1. Introduction 2. Aquestforchange 3. Theworldtoday 4. Thesearchforanewway 5. Whatoptionsforchange? 6. Coaching Whatiscoaching? Howcoachingworks Theclientcoachrelationship Thebuildingblocksofcoaching 7. Thewayahead 8. Conclusion 9.

Bibliography

p3 p4 p6 p9 P11

P18 p20 p21 p24 p31 p34 p35

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INTRODUCTION
InthisreportIwillseektoarguethat,althoughtraditionallycoachinghas generallybeenperceivedbythepublicasanactionbasedplan,workingfromthe presenttomoveclientsintothefutureandthusisdistinctfromtreatmentssuch ascounselling,therapyandpsychotherapy,thesituationischanging.Thereisa generalacknowledgementthatthemethodsusedbythemoretraditional'talking therapies'arenotcurbingtheriseinunhappinessanddepressioninoursociety andasaresultthereisastrongmovetochangemodernpsychologicalthinking andmethodsoftreatment.Manyaspectsofthenewpsychologynowemerging appeartobeverysimilartothoseofcoachingandit'ssisterdiscipline,Neuro LinguisticProgramming.Bothseektoempowertheindividualtobemore proactiveinhisownmentalhealthbeforeacrisisoccursandtofocusonthe positiveratherthanthenegative.Howevermorenoticewillalwaysbetakenofa pieceofacademicresearchdonebyanindividualwithaPh.D.afterhisname thanofabookwrittenbysomeonewhomerelyhashundredsofhoursof personalexperience.Theworkofthelatterwillinevitablybeputintothe'self help'sectionofthebookshop! AlthoughIagreewithCurlyMartinwhosaysthatCoachingisonlyaboutresults andisdistinctfromtherapy,Ibelievethattheresultsshementionscouldmake thedifferencebetweenapersonhavingthetoolstomoveforwardandchange hismentalstateorremainingstaticandwithouthope. Itseemstomethatlinksbetweenthesedifferentdisciplinescouldandshouldbe establishedinordertogivemoreweighttothepowerofLifeCoachingandits effectiveness ModernPsychologyhasbeencooptedbythediseasemodel.We'vebecometoo preoccupiedwithrepairingdamagewhenourfocusshouldbeonbuilding (psychological)strengthandresilience. DrMartinSeligman,1998,APAWebsite

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AQUESTFORCHANGE
Asfledglingcoacheswehavebeenlaunchedwithamodeltoworkwithaswell assomehoursofpracticalexperienceofthatmodel.Wehavebehindusmany hoursoflecturesgivenbyMasterCoachesaswellasthosewithexpertisein manyotherareas.Itiseasyforustoassumethatcoachingexistsinavacuum, unrelatedtothetalkingtherapiesotherthanperhapsNLP.Thisisinfactnotthe case. Inthe1950'sthepsychologistAbrahamMaslowstudiedhealthy,matureand successfulpeopleandconcludedthatbyovercominginnerblockstoour developmentandmaturitywecouldallbethisway.Hewasthefatherofthe waveofhumanisticpsychology,amorepositiveformthatdisplaced behaviourismasthefavouredmodelofhumans.Itsgoalwasthefulfillmentof humanpotentialthroughselfawarenesswithvaluebeingplacedonhuman emotions. Since1998therehavebeenmutteringsfromtheAmericanPsychological Associationabouttheneedtochangethedirectionofitscurrenttreatment methodsandasaresultattitudesintheacademicrealmappeartobechanging. ResearchonvariousoftheirwebsitesrevealsthatPsychologistsareactively tryingtoproduceanewmodelthatwillenablepractitionerstoDOsomething practicaltowardsgettingtheirpatientstofocusonthepositive. ThisquoteistakenfromaninteractivewebsitecalledPositivityCentral: Howfarcanwegowithpositiveapproaches?Canwehealanger,depression, anxiety,fearetcbyteachingpositivebehaviours,responses,actions,strategies? Orcanweboostthestrengthofinterventionsbasedontreatingpathologyby addingpositiveapproaches?Weknowsolittleabouthowfarpositiveefforts alonecango.Thisisworthexploring. ThesitecontainsarticlesandtestswrittenbyPh.D'sandincludessuch questionnairesas: SubjectiveHappinessScale PersonalGrowthInitiativeScale
4

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InspirationScale GratitudeQuestionnaire SatisfactionwithLifeScale

AlthoughtheyappeartobefarbehindwhatcoachesKNOWworks,thebasisfor theresearchistoaffectwiderangingchangeinclinicaltreatmentsandproduce scientificallyprovendata. Theheavyweightresearchprojectsnowbeingencouragedcanonlyserveto supportthemessagethatdisciplinessuchasCoaching,thatseektoreinforcethe positive,arehighlyeffectivenotjustinachievingrelativelyshorttermgoals,but inchangingsocietyasawhole.

