Ch11 WB e

Sectional Exercise
11.1 Senses and sense organs

A. Concept checking
(5 marks)
Teachers can ask abler students to correct the false statements.
Decide whether the following statements are true or not, and then circle True or False. 1. All living things can detect smell in the environment. 2. Our sense organs detect changes in the environment so that we can respond to them properly. 3. Sense organs are not able to produce senses. 4. The responses to changes in the environment are called sensation. 5. Different sense organs detect different kinds of stimuli. True / False True / False True / False True / False True / False
1. Complete the table on the next page about the sense produced and the sense organ used in each situation shown. (12 marks) (a)
There is a fish in the pond!
(b)
The music is lovely!
(c)
The coffee is hot!
(d)
I like this perfume!
(e)
I think Ive put too much salt.
(f)
Your dogs fur is very soft!
Little Einsteins Corner
STSE Article Reading
B. Questions
(22 marks)
Quick Review
Integrated Exercise
Sectional Exercise
11
Sensing the Environment

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Chapter 11
(a)
Sectional Exercise Integrated Exercise Quick Review STSE Article Reading Little Einsteins Corner
(b) hearing ears
(c) heat skin
(d) smell nose
(e) taste tongue
(f) touch skin
Sense produced Sense organ used
sight eyes
2. State the sense organ(s) that you can use to distinguish between each pair of substances below.
(10 marks)
Substances to be distinguished (a) grape juice and orange juice (b) a durian () and an orange inside different sealed bags made of black cloth (c) table salt and sugar (d) a piece of glass and a piece of transparent plastic (e) a wooden box containing coins and a wooden box containing marbles (f) wasabi flavoured potato chips and tomato flavoured potato chips Teaching notes:
Sense organ(s) used Eyes, tongue or nose Nose or skin Tongue Skin
Ears
Nose or tongue
11.2 How we see

A. Concept checking
(5 marks)
A piece of plastic is lighter than a piece of glass. We can use our hands to distinguish them by weight. Teachers can ask abler students to correct false statements. True / False True / False True / False True / False True / False
Decide whether the following statements are true or not, and then circle True or False. 1. The pupil controls the amount of light entering the eye. 2. Light falls on the yellow spot on the retina gives the clearest vision. 3. Light stimulates the light receptors in the optic nerve to produce signals that travel to the brain. 4. When looking at an object moving away from us, the lens of our eye becomes thicker. 5. Cones can work well in dim light.
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B. Multiple choice
(4 marks)
1. Which of the following descriptions about the changes in the eye shown in the figure is correct?
(I) (II) (III) (IV) A. B. C. D.
The eye is exposed to brighter light. The eye is exposed to dimmer light. More light is allowed to enter the eye. Less light is allowed to enter the eye.
Direction: The graph below shows how the thickness of the lens in a boys eye changes over a short period of time. Refer to the graph and answer questions 2 and 3.
Thickness of lens (arbitrary unit)
Time(s) 2 4 6 8 10
Quick Review
(I) and (III) only (I) and (IV) only (II) and (III) only (II) and (IV) only
Integrated Exercise
Sectional Exercise
Put the best answer in each box below.
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Chapter 11
2. During the first two seconds and the last two seconds in the period, the boy A. B. C. D. is looking at a distant object. is looking at a near object. is reading in a dark room. is reading in a brightly lit room.
3. Between the 6th and the 8th second, the boy is looking at A. B. C. D. a bus stopped 100 m away from him. a bus stopped beside him. a bus moving towards him. a bus moving away from him.
4. Which of the following descriptions about cones and rods is/are correct? (I) Cones can work well in bright light while rods can still work well in dim light. (II) Cones can detect colours. (III) If some rods do not function well, a person would have a poor night vision. A. B. C. D. (I) only (I) and (II) only (II) and (III) only (I), (II) and (III)
(8 marks)
C. Matching
Match each situation on the left with TWO corresponding conditions of the eyes on the right. Situation (a) Using a computer in a room with the lights on (b) Looking at a star in the sky at night (c) Looking at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre () from the Star Ferry Pier in Wanchai at noon (d) Looking at your watch inside a cinema when the film is showing (a) i, iv (b) ii, iii (c) ii, iv Condition of the eyes (i) The lenses are thick.
(ii) The lenses are thin. (iii) The pupils are large.
(iv) The pupils are small.
(d)
i, iii
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D. Questions
(25 marks)
G B H C I
(a) Label the following parts. A: D: G: I: cornea pupil retina blind spot B: E: H: J: iris
(8 marks)
yellow spot optic nerve
(b) Using the letters in the diagram, state the part(s) of the eye which (i) is/are transparent. A, C, E and F G E
(4 marks) (1 mark) (1 mark) (2 marks)
(ii) contain(s) light receptors.
(iii) involve(s) in the adjustment of the focus of light. (c) What are the functions of part K? It protects the eyeball and gives it shape.
State the position of the object which will give (a) the clearest vision. (b) no vision. (c) coloured vision. Q P, Q and S R
P Q
(1 mark)
R
(1 mark) (3 marks)
S
2. A small coloured object is placed at four different positions, P, Q, R and S in front of the eye. The diagram below shows the cross-section of the eye and the light rays from the objects at different positions.
Quick Review
lens
Integrated Exercise
Sectional Exercise
1. The following diagram shows the cross-section of a human eye.
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Chapter 11
3. The diagram below shows Amandas experimental set-up. It was used to simulate how a sharp image is formed in our eyes. The lens, L1, was placed 30 cm away from the screen. The LED lamp was moved back and forth until a sharp image was formed on screen.
translucent glass screen LED lamp lens L1
30 cm
lens holder
metre rule
(a) Which part of our eyes did the translucent glass screen represent? retina
(1 mark)
(b) How was the image formed on the screen? Draw the image formed in the space provided and fill in the blank. (2 marks)
The image formed on the screen was
inverted
(upright / inverted).
(c) Amanda kept the image distance unchanged and replaced the lens with a thicker lens, L2. She found that the object distances of L1 and L2 for producing sharp images are different. The following table shows her experimental results. Object distance Lens L1 Lens L2 60 30 Image distance 30 30
(1 mark)
What could Amanda conclude from the table above? A shorter object distance needs a thicker
(thinner / thicker) lens for focusing.
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11.3 Limitations of our eyes

