APUSH Unit III Study GuideBill of Rights- 10th Amendment - Antifederalists criticized Constitution for failing to provide guarantees

of rights - Amendments could be proposed either by new constitutional convention requested by two-thirds of states or two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress - First Ten Amendments known as Bill of Rights, devised by James Madison - Tenth Amendment reserved all rights not explicitly stated in Constitution to the States. Precedents of the Washington Administration- Limited use of veto power - Called Mr. President - Neutrality policy - Two-term tradition for American presidents - Creation of the Cabinet Establishment of the Cabinet- Done immediately by Washington, not directly mentioned in Constitution but did state that president may require written opinions of the heads of the executive departments. System gradually evolved into cabinet meetings - Only three members at first: Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson; Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton; and Secretary of War Henry Knox

Judiciary Act of 1789- Created effective federal courts, organized the supreme court with a chief justice and five associates, established the office of attorney general Hamiltons financial plan- Favored the wealthier groups - Urged Congress to fund the entire national debt at par, meaning paying off face value plus interest - Urged Congress to adopt policy of assumption or the federal government assuming state debt - Large states with small debts not in agreement (Hamilton agreed to move US capital to District of Columbia if Virginia allowed this policy) - Debt was a national blessing, more creditors means more people with personal stake in success - Would get money from customs duties derived from tariff, wanted to protect infant industries - Excise tax- on domestic items such as whiskey

Debate over the National Bank- Model from Bank of England - Government would be major stockholder, federal treasury would deposit major surplus - Constitutionality of Bank in question - Hamilton prepared brilliantly reasoned replies to opposers

Strict vs. Loose Constructionism- Strict Constitutionalists believed that the Constitution would not permit such a bank and the powers not specifically given to the federal government were left up to the states (Jefferson) - Loose Constitutionalists believed the bank was necessary and proper and that it was fully justified, elastic clause Bank of the United States (BUS)- Created by Congress in 1791, chartered for twenty years - Capital of $10 million - Most enthusiastic support came from commercial centers of North, opposed strongest by agricultural South

Whiskey Rebellion- Excise tax strongly opposed by southwestern Pennsylvania pioneer folk - Whiskey was economic necessity and means of exchange - President Washington summoned militias to supports - Miniscule though strengthened Washingtons government and gave it new respect Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans- Federalists not supportive of French Revolution, favored Britain - Democratic Republicans supported French Revolution- wanted to return the favor the French offered during the American Revolution - Democratic Republicans favored honoring the Franco-American alliance Franco-American Alliance (1778)- Was to last forever - United States would help France defend their West Indies against future foes Neutrality Proclamation 1793- Proclaimed governments neutrality in widening conflict - Warned American citizens to be impartial toward both armed camps - Spread isolationist traditions - Demonstrates the truism of self-interest

Citizen Genet- Representative of the French Republic came to SC - Wanted to fit out privateers - Believed American citizens were not really neutral - Wanted to invade Spanish Florida and Louisiana

British-American Relations- Had been retaining chain of northern frontier posts on U.S soil - Reluctant to abandon lucrative fur trade in Great Lakes - Battle of Fallen Timbers- British refused to shelter Indians fleeing - Treaty of Greenville- gave up vast tracts of Old Northwest in exchange for $20,000 and $9,000 yearly Impressment- Policy of forcing American seamen into service on British vessels - Wanted to defend against George III once again Jays Treaty- British promised to evacuate chain of posts on U.S soil - Consented to pay damages for recent seizures of American ships - Did not pledge anything about future maritime seizures - United States still had to pay debts owed to Britain - Angered the Democratic Republicans Pinckneys Treaty- Spain granted the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi, the right of deposit at New Orleans, and the large territory of western Florida Washingtons Farewell Address- Strongly advised the avoidance of permanent alliances, favored temporary alliances - Solidly established a central government - Kept nation out of wars overseas 1796 election- Between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson XYZ affair- U.S merchant ships were being seized by French warships and privateers - French ministers (unnamed, so called X, Y, and Z) requested bribes to enter into negotiations - U.S would not accept high priced demands - Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute

Adams motive was to avoid war at all costs

Undeclared War with France & Convention of 1800- United States created Navy and Marine Corps in preparation for war - Quasi War lasted for two years - Convention of 1800- U.S pushed for peace against France, alliance was ended between France and U.S, U.S would pay damage claims of shippers Naturalization Act- Increased the number of years required for immigrants to qualify as U.S citizens from five to 14 years o Enacted as many immigrants voted Democratic-Republican Alien and Sedition Acts- Alien Acts- authorized president to deport any aliens considered dangerous and to detain enemies in time of war - Sedition Acts- made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize either the president or Congress imposed heavy penalties - Aimed at curbing power of Democratic Republicans

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions- Republicans argued Alien and Sedition Acts violated rights guaranteed in the First Amendment - Republican leaders enacted nullifying laws - Declared that states entered into a compact when forming the national government and if any act of the government broke this compact it could be nullified by the states - Virginias written by James Madison, Kentuckys written by Thomas Jefferson - Only two states to do so, but left much greater impact