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THEWORLDTODAY
OurpostwarSocietyhaschangedoutofallrecognitionandyetmanyofusand someofourinstitutionsarestillholdingontothesamebeliefsandwaysofdoing thingsthatwereapplicablealmost60yearsago. "Itworkedformyfather" "Thedoctormustberight" "I'vealwaysdoneitlikethis" "Ican'tdothat" Howfamiliararephrasesliketheseandhoweasyitisforusalltostayinour comfortzonesandlivelifeasourparentsdid,notquestioningandacceptingthat althoughlifeisprettygrim,it'sourlotandwe'dbettergetonwithit.We'lljust keeponbuyingalotteryticketbecause,hey,ifwewonitthensuddenlylifewould befantasticandwe'dbeHAPPY! Orwouldwe? 60yearsagohappinesswasnotsomethingthatpeopleanalysedingreatdepth oraboutwhichtheywroteamultitudeofbooksandnewspaperarticles.Thisis possiblybecausethefocusinthosedayswasnotonone'sownpersonal fulfillmentbutthatofone'sfamily,andonalargerscalewasondutytothe communityandultimatelytoone'scountry.Therewasalsofarlessaffluence. Cars,televisions,housesandholidayswerealuxury.Sowhywastherefarless widespreadunhappiness?Whatiscausingthepandemicofdepressionthatis sweepingtheWesternWorldandcausingtheNHStobuckleunderthestrain? Itcouldbethatourworldhaschangedaroundusanduntilnowwe'vebeen floatingalongreapingthephysicalrewardsofbetterhealth,moreconsumer choice,moreofthegoodthingsinlife,moretravel,morejobopportunities,more choice,moreofeverything. Wearelikekidsinasweetshop,tryingeverything,takingasmuchaswecan. Notonlythat,butwecompareourselvestothemannextdoorwhoseemsto havemorethanwedoandfindourselveslacking.Wethenpushourchildrenand ourselvesinanefforttoachieveyetmore.

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Thuswehavearrivedwhereweare,wonderingwhathappenedtohappiness alongtheway.Whereonearthdidweloseit?Well,ifwedowinthelotteryitwill bethefirstthingonourshoppinglist. NickWilliamswritesinhisbook1TheWorkWeWereBornToDo: Oftenpeopletrytolivetheirlivesbackwardstheytrytohavemorethingsor moremoneyinordertodomoreofwhattheywantsotheywillbehappier.The wayitactuallyworksisthereverse.Youmustfirstbewhoyoureallyare,thendo whatyoureallyneedtodo,inordertohavewhatyouwant.

2 ViktorFrankl,authorofthebook Man'sSearchforMeaningwritesofsuccess

andhappiness:Don'taimforsuccessthemoreyouaimatitandmakeita target,themoreyouaregoingtomissit.Forsuccess,likehappinesscannotbe pursueditmustensueanditonlydoessoastheunintendedsideeffectofones dedicationtoacausegreaterthanoneselforasthebyproductofone's surrendertoapersonotherthanoneself. AnthonyRobbinsinhisbook3 AwakentheGiantWithinwritesthatitisuptoeach ofustochangeourattitudestoeventsinordertoexperienceenjoyment. Aslongaswestructureourlivesinawaywherehappinessisdependentupon somethingwecannotcontrol,thenweexperiencepain Allofthesearewisewords,butwithoutastructureandprocessinwhichtouse theirteachings,theyarepowerlesstohelpus.
4

Thestatisticsarealarming:therateofdepressionintheUKisthehighestwe

haveeverseen.Wearetwiceasrichaswewere40yearsagobuttentimes morelikelytobedepressed.Atsometimeinourlives15to20percentofuswill fallpreytoaseveredepressionandabouthalfwillsufferamilderform.The averageageofapersonsufferinghisorherfirstdepressionwasonce30years oldtodaytheaverageonsetageisonly15.Womenreporttwicetherateof depressionasmen(andtwiceasmuchhappiness).Inthepast40yearsdivorce

1 2

TheWorkWeWereBorntoDoNickWilliams,1999 Man'sSearchforMeaning,ViktorFrankl,1959 3 AwakentheGianWithin,AnthonyRobbins,1998 4 ElleMagazinearticleHappyDaysareHereAgain,1998DrMartinSeligman

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rateshavedoubled,juvenilecrimehasquadrupledandsuicideamongteenagers hastripled.

Itappearsthatasasocietywehavelostourway.This'depression'maywellbea manifestationofafeelingofpowerlessnessandtheresultantlossofhopeofa betterfuture. Coachingisamethodforfocusingpeopleonthepositiveandempoweringthem tocreatetheirownfuturessocouldn'titbeusedasamethodforpreventingthe startofdepression?

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THESEARCHFORANEWWAY
Ifyoulistenedtoalecturein2002byDrWalterSeligman,whowasheadofthe AmericanPsychologicalAssociationfrom1998andisthefounderofthenew movementofPositivePsychology,thecurrentmethodsoftreatmentarenot sufficienttodealwithagrowingproblem. 5 "Itwon'tbewidespreadpsychotherapy sessionsthataltertheepidemicofdepressionaffectingyoungpeople,ratherit willrequirepsychologiststoteachpeoplehowtotakeadvantageofasimpleskill theyallhavebuttendtouseincorrectly'disputing'ortheactofmonitoringand thenarguingagainstthecatastrophicthingsthatyousaytoyourself."Hecites themoralproblemsofdrugginganentiregenerationofteenagers(onProzac)so thattheyfindhappinessandproductivitydependentonmedication.And Therapy?"Therearen'tenoughofustogoround.Whatwecandoas psychologistsisgiveawaytheseskills,teachtheseskillssothatonawidespread basiswecanpreventandmakeaninroadtothisepidemic." AtthispointanyNLPpractitionersandcoacheslisteningmusthaveprickedup theirearsandsaid'Butwe'vebeentellingyouthisforyears!'
6

InCoachingforPerformanceJohnWhitmorewriteswithregardtocoaching

thoseincrisis:Indepthcoachingisaninvaluableresourceforhelpingpeopleto clearawaytheirdefensiveshieldsandselfimposedblockages,sothattheycan morereadilyexperiencetheirinnerguidance,hearingandobeyingthe'stillsmall voicewithin'earlyenoughtoovertacrisis.Coachingcancertainlycontributeto that. Sowhyhasnooneintheestablishmentbeenlistening?ApparentlyAmericansin 1998bought28million"Inspirationalbooks"rangingfromSusanJeffersto AnthonyRobbins.Overthepast30years54,040academicarticleswerewritten aboutdepressiononly415werewrittenonjoy!