A. Concept checking
(5 marks)
Teachers can ask abler students to correct false statements.
Decide whether the following statements are true or not, and then circle True or False. 1. A person with healthy eyes can see clearly a ten-dollar note placed 30 cm from his/her eyes. 2. In order to distinguish two small dots drawn very close together, we should place them as near to our eyes as possible. 3. A light microscope allows us to see very small objects like water molecules. 4. There are light receptors at the blind spot of the eye. 5. No sense of sight is produced if light falls on the area where the optic nerve leaves the eye. True / False True / False True / False True / False True / False
B. Matching
(9 marks)
Instrument (a) Telescope (b) Binoculars
Use
(i) (ii) Hand lens Light microscope
For observing small insects on leaf surfaces
(c)
(d)
(iii) For observing tiny living things in water such as Amoeba (iv) For observing craters on the Moon
(a)
i, iv
(b)
(c)
ii
(d)
iii
For bird-watching in Mai Po
Quick Review
Name the instrument shown in the pictures below. Match the instrument with their uses and write the relevant numbers in the blanks at the end of the page.
Integrated Exercise
Sectional Exercise
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Chapter 11
11.4 Eye defects

A. Multiple choice
(5 marks)
Put the best answer in each box below. 1. Andrew met Billy outside a MTR station. Photos I and II below show what Andrew saw when he was walking towards Billy, and Billy was 10 m and 1 m away from him respectively.
Photo I
Photo II
What kind of eye defect was Andrew most likely to have? A. B. C. D. Long sight Short sight Cataract Colour-blindness
2. The diagram below shows an old man wearing a pair of half-moon spectacles for reading. How do his spectacles look like from the top?
A.
B.
C.
D. D
3. Elizabeth cannot see the face of the watch on her wrist clearly, but she can see the time on a clock 8 m away. Which of the following combinations correctly describes her eye defect and the lens to correct it? Eye defect A. B. C. D. long sight long sight short sight short sight Lens to correct the defect convex lens concave lens convex lens concave lens
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Direction: Refer to the figure below and answer questions 4 and 5.

Sectional Exercise
Mr Choi, I cannot see what you are writing on the blackboard, but I can see the words on my book clearly.
Joseph
4. Which of the following diagrams correctly represents the path of the light from the blackboard entering Josephs eye? A. B.
Quick Review
C.
D.
STSE Article Reading Little Einsteins Corner
A 5. After seeing an optician, Joseph wears a pair of glasses to correct his eye defect. Which of the following diagrams correctly represents the path of the light from the blackboard passing through Josephs eye now? A. B.
C.
D.
Integrated Exercise
70
Chapter 11
B. Fill in the blanks

(12 marks)
Dr. Chin is an ophthalmologist (). She performed eye checks for the following four patients today. Help Dr. Chin to fill in the medical reports. (a) Patient A Eye defect: long sight Feature: cannot see (i) objects clearly Cause(s): lens too (ii) eyeball too (iii) short How to correct: wear (iv) convex lens (c) Patient C Eye defect: (i) cataracts Eye defect: short sight Feature: cannot see (i) objects clearly Cause(s): lens too (ii) eyeball too (iii) long distant thick or (d) Patient D near thin or (b) Patient B Eye defect: colour-blindness Feature: cannot distinguish between (i) certain colours
Cause(s): defects in or the absence of certain (ii) cones
Remark: cannot be cured
Feature: vision becomes cloudy Cause(s): lens becomes cloudy How to correct: replace the cloudy lens with an (ii) artificial lens
How to correct: wear (iv) concave lens
C. Questions
(15 marks)
1. The diagrams below show a human eye looking at objects at different distances.
Diagram I
Diagram II
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(a) Which diagram shows the eye is looking at

Sectional Exercise Little Einsteins Corner STSE Article Reading Quick Review Integrated Exercise
(i) a distant object? (ii) a near object?
Diagram I Diagram II
(1 mark) (1 mark)
(b) Suppose that the person is long-sighted. Draw the path of the light entering his eyes in each diagram on p.70. (2 marks) (c) (i) Refer to diagram I. Does he need any lens to see the object clearly? If yes, which type of lens does he need? (2 marks) No, he does not need any lens. (ii) Refer to diagram II. Does he need any lens to see the object clearly? If yes, which type of lens does he need? (2 marks) Yes, he needs a suitable convex lens. (iii) In the space provided, draw and label a suitable lens to correct the eye defect of the person. Also, draw the path of the light from a near object entering his eye.
(3 marks)
2. Look at the following two diagrams. With reference to the given example, suggest TWO more ways for the person in each case to protect his/her eyes. (4 marks) (a) Lower the curtain to avoid glare from the television screen. Keep himself at a distance more than 2.5 times of the length of the screen diagonal. Let the eyes relax after watching television for an hour, such as looking at distant objects or something green for a few minutes. (or other reasonable answers) Reading under sufficient light. Sit instead of lie on the bed to read. Keep the reading distance at 35 cm or more. Let the eyes relax after reading for an hour, such as looking at distant objects or something green for a few minutes. (or other reasonable answers)
(b)
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Chapter 11
11.5 How we hear 11.6 Limitation of our ears

