of exercise and a longer lactation period, factors that decrease the total number of menstrual cycles, are protective. The terminal differentiation of breast epithelium associated with a full-term pregnancy is 350 PART II SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS also protective, so older age at first live birth is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Risk assessment. The average lifetime risk of breast cancer for newborn U.S. females is 12 percent. The longer a woman lives without cancer, the lower her risk of developing breast cancer. Thus, a woman age 50 years has an 11 percent lifetime risk of developing beast cancer, and a woman age 70 years has a 7 percent lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. As risk factors for breast cancer interact, evaluating the risk conferred by combinations of risk factors is difficult. From the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project, a mammography screening program conducted in the 1970s, Gail and colleagues developed the most frequently used model, which incorporates age at menarche, the number of breast biopsies, age at first live birth, and the number of first-degree relatives with breast cancer. It predicts the cumulative risk of breast cancer according to decade of life. To calculate breast cancer risk with the Gail model, a womans risk factors are translated into an overall risk score by multiplying her relative risks from several categories. This risk score is then compared to an adjusted population risk of breast cancer to determine a womans individual risk. A software program incorporating the Gail model is available from the National Cancer Institute at http://bcra.nci.nih.gov/brc. Risk management. Several important medical decisions may be affected by a womans underlying risk of breast cancer. These decisions include when to use postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy; at what age to begin mammography screening; when to use tamoxifen to prevent breast cancer; and when to perform prophylactic mastectomy to prevent breast cancer. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy reduces the risk of coronary artery disease and osteoporosis by 50 percent, but increases the risk of breast cancer by approximately 30 percent. Routine use of screening mammography in women age 50 years and older reduces mortality from breast cancer by 33 percent. This reduction comes without substantial risks and at an acceptable economic cost. However, the use of screening mammography is more controversial in women younger than age 50 years for several reasons: (1) breast density is greater and screening mammography is less likely to detect early breast cancer; (2) screening mammography results in more false-positive tests, resulting in unnecessary biopsies; and (3) youngerwomen are less likely to have breast cancer so fewer youngwomen

will benefit from screening. However, on a population basis, the benefits of screening mammography in women between the ages of 40 and 49 years still appear to outweigh the risks. Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator,was the first drug shown to reduce the incidence of breast cancer in healthy women. The Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (NSABP P-01) randomly assigned more than 13,000 women, with a 5-year Gail relative risk of breast cancer of 1.70 or greater, to tamoxifen or placebo. After a mean follow-up period of 4 years, tamoxifen had reduced the incidence of breast cancer by 49 percent. Tamoxifen currently is only recommended for women who have a Gail relative risk of 1.70 or greater and it is unclear whether the benefits of tamoxifen apply to women at lower risk. Additionally, deep venous thrombosis occurs 1.6 times, pulmonary emboli 3.0 times, and endometrial cancer 2.5 times as often in women taking tamoxifen. The increased risk for endometrial cancer is restricted to early stage cancers in postmenopausal women. Cataract surgery is required almost twice as often among women taking tamoxifen. Although no formal risk-benefit CHAPTER 16 THE BREAST 351 analysis is currently available, the higher a womans risk of breast cancer, the more likely it is that the reduction in the incidence of breast cancer conveyed by tamoxifen will outweigh the risk of serious side effects.