5 6

Theartofarguingwithyourself.PatrickAMcGuire,APAWebsite CoachingforPerformance,SirJohnWhitmore,1992 9

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Partoftheproblemisplainoldacademicsnobbery.ProfessorSonja Lyubomirsky,whostudieshappinessattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside, sayswithregardtoselfhelpbooks"We(psychologists)justsortofignorethe whole(selfhelp)sectionofthebookstore.Weseeitassodifferentfromwhatwe do.Wedoscienceandthesepeoplearejustspoutingofftheirideas" Theotheristhatsocialsciencehasbelievedthatnegativestateslikeanxietyand depressionare'authentic'andhumanstrengthslikejoyandoptimismare 'copyingmechanisms'.Seligmannowdisputesthis,sayinghumanbeingsare bornwitharaftofpositiveattributesthatneedonlytobebroughtout. Butwouldn'tsucharefocusingleavetherealproblemsofmentalillness unattendedto?Hethinksitwillhavetheoppositeresult.Oneofthemostexciting sideeffectsofnurturinghumanfortitudes,hesays,couldbethatsomemental illnessmightbepreventedbybuildingpsychological'muscles'beforethe problemsoccur.Itisanotionhepropoundsas"immunisation",

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WhatOptionsforChange?

Onalighternote,Icountednofewerthan3radioprogrammesonthe7 BBCthis weekalone.ThesubjectsthatwerecoveredincludedaradiophoneinonRadio 2aboutHappiness,withtheRabbiJuliaNeuberger.ItmentionedLaughter Therapy,atreatmentencouragingclientstofocusonthepositive.Therewasa programmeonRadio4aboutTheLuckSchoolinHertfordshirethattrainspeople andcompaniestochangetheirattitudesandbeliefsandthus'change'theirbad luckintogoodandfinallytherewasInBusinessonRadio4withthe heavyweightguruofbusinessstudies,SirRobinDaywhowasexperiencingLife Coaching.Tomymind,althoughthetitlesaredifferent,themethodsand messagesarethesame.Wecantakecontrolandbychangingourfocusfrom negativetopositivecanchangetheresults,bothinourpersonallivesandinour businesses.

Sowhatareafewofthealternativesonofferifwearefeelinglostandneeding supportanddirectioninourlives?

Psychotherapy
Theprescribedestablishmentmethodsfordealingwithmentalillhealth, depressionandunhappinessarepsychotherapyandcounselling. Psychotherapyinvolvesregularfacetofacesessionswithatrainedtherapistwho willseektofosterinsightintotheclientthroughlisteningtothatpersontalking abouthimorherself,theirrelationshipsandtheirpast.Theclientpresentsdata asfactsabouthislifeandthetherapistoffersideasaboutthatdata,aswellashis owninput.Thetherapistwillexpresshisfeelingsaboutit,hisownpast experienceandhistheories.Itisuptotheclienttoagreeordisagreewithhim.In

th BBCweekbeginning19 January2004

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otherwordsthetherapistwilltelltheclientwhathefeelsisprobablygoingon anditisuptotheclienttosayifheisright.Theproofthataninterpretationor suggestionisrightistheclient'sownreactiontoit. Thetherapyworksbytheclientrecognisingapatternofactionsandreactions afterbeingguidedbyhistherapistandthenactivelytestingthem.Hecanthen learntochangebychanginghisreactions. Psychotherapeuticcounsellinginvolvesaperiodofabout1year,meeting onceaweekforanhour,dependingontheseverityoftheproblem. Itisessentialthatthetherapistdoesnotgetinvolvedwiththeclient,unlike coachingwherecoachandcoacheecanformastrongbond.

Counselling
Counsellingusesthesameprinciplesaspsychotherapy,havingmanytechniques incommon,butdifferingindegreeanddepth.Theaimsaremorelimitedthanin psychotherapy.Sessionsareusuallyheldonceaweek. Bothprofessionsarecompelledtoinstructtheclient'sGPshouldtheirclient showsuicidaltendencies. Strictconfidentialitybindsbothprofessions. Counsellingisoftenusedtotreattraumassuchasbereavementanddivorce.

Psychoanalysis
SigmundFreudisthefatherofanalysisandhisideaswererevolutionarywhen hewasworkinginthelate1800's.Todayweallspeak'Freud',mostlywithout thinkingaboutit.Inhisoriginalwritingshestatedthatdreamsareamanifestation oftheactionofthesoulandthatthehighlychargedmaterialthatareour aspirations,fantasies,hopesandfearswillemergeasdreams,anxietiesand physicalsymptomsandcanbeinterpretedandanalysed. Analystsarenotinterestedinchangingpatients'behaviour,onlyeasingsuffering andclarifyingmentalconfusion.Withgreaterinsightintoboththeconsciousand unconsciousfactorsdeterminingtheiractions,peoplearebetterequippedto maketheirowndecisions. NobleManhattanCoachingLtd
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Therearemanyschoolsofanalysisandallareveryspecialisedformsof treatmentbutallinvolveseeingananalystseveraltimesaweekanda commitmentof2yearsandupwards.