A. Concept checking
(4 marks)
Teachers can ask abler students to correct false statements.
Decide whether the following statements are true or not, and then circle True or False. 1. All sounds are produced by the vibration of air. 2. Sound travels at different speeds through different materials. 3. Some animals can communicate at frequencies beyond our audible frequency range, so we cannot hear the sound produced by these animals. 4. If the cochleas are damaged, deafness will result. True / False True / False True / False True / False
B. Multiple choice
(4 marks)
Put the best answer in each box below. 1. Sound can be transmitted through (I) solids A. B. C. D. (II) liquids (III) gases (IV) vacuum .
(I) and (IV) only (II) and (III) only (I), (II) and (III) only (I), (II), (III) and (IV)
2. Which of the following descriptions about the production of sound by a guitar is correct?
(I) The strings of the guitar vibrate to produce sound. (II) The vibration of the strings causes air particles to vibrate. (III) The strings vibrate with different frequencies to produce sounds of different pitches. A. (I) and (II) only B. (I) and (III) only C. (II) and (III) only D. (I), (II) and (III) D
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3. Which of the following parts of the ear will vibrate when sound is transmitted into the ear?
Sectional Exercise Little Einsteins Corner STSE Article Reading Quick Review
D
(I) Ear canal A. (I) and (II) only B. (I) and (III) only
(II) Eardrum
(III) Ear bones C. (II) and (III) only D. (I), (II) and (III) C
4. The audible frequency ranges of dogs and humans are 20 40 000 Hz and 20 20 000 Hz respectively. Which of the following is the possible frequency for the sound produced by a soundless whistle for training dogs? A. 10 Hz B. 10 000 Hz C. 25 000 Hz D. 45 000 Hz C
C. Matching
(10 marks)
The diagram below shows the structures of a human ear.

A B C E
brain
Name structures A to E. Match the structures with their functions and write the relevant numbers in the boxes. Structure A: Ear flap : iii Function (i) Contains sound receptors which detect vibrations to produce signals (ii) Transmits air vibration to the middle ear (iii) Collects sound (iv) Transmits signals to the brain (v) Magnify vibrations and pass them to the inner ear
B: C: D: E:
Eardrum Ear bones Cochlea Auditory nerve
: ii : v : i : iv
Integrated Exercise
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Chapter 11
D. Questions
(15 marks)
1. The diagram shows a loudspeaker connected to a signal generator and placed inside a bell jar. The loudspeaker is switched on with the loudest volume.
bell jar
loudspeaker
signal generator
connected to power supply
connected to a vacuum pump
(a) Describe how sound from the loudspeaker reaches our ears.
(5 marks)
When the loudspeaker in the bell jar vibrates, it causes the air particles surrounding it to vibrate. This causes the bell jar to vibrate, and then the air particles outside the bell jar to vibrate. The vibrations of air particles then reach our ears. (b) If the vacuum pump is switched on, can we hear the sound from the loudspeaker? Why?
(2 marks)
No. It is a vacuum inside the bell jar. Sound cannot be transmitted through a vacuum.
(c) If the frequency of sound is increased to 30 000 Hz, we cannot hear the sound from the loudspeaker. Why? (1 mark) The frequency of the sound is outside the audible frequency range of human.
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2. The bar chart below shows the audible frequency ranges of certain animals. Answer the following questions with reference to the chart.
100 - 2000
Grasshopper
Crocodile
30 - 6000
Human
20 - 20 000
Robin
250 - 21 000
Dog
20 - 40 000
Cat
60 - 70 000
10 - 120 000 Bat 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000 70 000 80 000 90 000 100 000 110 000 120 000 130 000 140 000 150 000 Sound frequency (Hz) 0
(a) Which of the animals shown have the (i) narrowest audible frequency range? (ii) widest audible frequency range? (b) What is the lowest frequency of sound that we can hear? The lowest frequency of sound that we can hear is about 20 Hz. (c) Ultrasounds are sounds with frequencies beyond 20 000 Hz. Which of the animals shown can hear ultrasounds? Robin, dog, cat and bat can hear ultrasounds.
(4 marks)
Grasshopper Bat
(1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark)
Quick Review
Integrated Exercise
Frog
50 - 10 000
Sectional Exercise
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Chapter 11
11.7 Noise pollution

A. Multiple choice
(3 marks)
Put the best answer in each box below. 1. Which of the following give sounds that can cause hearing damage if a person is exposed to them regularly? (I) Jet plane taking off (30 60 m away) (II) Road drill (III) Heavy road traffic A. B. C. D. (I) and (II) only (I) and (III) only (II) and (III) only (I), (II) and (III)
2. Which of the following health problems may be the results of long-term exposure to noises with sound levels from 60 dB to 70 dB? (I) (II) (III) (IV) A. B. C. D. Hearing loss Sleep loss Stress Headaches
(I) and (IV) only (I), (II) and (IV) only (II), (III) and (IV) only (I), (II), (III) and (IV)
3. Which of the following measures were taken by the Hong Kong SAR Government to reduce noise pollution? (I) (II) (III) (IV) A. B. C. D. Moving the airport from Kowloon City to Chek Lap Kok. Building noise barriers along highways. Encouraging people to install air conditioners at home. Setting up laws to control noises produced by neighbourhood activities.
(I), (II) and (III) only (I), (II) and (IV) only (II), (III) and (IV) only (I), (II), (III) and (IV)
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B. Questions
(10 marks)
Peter
(a) Peter puts on headphones to listen to rock music in a noisy environment. Give TWO reasons why Peter should not do this.
(2 marks)
He may need to turn the volume on his headphones to a very high level. This may cause damages to his ears.
Quick Review Little Einsteins Corner STSE Article Reading
He may not be aware of any dangers in his surroundings, e.g. approaching vehicles. (or other reasonable answers) (b) (i) If Peter wants to know the usual sound level of his headphones, what can he use to (1 mark) measure it? A decibel meter (ii) What will happen to Peters ear if he listens to music with headphones at a very high sound level over a long period of time? (1 mark) He may suffer from hearing loss. (or other reasonable answers) (c) How can we protect our ears in the noisy environment shown above? We can cover our ears with our hands. (or other reasonable answers) 2. Arrange the following situations in increasing order of sound level. A. B. C. D. E. C Jet plane taking off Road-drilling Chatting with friends The principal giving speech in the school hall through the broadcast system Busy street traffic < D < E < B < A
(5 marks) (1 mark)
Integrated Exercise
Sectional Exercise
1. Look at the following picture and answer the questions.
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Chapter 11
11.8 Senses of smell, taste, touch and others