1800 Election/ Revolution of 1800 - Swept Federalists from power in executive and legislative branches - Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr received same number of electoral ballots special election held in House of Reps. - Majority given to Jefferson - Accomplished with no violence - Displayed that the U.S government could endure strains placed upon it Jefferson as president- Wanted to bring Federalists to his favor kept Hamiltons economic plan and maintained national bank

Abided to his partys supporters by maintaining a limited central government Reduced the size of the military

Judiciary Act of 1801- Asserted that federal government had control over courts - Appointed new judges - Reduced number of seats on the Supreme Court - Reorganized district courts - Gave jurisdiction to circuit courts to hear all case Marshall Court- Acted to strengthen the central government - Federalist support - Judicial Review Marbury vs. Madison- Marshall ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission according to Judiciary Act, but Judiciary Act was unconstitutional gave court greater power than Constitution allowed for, thus Marbury could not be given commission Judicial Review- Established by Marshall - Supreme Court would now exercise the power to decide whether an act of Congress was not allowed by the Constitution - Supreme court would overrule actions of the other two branches of the federal government Midnight Judges/Jeffersons Revenge- Jefferson supported campaign of impeachment - House impeached a Supreme Court judge, Samuel Chase, but Senate found no evidence of high crimes - Campaign was a failure - Almost all judges remained in office, but impeachments taught judges to be more cautious in their decisions Tripoli Pirates/Barbary Coast- U.S wanted to protect merchant ships from being seized to Barbary pirates - Agreed to pay tribute to pirates - Pasha of Tripoli demanded higher sum in tribute when Jefferson took office - Jefferson refused to pay and sent a fleet of navy vessels no decisive victory but gained respect and offered protection to U.S trading vessels in Mediterranean

Louisiana Purchase- United States did not want France controlling the large tract of land - Sent negotiators to Napoleon- offered land as well as Louisiana Territory for $15 million, which was accepted - At first questioned whether purchase was constitutional (strict interpretation) but later was convinced purchase was for countrys good - Outcomeso More than doubled the size of the United States o Removed foreign presence o Strengthened Jeffersons hopes the U.S would be agrarian based o Increased popularity of Jefferson Lewis and Clark- Jefferson persuaded Congress to fund exploration of the trans-Mississippi West to be led by Lewis and Clark - Louisiana Purchase made this exploration more necessary - Crossed Rockies, reached Oregon coast - Benefitso Increased geographic knowledge of previously unexplored territory o Strengthened U.S claims to Oregon territory o Improved relations with Native American tribes o Developed maps and land routes for fur trappers and settlers

Hamilton/Burr Duel & Burr Plot- Burr desired to win governorship of New York, unite it with New England, and lead group of states to secede from Union - Hamilton insulted Burr, so Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and fatally shot him o death of Federalist party with Hamiltons death - Burr desired to take Mexico from Spain and unite with Louisiana - Jefferson ordered a trial against Burr for treason - Jury acquitted Burr with lack of witness to any treasonous acts British, French, and US neutrality rights- France and Britain attempted to blockade enemy ports - Regularly seized the ships of neutral nations and confiscated cargo - Britain was chief offender in eyes of U.S - Impressment policy infuriated United States citizens - Chesapeake Affair- British fired on American ship for refusing to allow search Embargo Act- Prohibited merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port

Jefferson hoped the British would stop violating rights of Americans rather than lose trade from U.S British did not suffer substituted with South American trade Act hurt the U.S economy more severely (New Englands manufacturing and commerce) as Britain was major economic partner Much illicit (illegal) trade between New Englanders and other countries Jefferson repealed the Act declaring the U.S could trade with all but belligerents (France and Britain) Nonintercourse Act

Macons Bill No. 2- Restored U.S trade with France and Britain - Provided that if either Britain or France would agree to respect neutral rights of U.S then the United States would prohibit trade with that nations foe - Napoleon declared he would revoke decrees that violated U.S - Embargoed trade with Britain - However, French continued to seize American ships despite their pledge War Hawks- Many came from frontier states (Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio) - Eagerness for war with Britain - Gained influence in House of Representatives - Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina - Argued that war with Britain was only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Native American resistance

Tecumseh & Tippecanoe- Shawnee brothers attempted to unite all tribes east of Mississippi River - White settlers encouraged William Henry Harrison to take actionHarrison destroyed Shawnee headquarters and put an end to Tecumsehs efforts to form confederacy in the Battle of Tippecanoe - British provided only limited aid - Americans on frontier blamed British for rebellion of Native Americans

War of 1812Causes: o Free seas and trade United States depended on overseas trade yet Britain or France would not respect neutral interests o Frontier Pressures America wanted to expand westward but were blocked by British and Native Americans