TheAnalystwillinterpretandtellyouwhathefeelshasmadeyoutheperson youareandwhatyoursymptomsmean.

Theclientmaybeonacouchduringthesessionsusuallyunabletoseethe analyst.Mostanalystswillonlydealwithclientswhohavealreadyhada courseofpsychotherapy.

Insessiontheanalystgenerallysayslessthanatherapistwould. Theclientdoesnotformabondwiththeanalyst.

TransactionalAnalysis
ThisisabranchofanalysisstartedbyEricBerne,authorof8 TheGamesPeople Play.Herecognisedthatthehumanpersonalityismadeupof3egostates,each ofwhichisanentiresystemofthought,feelingandbehaviourfromwhichwe interactwitheachother.TheParent,AdultandChildegostatesandthe interactionbetweenthemformthefoundationoftransactionalanalysistheory. Theseconceptshavespreadintomanyareasoftherapyandeducationas practicedtoday. EricBerneproposedthatdysfunctionalbehaviouristheresultofselflimiting decisionsmadeinchildhoodintheinterestofsurvival.Suchdecisionsresultin thelifescriptofeachperson,thepreconsciousplanthatgovernsthewaylifeis livedout. Changingthelifescriptisthebasisoftransactionalanalysispsychotherapy. InthissenseitbearssomesimilaritiestocoachingandNLP.

Itcanbeseenfromthesetherapiesthatrevisitingthepastiscritical.Thismakes themdifferenttocoachingthatconcentratesonthepresentandthefuture.There isalsoapportionmentofblameontheexternalfactorsthatmayhavecreateda mentalstateintheclient,asameansofexplainingsuchthingsasunhappiness.

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Incoaching,theclientisencouragedtotakeresponsibilityforhisownactions andemotionalstatesandisencouragedtochangenegativeemotionstopositive.

LuckSchool
Despitethename,thisisnotaflippantprojectbutagenuinepieceofresearch. Thefounderis 9DrRichardWisemanofHertfordshireUniversity,UK,whohas spent8yearsstudyingthelivesof400exceptionallyluckyandunlucky individuals.Heclaimstobeabletoimprovepeople's'luck'byencouragingthem tofollowfourprinciples: 1. Create,noticeandactuponyourchanceopportunitiesbynetworking, adoptingarelaxedattitudetolifeandbeingopentonewexperiences. 2. Listentoyourintuitionandgutfeelings.Takeactivestepstoactivelyboost yourintuitiveabilitiesbysuchpracticesasmeditationandclearingthemindof otherthoughts. 3. Expectgoodfortuneandthiswillbecomeaselffulfillingprophecythatwill helpyoupersistinthefaceoffailureandshapeyourinteractionwithothersin apositiveway. 4. Employpsychologicaltechniquestocopewithandeventhriveonfailure.Do notdwellonitandtakecontrolofthesituationagain.

Thisisafringeactivitybutisprovidingscientificdataandislinkedwiththefieldof PositivePsychology.Manyofthequestionnairesusedaresimilartothoseonthe PositivityCentralWebsite. Itappearstobedifferentfromthepreviouslymentionedtherapies,notdwelling onthepast,butfocusingonthefutureandadvocatingachangeofattituderather thanapportioningblame. InthisrespectitissimilartoLifeCoaching.

8 9

TheGamesPeoplePlay,EricBernereprintedbyAndreDeutsch,1969 TheLuckFactor:DrRichardWiseman,Century,2003 14

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Psychosynthesis
PsychosynthesiswasconceivedbyDrRobertoAssaglioliin1911.Hewasa studentofFreudandlikeCarlJung,herebelledagainstFreud'svisionsofman aspathologicalandanimalistic.UnlikeFreud,AssaglioliandJungtheorisedthat manpossessesahighernature.Furthermore,Assagliolihadatheorythatmuch ofthepsychologicaldysfunctionintheworldstemsfromfrustrationoreven desperationaboutthelackofmeaningandpurposeinourlives.Hewasfar aheadofhistimeandthuspsychosynthesisremainedrelativelyobscureuntilthe 1960'swhenitbecameaprimarycomponentofanewtypeofpsychology.The resulting'transpersonalpsychology'buildsonthehumanisticpsychologystarted byMaslowandaddsthedimensionofmantakingpersonalresponsibilityand placingothersbeforeself.Basingthepsychologyonthehypothesisthatweeach haveadeeperidentityandaresubjecttoahigherorganisingprinciple,ourlives thereforehavemeaning,purposeanddirection.Assaglioli'swritingalsodeeply influencedoneoftheearlyNLPpractitioners,MichaelHall,whorepublishedhis workin1965.AssaglioliisnamedasoneofthepossiblesourcesofNLP Therearemanyareasofsimilaritybetweenthesetwopracticesandthus psychosynthesisseemstohavehadanindirectinfluenceonthegrowthof coachingmethods.