A. Concept checking
(5 marks)
Teachers can ask abler students to correct false statements. True / False True / False True / False True / False True / False
Decide whether the following statements are true or not, and then circle True or False. 1. A taste bud is a taste receptor that can detect chemicals in food. 2. Substances that do not dissolve in saliva are tasteless. 3. There is more than one type of receptors in our skin. 4. Sweet, sour, spicy and bitter are the four primary tastes of human. 5. The number of skin receptors per unit area of skin is the same in all parts of the body.
B. Multiple choice
(6 marks)
Put the best answer in each box below. 1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the production of the sense of smell? (I) Chemicals in the air dissolve in the moist layer inside the nose. (II) The brain interprets the signals to give us the sense of smell. (III) Signals are sent to the brain. (IV) Smell receptors are stimulated to produce signals. A. B. C. D. (IV) (I) (III) (II) (I) (II) (IV) (III) (II) (I) (III) (IV) (I) (IV) (III) (II)
2. When we have a cold, food seems to be tasteless because A. B. C. D. our smell receptors are damaged. our taste receptors are damaged. the mucus in the nose blocks our smell receptors. the medicine that we take affects our sense of smell.
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ice water
warm water
tap water
3. What does he feel when he puts both fingers into the beaker of tap water? A. B. C. D. His right index finger feels warm and his left index finger feels cool. His right index finger feels cool and his left index finger feels warm. Both fingers feel cool. Both fingers feel warm.
4. The experiment shows that A. B. C. D. our skin is reliable in detecting heat and cold. our skin is not totally reliable in detecting heat and cold. our skin cannot detect heat and cold. our skin can only detect heat.
B
5. Which of the following descriptions about the human skin is/are correct? (I) It is the largest sense organ in our body. (II) It can detect pressure. (III) There are no nerves connecting the skin to the brain. A. B. C. D. (I) only (III) only (I) and (II) only (I) and (III) only
6. Which of the following parts of our body is most sensitive to touch? A. Foot B. Elbow C. Fingertip D. Forehead C
Quick Review
Integrated Exercise
Sectional Exercise
Direction: Questions 3 and 4 refer to the experiment shown below. A student puts his right and left index fingers respectively into a beaker of ice water and warm water (50C) for one minute. Then, he puts both fingers into a beaker of tap water.
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Chapter 11
11.9 The brain

A. Fill in the blanks
(14 marks)
1. The following figures show examples of the functions of the brain. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. (a) The (i) sensory function of the brain:
Light from a school bus enters a boys eyes. The (ii) light receptors send signals to his (iii) brain receives and (iv) and he sees the school bus. (b) How the brain coordinates the (i) and (ii) motor functions: sensory in his eyes are stimulated and brain interprets . The boys the signals
Upon seeing the school bus, the boy knows that he will be late for school if he misses the bus. He makes a (iii) (c) The (i) decision motor to run. function of the brain:
The boys brain sends out signals through (ii) (iii) nerves muscles to order his to work and allow the boy
to run towards the bus.
2. The processes above can be summarized by the following flow chart. produce signals, which are sent along nerves to the sends signals to particular parts of the body along nerves to give
(a) stimuli
are detected by
(b) receptors in sense organs
(c)
brain
(d) responses
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B. Questions
(12 marks)
(a) Label the three major parts of the brain in the diagram.
(3 marks)
Z: X: cerebellum
A B
cerebrum
Integrated Exercise
Y:
medulla
(b) Referring to the diagram, is A or B the front part of the brain?
(1 mark)
(c) Using the letters in the diagram, state the part of the brain that is responsible for
(2 marks)
(i) interpreting the signals from sense organs. (ii) making judgements. Z Y
(1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark)
(iii) controlling heartbeat and breathing. (iv) controlling balance. X
2. (a) Look at the diagram on the right. Do the two bolded lines in the middle look like straight lines to you?
(1 mark)
No (b) Put a ruler along each of the lines. Are the lines straight lines? (1 mark) Yes (c) From the results of (a) and (b), can you tell what is wrong with our brain in this case? In this case, our brain does not (i) This leads to (ii) illusion . interpret the signal received accurately .
Sectional Exercise
1. The diagram below shows the side view of a human brain.
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Chapter 11
11.10 Effects of drugs, alcohol and solvents on our senses

