Chapter 19 Study Guide-Expansion of Europe in 18th c.

AP European History Agrarian economy

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Famine foods Food substitutes when there were bad harvests chestnuts, dandelions, grass People sick influenze, small pox, starvation Open-field system Divdied land into large fields, each farmed afield as a community w/ the same pattern of plowing, sowing, harvesting Fallow fields Community planted every day, nitrogen in soil depleted Manure was limited, so allowed a field to lie fallow, alternated w/ year of cropping Three-year rotations: wheat, oats, fallow Common land Open meadows for hay and natural pasture for horses and oxen and pigs Allowed period for gleaning of grain Selfs in Eastern Europe peasants in Western Europe life is hard Agricultural revolution Coming of the French Revolution Mid17th century and on Secret in eliminating fallow was alternating grain w/ nitrogen storing crops Crop rotation New ways of organization Flanders 10 year rolation more scientific farming Effets: more feed for animals -> better diets -> more fertilizer -> better drops Enclosure Enclosed individual shares of the common Dutch low countries enclosed fields, continuous rotations, mauring, wide variety of crops helped make it more specialized and commuercialized Amsterdam grew Hard on poor b/c they eneded the common land Cornelius Vermuyden Drainage projects in Yorkshire and Cambridgeshire convered swamps to farm land in Dutch manner Charles Townsend found the secret was just to rotate the crops. This was done by planting a different crop each year. While wheat or corn would wear out the land, turnips or clover would restore the field turnip Townsend Jethro Tull Wanted touse horses for plowing; sowing seed w/ equipment; selective breeding of livestock Proletarianization Enclosure movement eliminated common rights and reduced access of poor to the land: 1) market oriented estate agriculture rose; 2) emergence of landless rural proletarial English leasing land to middle size farmers who had landless labrorers who lost common rights and were dependent on cash wages Large numbers of small peasant farmers in landless rural wage earners Grim reapers of demographic crisis Famine, epidemic disease, war

Economy based on the land agriculture In 16/17th centuries harvests were poor

18th century population grew rapidly b/c of fewer deaths

Asian brown rat Bubonic plague disappeared After 1600 asian rat drove out the black competitor and didnt carry fleas tat wanted blood Inoculation against small box, improvements in sewage, drainage of swamps, transportation, new foods from South America Cottage industry Poor needed to supplement their earnings started manufacturing w/ hand tools and work sheds, worked for lower wages Overwhelming artisans efforts to control industrial production Rural industrial development w/ wage works and hand tools that preceded to large scale factory industry Putting out system Key features of the 18th century rural industry: merchant capitalist and rural worker Merchant put out raw matierals to cottage workers who processed it and returned the finished product to merchant First in England spinning and weaving fo woolen cloth Louis XIV Colbert revived guilds but rural industries were then given free reign Germany and Low Countries gradually reduced power of guilds Competitive advantages labor plenty and poor would work for low wages; merchants could experiment and develop new methods Merchant capitalists Merchants needed capital held in the form of goods wanted to make profits and increase capital in businesses Textiles

Making of linen, woolen, cotton Rural worker worked in cottage, w/ looms and spinning wheels, work for everyone in the family work of four or five spinners to keep one weaver emplyed

spinster Widows and unmarried woman who spun for their living recruited by the wives Raw wool from merchant -> went to other cottages and picked up the thread and pay for spinning -> weaver -> merchant holy Monday Workers paid on Saturday, would relax for a few days Inactivity on Monday Cottage workers tended to work in spurts Atlantic economy Growth of world trade Great Brain formed from union of Eng and Scotland in 1707 Trade between NW European Netherlands, France, etc Mercantilism System of econ regulations to increase the power of the state balance of trade in order to increase gold holdings British Navigation Acts (do not answer a form of economic warfare) Cromwell 1651 extended by Charles II Colonies only allowed to buy Brit goods, and merchants only allowed to trade on Brit ships w/ Brit crews Biggest competitors France and Dutch Took Dutch colony of New Amsterdam Peace of Utrecht Louis XIV forced to give u pNewfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay to Britian Spain had to give Brirt control fo the West African slave trade asiento Treaty of Paris

Ended the Seven Years War France lost all possessions on the mainland of North America Canada and all French territory west of MI River = Brit; Louisiana = Spain; gave Brit most of holdings in India 1763

Atlantic Slave Trade Forced millions of Africans into slvary large scale production of commodities for sale b/c of the labor 4/5 of all produced in Americas like sugar, coffee, tobacco, rice Britain leader Wars between Africans to obtain salable captives, more guns ex Dahomey, Congo was undermined by search for slves from the monarchy England slaves mostly used as servants 1807 Parliament abolished Brit slave trade Philip V of Spain Spain defended themselves form Brit attacts, got Louisana from Spain Remorning ministers asserted royal authority, overhaulding state finances, and strengthening defense Creole elite People of Spanish blood born in America Silver mining encourage food production for large mining camps and gave Creols means to purchase more European goods controlled must of the land and used Native Americans Debt peonage Slavery and periodic forced labor gave way to debt peonage Planter would keep estates Indians in debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, little money form of serfdom Mestizos Racially mixed Spanish men and Indian women Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, invisible hand Basis for modern economics Free competition was mbetter than merchanilism would protect consumers from price gounging and give all a fair right Gov should limit itself to three duties: defense against invasion, maintain civil order, and sponsor certain public works Invisible hand of free competition Economic liberalism Smits work unregulated capitalism