NeuroLinguisticProgramming
10

NLP,asitisknown,emergedasresultofworkdoneinCaliforniaatthe

UniversityofSantaCruzinthe1970'swhereagroupofacademicsbecame interestedinpersonalenhancement,creativityandcommunications.Thebest rememberedofthislargegroupareNLP'smainfounders,JohnGrinderand RichardBandler.Bandler'sfieldswerevariedbutincludedGestaltPsychology andTherapywhileGrinderwasAssistantProfessorofLinguistics.NLPtheoryas itbecame,wasbasedonacollectionoftechniquesandprocesses,which,ifused

10

TheElementsofNLP,CarolHarris,1998 IntroducingNLP,SueKnight,1999

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effectively,canproduceextraordinaryresults,thefocusbeingonperformance andhelpingpeoplegetbetteratwhattheydo.TheessenceofNLPis: Highperformancerequiresboththedevelopmentofskillsandthe developmentofcorrespondingmentalandphysicalstates. Mentalandphysicalstatescanbebrokendownintosmall,distinctelements andmodifiedtoachievedesiredresults. WhatdistinguishesNLPfromanyotherdisciplineisthefocusonmodelling. Modellinginvolvessomeoneanalysingandcopyingapersonwhoachieves excellenceinwhathedoesbyreplicatingpatternsofthinking,behavingor reacting.Themanymethodsemployedtodothisarecharacteristicfeatures ofNLP. Thisisaverysimplisticexplanationofacomplexsubject,butsufficetosaythat NLPisprobablytheonethathastheclosestlinkstocoachingandmanyofthe mostsuccessfulcoachesarealsoNLPpractitioners.Thepracticelendsitselfto thepositive,forwardthinkingapproachofcoachingandthedesirefortheclient tomakeprogressasspeedilyaspossible.

Usesincoachingsituationscouldbe toquestionbeliefs toalterastate tochangenegativelanguagetopositive toalterthecoach'slinguisticstosuittheclient's"type"e.g.kinaesthetic, auditory,visualandbuildrapport tomatchclientsbodylanguagetobuildrapport tohelpaclienttoreframeasituationi.e.takeadifferentperspectiveonit tochunkdowntasksandgoalsintomanageableparts

NLPhashadamajorinfluenceonthedevelopmentofcoaching.

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Mentoring
Althoughnota'therapy'assuch,mentoringhasalwaysplayedaroleinbusiness. Thementorwillbesomeonemoreexperiencedinthesameorsimilarbusiness astheclientandwillofferadviceandsupport.Inacorporatesituationhewillbe appointedfromwithinthecompanytosupporthiscolleague.Problemscanarise becauseallexperiencesdifferandthementorisonlyreflectingbackwhatis relevanttohim.Howeverthismaynotnecessarilyberelevanttohiscolleague. Thementorwillusuallyemployadirectivestyleofadvicegiving.Agoodmentor, however,willalsoemployskillsoflisteningandopenquestioningtechniques.

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COACHING
WhatisCoaching?
Thereisagreatdealofdebateabouttheexactdefinitionofacoachandwhathis orherroleshouldbe.Shouldheadviseclients,shouldhepushthemorletthem workattheirownpace?Somecoachesclaimthatexpertiseinthefieldsinwhich theyspecialiseisimportant.Noneoftheseiswrongbutthedisparityjustproves thatcoachingasaprofessioniswhatyoudecidetomakeit,basedonyourskills andstyle.Howeverallcoachesagreethatcoachingisaboutachieving results. AccordingtoleadingUKcoach,11 CurlyMartin,thedefinitionofaLifeCoachis someonewhoclosesthegapbetweenthinkingaboutdoingandactuallydoing.

Coachingwasoriginallyawordlinkedprimarilytosportandthishascontributed totheconfusionthatisstillaroundittoday.Atthattimethewordcoachcouldas easilybereplacedbythewordinstructor,inotherwordsonewhotaughtyouto followbyexample. Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruthincoaching.In1981TimotheyGallweya HarvardEducationalist,publishedhisbooktheInnerGameofTennis,claiming thatifacoachcanhelptoremovetheinternalobstaclestoaplayer's performanceanaturalabilitytoplaywillflowforth."Theopponentwithinone's ownheadismoreformidablethantheonetheothersideofthenet". JohnWhitmore,aBritishexpertinthefieldofPsychosynthesis,wentontobe trainedbyGallweyandfoundedtheInnerGameinBritain.(Iwasluckyenoughto beinvolvedwithagroupofhisstudentswhotaughtthe'InnerGameofSkiing' andIcanpersonallyvouchforitseffectiveness.) ThisleadontoWhitmorebeingaskedtoexpandthemethodshewasusingto teachtheInnerGame,intothebusinessfieldandthenintopersonalorlife

11

TheLifeCoachingHandbook,CurlyMartinCrownHousePublishing2001 18

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coaching.Hisdefinitionisthat8coachingisunlockingaperson'spotentialto maximisetheirownperformance.Itishelpingthemtolearnratherthanteaching them.

CoachingforPerformance,JohnWhitmore2002 19

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HowCoachingWorks
ForthepurposesofthisthesisIshallconcentrateonpersonalorlifecoaching ratherthanbusinessorcorporatecoaching.Althoughthelatterdoesusethe sameprocesses,itsfocusisnotontheneedsoftheindividualbutonthe companyandisusuallydrivenbytheneedtoaddresssuchthingsasefficiency, profitability,delegating,problemsolving,appraisals,assessments,planningand reviews. Theprinciplesofcorporatecoachingarethesameaslifecoaching,withthe emphasisongivingtheindividualsinateamtheresponsibilityforchange,as wellasbuildingtheirselfbelieftoenablethemtocarryoutchange.Theneedsof thecompanyarewhatwillbeaddressedinthecorporatecoachingsessions. Corporatecoachingisusuallyinitiatedbymanagement.