A. Multiple choice
(4 marks)
Put the best answer in each box below. 1. Which of the following descriptions about drinking alcohol is/are correct? (I) It is safe to drive after drinking, as long as the alcohol content in blood stays under the legal limit. (II) Alcohol slows down our responses, thus drunk-driving often causes traffic accidents. (III) We may experience loss of balance and blurred vision after drinking alcohol. A. B. C. D. (I) only (I) and (II) only (II) and (III) only (I), (II) and (III)
2. Which of the following descriptions about solvent-sniffing is INCORRECT? A. B. C. D. Solvent sniffers may experience excitements and feelings which are not real. Solvent-sniffing over a long period may damage the brain. Thinner, glue and petrol are examples of solvents which are commonly abused. A person will not become addicted to solvent-sniffing.
3. Which of the following descriptions about drugs is correct? A. B. C. D. All drugs are harmful to our body. Drugs are harmful to our body only if we take a large amount of them. A person will not become addicted to drugs if he/she takes a little at a time. Drugs can affect our brain and other parts of the nervous system.
4. Which of the following are the possible effects caused by drug abuse? (I) (II) (III) (IV) A. B. C. D. Illusions Depression Impaired judgement Loss of control over body movements
(I) and (III) only (II) and (IV) only (I), (II) and (III) only (I), (II), (III) and (IV)
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B. Question
(10 marks)
Duration (hours) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
BAL (mg alcohol per 100 cm3 blood) 0 60
125 100 60 35 20
(5 marks)
(a) Plot the above data on the graph paper on the right. (b) (i) From the experimental results above, what would be the BAL of Mr Tam after 3.5 hours? (1 mark) 46 mg alcohol per 100 cm3 blood (ii) The legal limit of BAL of drivers in Hong Kong is 50 mg alcohol per 100 cm3 blood. Mr Tam is an experienced driver. Is he suitable to drive after drinking the glass of wine for 3.5 hours? Explain your answer.
(2 marks)
No, he is not suitable to drive. Although his BAL is under the legal limit, his judgement and response are weakened by alcohol. It is dangerous to drive after drinking. (c) How do the police in Hong Kong test a driver for drunk-driving?
(2 marks)
The police use a breathalyzer to measure the alcohol content in the breathed air of a driver.
Quick Review
Integrated Exercise
120
Sectional Exercise
In an experiment investigating blood alcohol levels, Mr Tam was given a glass of wine to drink. Then, blood samples were taken from him for measuring his blood alcohol level (BAL) at regular time intervals. The following data were obtained.
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Chapter 11
Integrated Exercise
A. Multiple choice
(20 marks)
Put the best answer in each box below. 1. Which of the following is/are the reason(s) why senses are important to the survival of animals? (I) defect danger and escape (II) search for food (III) find shelter A. B. C. D. (I) only (II) only (I) and (III) only (I), (II) and (III)
2. Which of the following combinations of sense organs and the stimuli detected is INCORRECT? A. B. C. D. Sense organ ears tongue skin eyes Stimulus detected sound chemicals in food chemicals in air light
3. Peter is walking in a forest. He realizes that a snake has just passed by him. Which sense organs does he use in this situation?
A. B. C. D.
Skin and nose Eyes and skin Nose and ears Eyes and ears
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Direction: Questions 4 6 refer to the human eye model shown below. Think about the structures represented by P, Q, R and S in the human eye.
P
A. B. C. D.
P jelly-like liquid cornea iris cornea
Q lens lens cornea jelly-like liquid
R cornea jelly-like liquid jelly-like liquid lens
S iris retina retina iris B
5. Which of the following descriptions about the structures shown in the figure is INCORRECT? A. B. C. D. P can help to focus light entering the eye. If Q is too thin or thick, this may lead to long sight or short sight respectively. R can control the amount of light entering the eye. S contains light receptors which can detect light and send signals to the brain.
A. B. C. D.
Cataracts Q R P S
Colour-blindness S P S P
6. Which of the structures shown in the figure are defective in the following diseases?
Quick Review
4. Which of the following combinations is correct?
Integrated Exercise
Sectional Exercise
86
Chapter 11
7. Which of the following combinations show the condition of a cats eyes when it is looking at a near object in dim light?
Sectional Exercise
(I)
(II)
(III)
(IV)
A. B. C. D.
(I) and (III) only (I) and (IV) only (II) and (III) only (II) and (IV) only
Integrated Exercise Quick Review STSE Article Reading Little Einsteins Corner
8. The diagram below shows the simplified structure of a human eye with a certain defect. The light from a near object appears to focus behind the retina.
light from a near object a near object
cross-section of lens I
cross-section of lens II
What is the eye defect shown in the diagram? Which type of lens shown on the right above should be used for correcting this eye defect? A. B. C. D. Eye defect Short sight Short sight Long sight Long sight Lens to be used for correction Lens I Lens II Lens I Lens II
9. Which of the following descriptions about sound is INCORRECT? A. B. C. D. Sound cannot travel in space. Sound travels faster in gases than in liquids. The frequency of a sound is the number of vibrations per second. The loudness of sound is measured in decibels.
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Direction: Questions 10 11 refer to the following diagram of a human ear.

Sectional Exercise
S
10. Which structure(s) in the diagram can magnify vibrations?

A. B. C. D.
Structure P Structure Q Structures P and Q Structures P and S
11. What will happen if structure R is damaged? A. B. C. D. Sounds cannot be collected. Vibrations cannot be magnified. Air vibrations cannot be detected. Signals from sound receptors cannot be transmitted to the brain.
12. Mosquitoes can hear the high frequency sound produced by ultrasound mosquito expellers but humans cannot. This shows that (I) (II) humans ears have weaker sound receptors. the range of frequency that mosquitoes can hear is different from that of humans. (III) mosquitoes can hear sound of higher frequency than humans can hear.
A. B. C. D.
(I) only (I) and (II) only (II) and (III) only (I), (II) and (III)
Integrated Exercise
88
Chapter 11
13. A plane is flying across the sky. Chris covers his ears with his hands. Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) what happens in Chris ears when he covers his ears?
Chris
(I) The air in his ear canal stops vibrating. (II) His eardrum vibrates less strongly. (III) The frequency of vibration of his ear bones becomes lower. A. (I) only B. (II) only C. (I) and (III) only D. (II) and (III) only B
14. In the old days, people pressed their ears against the rail to find out whether a train was coming.
Which of the following was NOT a reason for taking this action? A. The transmission of sound in the rails is faster than that in air. B. The whistle of the train could be transmitted along the rails. C. The sounds from a distant train transmitted through the rails would be strong enough to be heard. B D. The train could not be seen when it was far away.
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15. Sam is blindfolded and his classmate feeds him a piece of orange. Which of the following organs is/are involved when Sam tries to identify the food he eats? (I) Tongue (II) Brain (III) Nose A. B. C. D. (I) only (I) and (II) only (I) and (III) only (I), (II) and (III)
Sectional Exercise
D
Integrated Exercise
16. Mr Tang touches his daughters forehead with his palm and concludes that she has a fever. Which of the following statements explain(s) why Mr Tang may be wrong? (I) There are very few receptors in the skin of the palm. (II) The receptors in the skin of the palm are not very sensitive. (III) The skin is not reliable in detecting temperature. A. B. C. D. (I) only (III) only (I) and (II) only (II) and (III) only
A. B. C. D.
The optic nerve The auditory nerve The nerves connecting the brain and the leg muscles. The nerves connecting the brain and the hand muscles. A
18. Which of the following are possible effects of solvent-sniffing? (I) Affects our judgement (II) Affects the control of our muscles (III) Affects our breathing control centre A. B. C. D. (I) and (II) only (I) and (III) only (II) and (III) only (I), (II) and (III)
17. A driver sees that the bus in front of his car has stopped suddenly. He quickly brakes and stops his car. Which of the following nerves sends the signals involved in this situation to the drivers brain?
Quick Review
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Chapter 11
19. Sometimes, Police stops the driver to conduct a test shown in the figure below.
Sectional Exercise
The instrument shown above often contains a chemical called acidified potassium dichromate. Which of the following descriptions about this chemical is correct? (I) Before the test, this chemical is colourless. (II) In the presence of alcohol, this chemical turns green. (III) The more alcohol exists in the drivers breath, the deeper the colour of this chemical will be. A. B. C. D. (I) and (II) only (I) and (III) only (II) and (III) only (I), (II) and (III)
Integrated Exercise Quick Review STSE Article Reading Little Einsteins Corner
20. Which of the followings are commonly abused drugs? (I) Ketamine A. (I) and (II) only B. (I) and (III) only (II) Heroin (III) Cannabis D
C. (II) and (III) only D. (I), (II) and (III)
B. Fill in the blanks
(14 marks)
1. The eye is the sense organ for the sense of (a) stimulates the (b) light receptors is focused on the area where the (d) This area is called the (e) 2. The (a) ear on the (c) optic nerve .
sight retina
. The light from an object . If the light from the object
leaves the eye, we cannot see the object.
blind spot
is the sense organ for the sense of hearing. (b)
Air vibrations cochlea
are .
transmitted by the eardrum and ear bones to the sound receptors in the (c) If the (d) frequency
of a sound is outside the range of 20 20 000 Hz, we cannot hear
it. This range is our (e)audible frequency range .
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3. The tongue is the sense organ for the sense of (a) the (b) taste buds
taste
. Receptors can be found in