Opposition: o Divided into three groups: New England merchants, Federalist politicians, and the Old Republicans or Quids Canada: o Launched three part invasion of Canada ( from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain) o British forces weakest in Canada Hartford Convention o Many New England Federalists did not support war and talked of succession o Convention held to discuss grievances o Called for 2/3 vote of both houses before any declaration of war Treaty of Ghent: o Halted fighting o Return of all conquered territory to prewar countries o Recognized prewar boundaries between United States and Canada o Said nothing of the grievances that led to war o Britain made no concessions concerning impressment or other debates o War ended in stalemate New Orleans: o Battle fought two weeks after peace treaty signed ending war o Made Andrew Jackson a renowned hero o U.S nationalism and pride greatly boosted Outcomes and Impacts o United States gained respect for surviving two wars against Britain o United States accepted Canada as neighbor and part of British empire o Federalist party ended as national force o Emerging ideas of nullification and succession o Native Americans forced to surrender land o Americans took steps toward self-sufficiency creating factories during naval blockades o War heroes were soon to be political leaders (Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison) o Nationalism increased

Era of Good Feelings - Spirit of nationalism, optimism, and goodwill - Misleading perception of unity and harmony

Sectional tensions increasing over issues such as slavery

Brief End of the Two-Party System - Sense of one unified party illusory - Antagonistic factions emerging that would split party in two

American System/1816 Tariff- 1816 Tariff- Congress raised tariffs after War of 1812 for the purpose of protecting U.S manufacturers from ruin o American manufacturer feared that British goods would be dumped on American markets, taking away their business o First protective tariff in U.S history o Almost fully supported by U.S- believed it was necessary for national prosperity - American System o Henry Clay of Kentucky devised plan for nations economic growth o Composed of three parts 1. Protective tariffs Would promote manufacturing and raise revenue 2. National Bank Keep system running smoothly by providing national currency 3. Internal Improvements Promote growth in the South and West Madison and Monroe objected that Constitution did not provide for spending of federal money on roads and canals Left up to individual states Early Railroads and Canals- Erie Canal was greatly important in linking economies of western farms and eastern cities - Canals joined major lakes and rivers - Improved transportation meant lower food prices - Railroads created even more reliable links between cities - Changed small towns into commercial centers (Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, Chicago) Expansion of business/factory system- Manufacturing began to surpass agriculture in value - New England emerged as manufacturing center - Decline of maritime industry made more capital for manufacturing - As it expanded the growth of financial businesses such as banks and insurance increased Samuel Slater/ Eli Whitney/ mass production- Eli Whitney: invented cotton gin, devised system of interchangeable parts which became basis for mass production

Samuel Slater: Came from Britain, helped U.S create first factory

Cotton revolution in the South/ cotton gin- Invention of the cotton gin transformed Southern agriculture - Southern planters found cotton more profitable than tobacco and indigo - Invested capital in purchasing slaves and shipped cotton to British textile factories Commercial Agriculture- Farming became more of a commercial enterprise and less a means of providing subsistence for the family - Land was available at low prices and banks made it easy to acquire loans - Railroads opened new markets in growing factory cities Panic of 1819- First financial panic since ratification of Constitution - Largely fault of Bank of United States - Banks closed, increase in unemployment - Overspeculation of land placed people in debt - Foreclosed large amounts of western farmland - Westerners called for land reform and strong opposition to both the national bank and debtors prisons John Marshall- Decisions favored the central government and rights of property over states rights o Dartmouth College v. Woodward- Law changed college from private institution to public institution but was unconstitutional o McCulloch v. Maryland- Maryland believed federal bank was unconstitutional so tried to collect a tax from the bank, court ruled it constitutional to establish a bank therefore unconstitutional to tax o Cohen v. Virginia- Cohens convicted of selling lottery tickets authorized by Congress. Established the principle that the Supreme Court could review a state courts decision involving any powers of the federal government o Gibbons v. Ogden- New York wanted monopoly to given to steamboat company that conflicted with a charter authorized by Congress. Ruled that the monopoly was unconstitutional and established the federal governments broad control of interstate commerce Missouri Compromise- There was balance between free and slave states until this point, South wanted MO to be slave state for economic motives, North had no use for slavery

North worried that since MO was the first state of the Louisiana territory to apply for statehood if they became a slave state the other states may follow

Tallmadge Amendment- Proposed amendment that further introduction of slaves into Missouri would be prohibited and the children of slaves would be emancipated at age 25 - Would lead to gradual elimination of slavery - Defeated in the Senate Compromise- Decided Missouri would be admitted as a slave state - Maine was admitted as a free state - Any territory north of 3630 line would prohibit slavery - Outcomes: o Preserved temporary sectional balance o Sectional tensions brewing o Americans torn between nationalism and sectionalism Anglo- American Convention of 1818- Shared fishing rights off of the coast of Newfoundland - Jointly occupied Oregon Territory for ten years - Setting the northern limits of LA territory at 49th parallel Adams-Onis Treaty- Spain ceded Florida and Spanish claims to Oregon - In exchange for U.S claims to Texas and $5 million in claims against the Spanish government in Florida Monroe Doctrine- United States opposed attempts by a European power to interfere in the affairs of any Republic - Wanted to preserve their peace and happiness - Wanted to be treated with respect in return for the respect they display toward other countries