Itisaprovenfactthat ifwearetoldsomething,after3weeks70%ofuswillrememberitandafter3 months10%ofuswillrememberit. Ifwearetoldandshownsomething,after3weeks72%ofuswillremember itandafter3months32%ofuswillrememberit. Ifwearetold,shownandexperiencesomethingafter3weeks85%ofus willrememberitandafter3months65%ofuswillrememberit. Thisworksfornegativeaswellaspositiveexperiencesandoneofthefactsthat anycoachwilltryandinstillintohisclientisthatto'fail'atsomething(but experienceitnonetheless)isoneofthemostprofoundlearningexperienceshe canhave. Failureshouldbeviewedasanopportunitytolearnandgrow.

Thecoachhasaninnatebeliefintheuntappedpotentialofeachclientand hisownabilitytounleashitduringthecoachingprocess.

TheemphasisonACTIONinthecoachingprocessisoneofthewaysitis differenttoother'therapies'.

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TheClientCoachRelationship
Asdiscussedearlierthereareasmanydifferenttypesofcoachasthereare people,butprobablythebiggestdifferenceincoachingstylesisbetweenthose whogiveadviceandthosewhofeelthatcoachinginvolvesguidingclientstofind theirownanswers.Thelatteristhemorepainstakingmethod,butitisafactthat ifahumanbeingfeelsthathehasmadethedecisiontotakeacourseofaction himself,thechancesofhimactuallycarryingitoutaresubstantiallygreaterthan ifhehadbeentoldtodoitbysomeoneelse. Whateverthestyleofcoaching,therelationshipbuiltwiththeclientisonebased ontrustanddiscretion.Theclientmustknowthatnothingtheytellinconfidence (otherthanthatwhichthecoachdeemstobeillegal)willbedivulgedtoanother personwithouttheirpermission. Thereareamultitudeofreasonswhyaclientmayseekacoach,butallofthem willinvolveadesireforchange.Itcouldbecareer,lifestyle,personalfortuneor fitnesstogivejustafewexamplesoritmayevenbetoresolvewhatthatchange shouldbe. Howeverdiversethereasonsforseekingacoachare,thecoachingprocesswill followasimilarpattern.Inotherwordsaclientcanbecoachedonjustaboutany subjecthechooses,providedheispreparedtotakeresponsibilityforhis thoughtsandactions,thusensuringchangeoccurs. Coachingsessionsaretypicallyconductedfacetoface(thenorminthebusiness environment)oroverthetelephone(thenormforpersonalcoaching).Ecoaching overtheinternetisalsoapossibility.

SessionOne Thiswillusuallybeafree(taster)sessionpriortowhichthecoachwillhave askedtheprospectiveclienttofilloutashortquestionnaireabouthislifestyleand completea'wheeloflife'diagram.Thesewillgivethecoachinsightintothe client'scurrentsituationandstateofmind.Duringthisinitialsession,thecoach willseektobuildrapportwiththeclient,listentohisstoryandfollowingthe

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TGROWoranothermodel,explorewithhimwhathewantstoachieveoutofa coachingrelationship. Thecoach'sfees,guidelinesandcodeofpracticewillbeexplained. Theclientwillthendecidewhethercoachingistheroutehewantstotakeand whetherthisparticularcoachistherightoneforhim. Shouldtheclientwishtopursueacoachingrelationshipthecoachwillsuggest thenumberofsessionswithinwhichhefeelshecanrealisticallyhelptheclient achievehisgoal.Ifthisinvolvesalongperiodoftime,thesessionswillbebroken downintoblocksofsay5or10tobereviewedalongtheway.Itwilldependon whattimeframeissetbytheclientforachievingthegoalastotheregularityof thesessions.Forinstance,ifheislookingforarapidjobpromotionwithinafinite period,thesessionswillneedtobeheldmoreoftenthanifthegoalisalonger termone. Sessionsareusuallyheldonceaweekoronceafortnightwiththedateandtime beingsetattheprevioussession.Timekeepingistheresponsibilityoftheclient andisanessentialpartoftheprocess,indicatinghiscommitmenttotheprocess. Agoalwillbesetthatistobeachievedforthenextsession.

SessionTwo Thiswillinvolveathoroughexplorationoftheclient'sagendaandwillprobably involveaValuesElicitationExercise. Thisprioritisedlistofvalueswillbesomethingthattheclientcanuseinallhis futuredecisionmaking.Drawingupsuchalistisahighlychargedeventandmay resultintheexerciseilluminatingsomeoftheclient'scurrentstresses.Ihave foundaValuesElicitationsessiontobeverytiringforanyonenotfamiliarwith exploringsuchissuesandthatthisaloneisprobablysufficientforhimtotacklein onesession.

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SessionThree Bynowtheclientwillbeconcentratingonthemeansofachievingthegoalthat hehassethimselfanditisuptothecoachtoguidehimtoachievesmallergoals towardthisendandtostophimsufferingfromoverwhelm. Thecommitmenttoachieveanygoalthatissetcanberatedonascaleof110. Iftheclient'scommitmenttoachievethegoalisratedbelow8onthescale,the chancesofhimactuallyachievingitarelowandthereforethegoalshouldbe reassessed.Eithertheintentiontocompleteitmustberaisedorthegoalneeds tobealtered.