Sectional Exercise Little Einsteins Corner STSE Article Reading Quick Review Integrated Exercise
on the tongue. These receptors detect (c) saliva .
chemicals
from
food and drinks dissolved in the (d)
C. Questions
(65 marks)
1. State the stimulus/stimuli, sense organ(s) and the corresponding sense(s) involved in each of the following situations. (15 marks) (a)
Its warm!
Stimulus/stimuli: Temperature of water Sense organ(s): Skin Sense(s): Heat and cold
(b)
The lemonade is sour!
Stimulus/stimuli: Chemicals / citric acid / lemon juice in the drink Sense organ(s): Tongue Sense(s): Taste
(c)
Stimulus/stimuli: Chemicals / LPG / town gas in air Sense organ(s): Nose Sense(s): Smell
There seems a gas leakage from the stove.
(d)
Stimulus/stimuli: Light and sound / thunder and lightning Sense organ(s): Eyes and ears Sense(s): Sight and hearing
It is thundering and lightning! The rain must be coming.
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Chapter 11
2. The diagram below shows a dissected ox eye.

P
T R
(a) Name structures P, Q, R and S. P: lens; Q: cornea; R: iris; S: optic nerve
(4 marks)
(b) (i) Using the letters in the diagram, state which structure(s) above is/are transparent.
(3 marks)
P, Q and T (ii) What is the importance of the property mentioned in (i)? This allows light to pass through. (c) After structures P and T are removed, a greenish and shiny surface is seen inside the eyeball. Name this part of the eye and state its function. (2 marks) Retina. It contains light receptors that can detect light and send signals to the brain. (d) (i) Hold the back half of the eyeball firmly and pull structure S gently. A small depression appears on the greenish and shiny surface. What is this point called? (1 mark) This point is called the blind spot. (ii) Can we see an object when the light from it is focused on this point? Explain your answer.
(3 marks) (1 mark)
No, we cannot see the object. The reason is that there are no light receptors on the blind spot, no signals are produced when the light from an object is focused on it.
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3. (a) Mandy used the set-up on the right to investigate the characteristics and correction of an eye defect. (i) Which part of the eye does lens A represent? The lens (ii) Which part of the eye does the screen represent? (1 mark) The retina (b) Mandy directed a light beam at lens A and moved the screen back and forth, but a sharp image could not be formed on the screen. Then, Mandy put a suspended screen into the solution as shown in the figure. A sharp image was formed on the suspended screen. (i) What eye defect does the set-up simulate? (1 mark) Short sight (ii) If a person suffers from this eye defect, what are the characteristics of his/her vision? (1 mark) A person with short sight can see near objects but not distant objects clearly. (iii) State TWO possible causes of this eye defect. The lens is thicker than normal or the eyeball is too long.
(1 mark)
fluorescent solution
screen
lens A
lens A
(2 marks)
(c) In the space provided, draw and label a suitable lens to be placed in front of the set-up to correct the eye defect identified in (b)(i). Draw the path of the light beam to show how it is focused onto the screen. (3 marks)
Quick Review
Integrated Exercise
suspended screen
Sectional Exercise
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Chapter 11
4. Daisy and William have made a string telephone as shown below. They held the cups as shown, keeping the string tight. When Daisy spoke softly into her cup, William could hear her clearly through the other cup.
string paper cups
match
(a) When Daisy speaks into the cup, which part(s) of the telephone is/are vibrating? The air inside the cups, the cups, the matches and the string. (b) Which kind(s) of media is/are used for sound transmission in the telephone? Solid and gas
(4 marks)
(2 marks)
(c) If Daisy speaks into the cup while holding the string with her hand tightly, why cant William hear her voice through the other cup? (2 marks) This is because the part of the string which Daisy is holding cannot vibrate. Thus, sound cannot be transmitted from one end of the string to the other. 5. Wendy conducted an experiment as shown to compare the reaction times of three classmates. She released the ruler without giving notice to her classmate, and the classmate had to catch the ruler with his/her thumb and index finger as quickly as possible. The distance fallen by the ruler was recorded for each trial. The table below shows the results obtained by Wendy. Student Peter Paul Mary Distance fallen when the ruler was caught (cm) 1st trial 13 21 18 2nd trial 15 19 18 Average 14 20 18
bench Wendys hand
half-metre rule
the classmates hand
95
(a) (i) Which sense organ(s) is/are tested in this experiment? The eyes (ii) Name the nerve that carries signals from the sense organ in (i) to the brain. Optic nerve (iii) Which part(s) of the body is/are responsible for carrying out the response? The muscles of the arm / fingers
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
The shorter the distance fallen by the ruler, the faster is the reaction time. (ii) From the results of the experiment, which student has the fastest reaction time? (1 mark) Peter 6. The facility shown below can be found at the entrance of some MTR stations.
(a) Which kind of person is the facility mainly designed for? Visually impaired person / Person with vision problems
(1 mark)
Sense organ: the skin ; Sense: touch (c) What other senses are related to the sense organ mentioned in (b)? Give TWO examples.
(2 marks)
Pain, heat/cold, pressure (any two)
(b) What is the sense organ and the sense used by this kind of person to detect the information displayed on the facility? (2 marks)
Quick Review
Integrated Exercise
(b) (i) What is the relationship between the distance fallen when the ruler was caught and the reaction time? (1 mark)
Sectional Exercise
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Chapter 11
7. Christy watched a distant object while placing her fingers in front of her eyes as shown in the figure. She saw a floating finger. She thought that there was something wrong with her eyes. (a) If Christy closes one eye, will she still see a floating finger? (1 mark) No (b) In fact, there is nothing wrong with Christys eyes. Explain why she saw a floating finger. (2 marks) The floating finger she saw was an illusion because her brain was interpreting the signals sent by her eyes wrongly and illusion occured.
