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Abstract: Tr u t ng The research shows that pre-school children are capable of thinking in abstract terms. abstraction abstractly Accurate: ng n, chnh xc The police are trying to obtain a more accurate picture of crime levels. accuracy accurately inaccuracy inaccurate inaccurately Acknowledge: Th a nh n She refuses to acknowledge the need for reform. I did not acknowledge that he had done anything wrong. It is generally acknowledged to be true. acknowledgement Aggregate: T ng s Liverpool won 2-0 on aggregate (= in total). The three smaller parties gained an aggregate of 25 per cent of the vote. aggregation Allocate: Phn ph i, phn b More resources are being allocated to the project. Allocate somebody/something The project is being allocated more resources. Allocate something (for something) A large sum has been allocated for buying new books for the library. Allocate something (to somebody/something) They intend to allocate more places to mature students this year. allocation Assign: Phn cng The teacher assigned a different task to each of the children. The teacher assigned each of the children a different task. assignment reassign reassignment unassigned
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Attach: nh km, bao g m She attached a photograph to her letter. There were too many conditions attached to the deal. attached attachment unattached Author: Tc gi He is the author of three books on art. authorship Bond: M i quan h , m i rng bu c A bond of friendship had been forged between them. The agreement strengthened the bonds between the two countries. bonding Brief: Ng n ng i, v n t t Brief visit/meeting/conversationa brief pause/silence Mozart's life was brief. brevity briefing briefly Capable: (~skilled, competent) C ti, c nng l c, c kh nng She's a very capable teacher. capability capably incapable Cite: Trch d n (quote) He cited his heavy workload as the reason for his breakdown. She cited a passage from the President's speech. citation Cooperative: H p tc (adj) Cooperative activity is essential to effective community work. Employees will generally be more cooperative if their views are taken seriously. cooperate cooperation cooperatively
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Discrimination: S phn bi t i x Discrimination against older workers discriminate Display: (~exhibit ) By ra, trng by, ph trng (exhibition = cu c tri n lm) The exhibition gives local artists an opportunity to display their work. She displayed her bruises for all to see. I have rarely seen her display any sign of emotion. These statistics display a definite trend. Diversity: i u khc bi t l n (~variety) diverse diversification diversify Domain: Ph m vi, lnh a, lnh th The care of older people is being placed firmly within the domain of the family. The Spice Islands were within the Spanish domains. Edition: S b n in ra, l n xu t b n The electronic edition of The Guardian The story was in Tuesday's edition of The New York Times. The article appeared in the evening edition of The Mercury. edit editor editorial editorship editorial editorial Enhance: (~improve) Nng cao, b t, tng c ng, cao This is an opportunity to enhance the reputation of the company The skilled use of make-up to enhance your best features enhanced enhancement Estate: Ti s n Her estate was left to her daughter. He left estate valued at a million dollars.
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Exceed: Tr i hn, nhi u hn (n i) The price will not exceed 100. His achievements have exceeded expectations. Expert: Chuyn gia Expert (at/in/on something) an expert in child psychology Expert (at/in/on doing something) He's an expert at getting his own way. expertise expertly Explicit: R rng. He gave me very explicit directions on how to get there. (~frank: th ng th n) explicitly explicitness Federal: (thu c) lin bang federally federation Fee: Ph Does the bank charge a fee for setting up the account? Flexible: Linh ho t, m m d o You need to be more flexible and imaginative in your approach. flexibility flexibly inflexibility inflexible inflexibly Furthermore: (~moreover) Hn n a, v l i, ngoi ra He said he had not discussed the matter with her. Furthermore, he had not even contacted her. Gender: Gi ng In French the adjective must agree with the noun in number and gender. Masculine gender: gi ng c Feminine gender: gi ng ci
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Ignore: (~disregard, take no notice of) L i, ph t l He ignored all the No Smoking signs and lit up a cigarette. If he tries to start an argument, just ignore him. ignorance ignorant ignorantly Incentive: S khch l Incentive (for/to somebody/something) (to do something) There is no incentive for people to save fuel. Incidence: T n su t An area with a high incidence of crime incident incidentally Incorporate: K t h p, st nh p The new car design incorporates all the latest safety features. We have incorporated all the latest safety features into the design. incorporation Index: M c l c Look it up in the index. Author and subject indexes are available on a library database. Inhibit: Ngn ch n, h n ch , ki m ch A lack of oxygen may inhibit brain development in the unborn child. Financial considerations are inhibiting access to higher education. (The managing director's presence inhibited them from airing their problems.) inhibition Initiate: (~set in motion) B t u, kh i ng To initiate legal proceedings against somebody The government has initiated a programme of economic reform. The reforms were initiated by Gorbachev. initiation initiative initiator