Subsequentsessions Theclientwillbecomemorefocussedashebecomesmorefamiliarwiththe processandwilloftenbringnewissuestothesession.Thecoachwillhavebuilt rapportwithhimandthesessionswillbeflowingmoreintuitively. Itisimportanttorememberthatthesessionsareentirelyinthehandsofthe client.Hemaycometothesessionwantingtodealwithacompletelynew topicforonesession,possiblywantingclarityonasituationthathasarisenin thepastweek.Itishisownagendaandmustberespected.Itisalsouptothe coachtofindoutwhetherthisisadiversionarytacticandifitis,togethim backontrack. Coachingwillcontinuetobreakdownmajorgoalsintosmaller,more manageableones,thusremovingtheclient'sfeelingofoverwhelm. Thecoachwillconstantlyberefiningtheprocessandconcentratingonthe detailsoftheclient'sagenda. Thegoalswillbetimerelatedandthecoachwillholdtheclientaccountable. Forexamplehewillcheck(byemailorphone)thattheclienthas,for instance,startedthediet,spokentotheboss,bookedtheflightetc.

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TheBuildingBlocksofCoaching
Coachingusesarangeofskillsthatarenotuniquetoit,buttogetherforma uniquepackagetobeusedwithinacoachingmodel. Itdeploysavarietyofskillsthatmayseemselfevidentandsimplycommon sense,butitistheskilland'elegance'withwhichtheyareusedthatdistinguishes amediocrecoachfromanoutstandingone.

1.Listening
Bylisteningwell,weareprovidingfortheclientwhatNancyKlinedescribesin
12 herbookTimetoThink asathinkingenvironment.Theclienthasan

opportunity,sometimesforthefirsttime,toexpresshisthoughtswithout interruption.Whenyouarelisteningtosomeone,muchofthequalityofwhatyou arehearingisyoureffectonhimorher.Untilhegetsusedtoit,hemayfindthe silenceintimidatingoreventhreatening.Wearenotusedtosilenceaslong silencesinconversationaredeemedsociallyunacceptable.Nonethelessitis oftenthecasethatthesesilencescreatethespacetoproducewhatisoftenthe mostinterestingandinformativeinformationforbothcoachandclientalike. Tohelppeoplethinkforthemselves,firstlisten.Andlisten.Thenlisten.Andjust whentheysaytheycan'tthinkofanythingelse,youcanaskthemthequestion, 'Whatelsedoyouthinkaboutthis?Evenwhenpeoplearesurethereisnothing leftintheirwearybrain,therenearlyalwaysis.
13

CoActiveCoachingdescribes3levelsoflistening:

Level1 Thisisthemostbasicformoflisteningduringwhichweabsorbinformationthatis ofrelevancetous,thelistener.Ifyoucoachonlyusingthisleveloflisteningyou arecoachingwithinyourown(limited)experienceandreflectingthatbacktothe client.

12 13

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Level2 Youfocusentirelyontheotherperson,reflectingbacktheinformationyouare receivingfromthem.Yourresponsesbecomespontaneousasyoulistentothe tone,paceandfeelingofthespeaker. Level3 Thisisintuitivelisteningwhenyouarepickingupinformationonalevelhigher thanverbalcommunication.Yoursensesarereceivingsignalsfromtheclient abouttheirenergylevels,moodsandfeelings.

2.Questioning
Questioninginthecontextofacoachingrelationshipisnotdoneoutofanysense ofanticipationofreceivingacorrectoranincorrectanswer.Whateveransweris givenisonethatwilleventuallyleadtounlockingtheclient'sabilitytoexploreand discoverhisownabilities.Byskillfuluseofquestioningthecoachdirectsthe processoftheclient'sthinkingwithoutinfluencingthespecificcontent. InCoachingforPerformanceJohnWhitmorewritesthatquestionsarethereto generateawarenessandresponsibilityinthecoachingprocess.Awarenessis theproductoffocusedattention,concentrationandclarity.Increasedawareness givesgreaterclarityofperceptionthannormal.Responsibilityiscrucialforhigh performance.Onlywhentheclienttakesfullresponsibilityforhisthoughtsand actionswillhiscommitmenttothemriseandthushisperformance.Unlessthe coachraisesthesenseofawarenessandresponsibilityintheclient,noneofthe coachingmodelsusedincoachingwouldworkatall.Itwouldsimplybeacaseof bothpartiesgoingthroughthemotions. Ascoacheswewanttoreceivedescriptiveanswerstoourquestionsthat promotetheclientsawareness.TogettheseanswerswemustaskOPEN questions.IfweaskCLOSEDquestionsthatdemandcorrectanswers,orworse stillquestionsthatdemandyesornoanswers,wewillstopthecoachingprocess initstracks. OpenQuestionsuseinterrogativessuchas: What? NobleManhattanCoachingLtd
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When? Who? Howmuch? Howmany? UsingthewordWhy?Canbeconstruedasbeingjudgmentalandimplies criticism. Coachesmustavoidusingleadingquestions,hopingtodrawclientstogive whattheyfeelisthecorrectanswer. Theuseofsuchopenquestioningtechniquesisakeyfeatureofcoachingthat makesitverydifferenttocounsellingandpsychotherapeuticpractices. Withpracticeagoodcoachwilldevelopanelegantandrelaxedstyleof questioninguniquetohimself.