Oh dear! There is something wrong with my eyes.
8. (a) Drugs can affect our brain. For example, drugs may cause illusions. (i) Which part of the brain is affected when a person sees illusions under the influence of drugs? (1 mark) The cerebrum (ii) State TWO other effects of drugs to our brain.
(2 marks)
Slowing down our responses / affecting our judgement / making us lose control of our body movements (any two or other reasonable answers) (b) Solvent-sniffing over long periods of time may damage the brain and affect our breathing control. (i) Which part of the brain controls our breathing? The medulla (ii) State TWO kinds of solvents commonly abused by people.
(2 marks) (1 mark)
Thinner / lighter fuel / glue / petrol / aerosols (any two or other reasonable answers)
97
Quick Review
A. Sensing the environment
(a) stimuli
are detected by
(5 marks)
send signals to
(b) receptors in sense organs
(c)
brain
interprets signals to produce
(d) senses
Integrated Exercise
coordinates senses and responses sends signals to give
(e) responses
B. Our senses
(7 marks)
b Sense of hearing Stimuli are detected by (i) sound receptors c c Sense of smell Stimuli are detected by (i) smell receptors inside the (ii) nose e b d in the (ii) cochlea of the ear a
Stimuli are detected by (i) taste receptors in the (ii) taste bud of the tongue
e Sense of heat/cold, touch, pain and pressure Stimuli are detected by receptors on the skin
d Sense of taste
Quick Review
a Sense of sight Stimuli are detected by light receptors on the retina of the eye
Sectional Exercise
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Chapter 11
How we see
In bright light In dim light
(15 marks)
Iris
controls the size of the pupil and hence becomes smaller becomes larger
the amount of light entering the eye
Stimulus: light
Optic nerve carries signals to the brain
Lens can
: focus
looking at a near object
looking at a distant object
light from objects at different distances as its thickness becomes thicker becomes thinner
can be changed
Eye defects
Short sight : Long sight :
can be corrected by wearing concave lens
can be corrected by wearing convex lens
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How we hea
r
(18 marks)
are produced by
vibration
can be transmitted in ( / ):
Stimuli: sounds
vacuum buzzer
gas
vacuum liquid
The higher the frequency of a sound, the higher its pitch.
We can only hear sounds within our audible frequency range .
Auditory nerve : Ear flap collects air vibration Eardrum : : Ear bones magnify vibration Cochlea : : carries signals to the brain
transmits air vibration to the middle ear
contains sound receptors which can detect vibrations
Quick Review
Integrated Exercise
solid
Sectional Exercise
100
Chapter 11

Sectional Exercise Integrated Exercise Quick Review STSE Article Reading Little Einsteins Corner should sit further away from the screen. Apart from eye strain, some people may experience headache, nausea (), dizziness () or blurred vision when watching a 3D movie. These symptoms occur more often in people with vision problems. For example, people with a lazy eye () or crossed eye () do not have normal binocular vision. They may have difficulties in watching 3D movies and hence more likely to experience discomforts. We should consult an ophthalmologist () if we experience serious discomfort when watching 3D movies.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
(15 marks)
3D Movies and Our Eyes

The 3D effect of a movie is fascinating. How can we see such effect? First of all, we have to understand why human beings have 3 dimensional (3D) vision. We have two eyes which are separated by a distance of 5 to 7 cm. They see an object from slightly different perspectives and send different images to the brain. The brain combines the two images to give a 3D image. This is called binocular vision (). In a 3D movie, two slightly different images are displayed on the screen at the same time. When we watch the movie through 3D spectacles, the filters on the spectacles allow only one image to be seen by each eye. The two images are then combined in our brain, leading to the intended 3D effect. When watching a 2D movie, the lenses in our eyes are always focused on the screen. However, in a 3D movie, the image distances () of the 3D images vary and may be larger or smaller than our distance from the screen. So our eyes have to adjust the focus frequently and this makes them feel very tired. To minimize this problem, we
101
1. Explain how having two eyes enable us to have 3 dimensional vision.
(2 marks)
Our two eyes see an object from slightly different perspectives and send different images to the brain. The brain combines the two images to give a 3D image. 2. How are the images on the screen of a 3D movie different from those of a normal movie?
(2 marks)
In a 3D movie, two slightly different images are displayed on the screen at the same time. In a normal movie, only one image is displayed. 3. What is the function of the spectacles we wear to watch a 3D movie? To filter the two images from the screen so that each of our eyes only see one image.
(2 marks)
4. Why does watching 3D movies cause eye strain?
(2 marks)
In a 3D movie, the image distances of the 3D images vary and may be larger or smaller than our distance from the screen. Our eyes have to adjust the focus frequently and this makes them feel very tired. 5. How can we minimize eye strain when watching a 3D movie? Explain your answer.
(3 marks)
We can sit further away from the screen. In this way, the changes in the image distances of the 3D images are comparatively small. Hence, the degree of adjustment of focus of our eyes can be
STSE Article Reading Little Einsteins Corner
reduced. 6. Apart from eye strain, what other discomforts may we experience when watching 3D movies? Give TWO examples. (2 marks) headache / nausea / dizziness / blurred vision (any two or other reasonable answers) 7. A person with a lazy eye has poor vision in one of his/her eyes. Explain briefly why such person may have difficulties in watching a 3D movie. (2 marks) The lazy eye of the person cannot sense one of the two images on the screen clearly. Therefore, the intended 3D effect of the movie does not occur in the brain.
Quick Review
Integrated Exercise
Sectional Exercise
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Chapter 11