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Input: Ci cho vo, u vo Barley is one of the main inputs to the process of distillation. Growing anything in this soil will require heavy inputs of nutrients. I'd appreciate your input on this. Instruct: (~direct, order) Ch d n The letter instructed him to report to headquarters immediately. instruction instructive instructively instructor Intelligent: Thng minh intelligence intelligently unintelligent Interval: Kho ng th i gian ngh (gi a 2 s ki n) The interval between major earthquakes might be 200 years. He knocked on the door and after a brief interval it was opened. Lecture: Bi di n thuy t, bi thuy t trnh To attend a series of lectures on Jane Austen I know I should stop smokingdon't give me a lecture about it. lecturer Migrate: (+to) (~emigrate): Di c, di dn Thousands were forced to migrate from rural to urban areas in search of work. migrant migration migratory Minimum: T i thi u, nh nh t, t nh t What are your minimum requirements for the job? The work was done with the minimum amount of effort. ministerial ministry Ministry: B
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Motive: C , l do, ng c There seemed to be no motive for the murder. I'm suspicious of his motives. I have an ulterior motive in offering to help you. motivate motivated motivation motivational motivator motiveless unmotivated Neutral: (~impartial, unbiased) Trung l p Journalists are supposed to be politically neutral. I didn't take my father's or my mother's side; I tried to remain neutral. neutrality neutralization neutralize neutrally Nevertheless: (~nonetheless ) Tuy nhin, tuy th m Our defeat was expected but it is disappointing nevertheless. There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. Nevertheless, it is important that we try The old system had its flaws, but nevertheless it was preferable to the new one. Overseas: H i ngo i, ngoi n c (adj) Overseas development/markets/trade Overseas students/visitors Precede: X y ra tr c, t n t i tr c, i tr c She preceded me in the job. See the preceding chapter. It had happened during the preceding year. precedence precedent unprecedented unprecedentedly

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Presume: (~assume) Cho l, coi nh l, on ch ng They are very expensive, I presume? I presumed him to be her husband. Little is known of the youngest son; it is presumed that he died young. presumably presumption presumptuous Rational: (~ reasonable) C l, ph i l There is no rational explanation for his actions. irrational irrationality irrationally rationalism rationality rationalization rationalize rationally Recover: (n i, ngo i) H i ph c, bnh ph c He's still recovering from his operation. It can take many years to recover from the death of a loved one. The economy is at last beginning to recover. recoverable recovered recovery Reveal: (~disclose) Ti t l , pht gic, l , b c l Details of the murder were revealed by the local paper. The doctors did not reveal the truth to him. revealing revealingly revelation Scope: ph m vi, t m xa (ki n th c) Our powers are limited in scope. These issues were outside the scope of the article.

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Subsidy: Ti n tr c p Agricultural subsidies subsidiary subsidization subsidize Tape: Bng ghi m I lent her my Bob Marley tapes. Trace: (~track down) Tm, truy d u, truy tm g c gc We finally traced him to an address in Chicago. I have been unable to trace the letter you mentioned. She could trace her family tree back to the 16th century. traceable Transform: (~convert) Thay i, bi n i hnh th, nh d ng The photochemical reactions transform the light into electrical impulses. It was an event that would transform my life. (completely change theo h ng better) transformation transformational Transport: S v n chuy n, v n t i He can't drive so he has to rely on public transport. Transport to and from the airport is included in the price. transportation transporter Underlying: N m d i, n d i The underlying assumption is that the amount of money available is limited. Unemployment may be an underlying cause of the rising crime rate. underlie Utilise: Dng, s d ng (~make use of) The Romans were the first to utilize concrete as a building material. The resources at our disposal could have been better utilized. Vitamin C helps the body utilize the iron present in your body. utility utilization utilize
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