The following questions involve higher-order thinking. Discuss with your teachers or classmates if necessary. (22 marks) 1. Anna participated in an experiment on vision. One of her eyes was covered with a piece of black cloth. A pen was held in front of Annas other eye for 15 seconds. Anna focused on the pen and the thickness of the lens in her eye was measured using an optical instrument. The experiment was repeated with the pen held at different distances from Annas eye. The result are shown in the table below. Distance of the pen from Annas eye (cm) Thickness of lens (mm) 20 3.5 30 3.1 50 2.8 100 2.6 200 2.5 300 2.5 400 2.5
(a) What was the aim of the experiment above?
(2 marks)
The aim of the experiment was to investigate the changes in the thickness of the lens in Annas eye when she looks at objects held at different distances from her eye. (b) Consider the 3Cs of a fair test. In the experiment above, what is/are the (i) variable to be changed, the distance of the pen from Annas eye (ii) variable(s) to be kept constant,
(3 marks) (1 mark)
the eye used, the pen used, the lighting condition, the position of the eye, the measuring instrument and method, the time the pen held in front of the eye, the way the eye looked at and focused on the pen, the setting of the room (any three or other reasonable answers) (iii) result to be compared? the thickness of the lens (c) What would the thickness of Annas lens be if she looks at an aeroplane in the sky? (1 mark) 2.5 mm
(1 mark)
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(d) The following conclusion was drawn for the experiment above. The further away from Annas eye an object is, the thinner her lens becomes. (i) Do you agree with this conclusion? Why?
(2 marks)
Disagree. According to the experiment results, the thickness of Annas lens did not decrease further when the object was 200 cm or more away from her eyes. (ii) If you do not agree with the conclusion above, write a more appropriate conclusion.
(2 marks)
thinner if the object is further away. The thickness of her lens remains at 2.5 mm if the object she looks at is greater than 200 cm away. (or other reasonable answers) 2. Explain each of the following situations. (a) When Teddy was climbing in the Himalayas (), he found that he could hear less clearly than at sea level. (Hint: Think about the density and particle arrangement of air.)
(3 marks)
apart. The transmission of sound is weakened. (b) Janet has had a sore throat for a few days. Today, her ears become painful too. She is likely to have an infection of the middle ear. Explain how her ears are infected. (4 marks)
I have a sore throat and my ears are painful too.
This is because the germs causing sore throat may have gone from the throat to the middle ear along the tube joining these two parts. This causes the infection of the middle ear.
Quick Review
The density of air at high altitude is lower than that at sea level. Air particles are thus further
Integrated Exercise
When looking at an object up to 200 cm away, the thickness of Annas lens becomes
Sectional Exercise
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Chapter 11
(c) When a driver observes an obstacle () on the road, he/she applies the brake () immediately but there is still a small time lag () between these two events. (3 marks)
The time lag is the reaction time. It is the time needed for the driver to respond (i.e. applying the brake) to the stimulus (i.e. the presence of the obstacle on the road). / The time lag is the time needed for signals to travel from the eyes of the driver to the brain and then from the brain to the legs so that he/she can apply on the brake.

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Sectional Exercise

11.1 Senses and sense organs

Teachers can ask abler students to correct the false statements.

The coffee is hot!

I like this perfume!

I think Ive put too much salt.

Little Einsteins Corner

STSE Article Reading

Sensing the Environment

(b) hearing ears

(c) heat skin

(d) smell nose

(e) taste tongue

(f) touch skin

Sense produced Sense organ used

11.2 How we see

Sensing the Environment

(I) (II) (III) (IV) A. B. C. D.

Little Einsteins Corner

STSE Article Reading

Put the best answer in each box below.

(iv) The pupils are small.

Sensing the Environment

yellow spot optic nerve

(ii) contain(s) light receptors.

Little Einsteins Corner

STSE Article Reading

1. The following diagram shows the cross-section of a human eye.

The image formed on the screen was

(thinner / thicker) lens for focusing.

Sensing the Environment

11.3 Limitations of our eyes

Teachers can ask abler students to correct false statements.

Instrument (a) Telescope (b) Binoculars

(i) (ii) Hand lens Light microscope

For observing small insects on leaf surfaces

Little Einsteins Corner

STSE Article Reading

For bird-watching in Mai Po

11.4 Eye defects

Sensing the Environment

Direction: Refer to the figure below and answer questions 4 and 5.

B. Fill in the blanks

Cause(s): defects in or the absence of certain (ii) cones

Remark: cannot be cured

How to correct: wear (iv) concave lens

Sensing the Environment

(a) Which diagram shows the eye is looking at

(i) a distant object? (ii) a near object?

11.5 How we hear 11.6 Limitation of our ears

Teachers can ask abler students to correct false statements.

Sensing the Environment

The diagram below shows the structures of a human ear.

Eardrum Ear bones Cochlea Auditory nerve

connected to power supply

connected to a vacuum pump

Sensing the Environment

(1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark)

Little Einsteins Corner

STSE Article Reading

11.7 Noise pollution

Sensing the Environment

can be transmitted in ( / ):