3.BuildingRapport
Inevitablyacoachisgoingtohaveclientswithwhomhehasanimmediate affinityandotherswithwhomitwillbemuchhardertorelate.Rapportbuildingis atechniquetaughtinNLPthatisusefulinacoachingsession.Theprincipleis thatpeopletendtogetonwellwithotherswhoaresimilartotheminsomeway. Itislikelookinginamirrorandseeingyourself.Youarenotintimidatedor threatened.Rapportcanbecreatedandmaintainedbetweenthecoachand clientbythecoachmakinghimselfbehaveliketheclient.Hecanfitinwithwhat theclientdoesbymirroring(doingexactlywhattheclientdoes)ormatching (doingthingssimilarly).Thelatterisasaferoptionastheclientmayfeelhimself beingridiculedbymirroring. Toneofvoicecanbematched,ascanspeedofspeech,excitement,breathing, gesturesoremotion.Atasubconsciouslevelrapportbuildsnaturallyduringthis process. Animportantelementofmatchingistomaintain'congruence',i.e.consistencyin whatyoudosothatyourbodylanguageisgivingoutthesamemessageasyour verballanguage.A'mismatch'willbeinterpretedbytheclientasinsincerityon

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thecoach'spart,ashewillinstinctivelybemoreattunedtothebodylanguageof thecoachthantohiswords. Theactualwordsweuseformonly38%ofwhatwecommunicate.Body languageforms55%ofthemessageofnonverbalcommunication.Partofthe reasonwhytelephonecoachingissoeffectiveisthatpartofthisinfluenceonthe judgmentofbothclientandcoachisremoved,asneithercanseetheother. Nonethelessthewordstheclientusescangiveacoachinsightintohowthey think. Forinstance,ifaclientregularlyuseswordssuchashear,soundorsay,he couldbedefinedasanAuditoryperson.Thecoachcouldmatchhimbyusing similarwordssuchassounds,Ihearwhatyou'resaying,etc. SimilarlyifhewasaKinaestheticpersonandusedwordssuchasfeelsand touch,thecoachwouldtrytoadjusthislanguagetomatchthis. Finallyshouldheinsteadusetermssuchasseeandlookshewouldbetermeda Visualperson. (OthertypesofpersonsuchasGustatoryandOlfactoryallegedlyexistbutare fewerinnumber.) Thefactthatthecoachhasmodifiedhislanguagetomatchthatofhisclientwill onlybeevidenttotheclientonasubconsciouslevel. Forthecoachitisessentialtobeabletobuildrapportwithaclient,aswellas rebuilditshoulditbreakdownatanytime,thuscreatingarelationshipbasedon trust.

4.ChangingLimitingBeliefs
Wehaveallbeenconditionedbyexternalfactorsanditisnotthefactors themselvesthatareimportant,butthewaywehavereactedtothemand continuetoreactinourdaytodaylives.JosephMurphyinhisbook,ThePower oftheSubconsciousMinddrawsacomparisonbetweenthesubconsciousmind andabedofrichsoil.Ifyousowthistlesyouwon'tgetfigs.Everythoughtisa seedandtheresultingplant,positiveornegative,willhaveaneffectonyou.

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Thesubconsciousmindisabitliketheharddriveofacomputeri.e.whatever youprogrammeintoitwillbefedbacktoyou.Itisaselffulfillingprophecy.Ifyou believethatyouwillfailatsomething,thechancesarethatyourmindwillfeed backthenegativeimagethatyouplantedandyouwillfail. Thisiscalledalimitingbelief. Itisascientificfactthatthoughtscreatephysicalpathwaysinthebrain (dendrites)thatbecomeenlargedwithrepeateduse.Anythought,positiveor negative,willalwaysusethelargestpathway. Thecoach'sjobistoencouragetheclienttoenhancehisownperformanceandif hehasnegativebeliefsabouthimselftohelphimchangehisthoughtpatterns fromnegativetopositive.Inthesamewaythathecreatedapathwaybythinking negativethoughts,hecanchangeitbythinkingpositivethoughtsinstead. Thismightsoundlikecommonsensebutofteninvolveshardworkfortheclient usingtechniquessuchas affirmations patternbreaking anchoring

Thecoachwillteachthesetechniquestohimandhewillrepeattheexerciseson aregularbasis. ThecoachcanalsouseotherNLPtechniquessuchasreframingthebeliefin ordertoenablehimtoviewthesituationdifferently. Oneoftheconsequencesofanyonehavinglimitingbeliefsaboutthemselvesis lowselfesteem.Negativethoughtswillbefedbackthroughthesubconscious andserveasabraketopersonaldevelopment.Itisthecoach'sroletobreakthis patternandhelptheclientraisehisselfesteem.

5.TheT.G.R.O.W.System
Coachingaboundswithmnemonics PURE:Positivelystated,Understood,Relevant,Ethical SMART:Specific,Measurable,Agreed,Realistic,Timephased` GRIT:Goal,Reality,Intention,Timephased NobleManhattanCoachingLtd
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TGROW:Topic,Goal,Reality,Options,Wayforward. Allareaidsforthecoachtoenablehimtoworkthroughastructured,fluent coachingsessionandbytheendofittohavereachedaconclusionorfinitegoal. Coaching,astaughtbyNobleManhattanCoaching,followsthetriedandtested model,T.G.R.O.W.thatgivesabasicframeworkeasilyfollowedbybothnovice andexperiencedcoaches.Usingthisasasupportstructure,experienced coachescanbuildandelaborateonit,dependingontheirstyle.Nomatter whetheritisusedforgroupcoaching,individualcoaching,businessorpersonal coachingthisframeworkwillserveasaguidetothecoachingprocess. Althoughthecoachfollowstheguidanceoftheframeworkhewillnotnecessarily stickrigidlytoit.Forinstance,thegoalmayhavetobealteredifatthereality stageitbecomesevidentthatitisnotachievable.

TOPIC:Thisisalwaysinthehandsoftheclient.Whateverissuehechoosesto workonthatdaywillbecomethetopicofthecoachingsession.Hemaycome withaveryclearideaofwhathewantstodiscussormaybeuncertain.Careful questioningtechniquescanestablishatopic.Preparationbycoachandclient priortothecallisimportantsoasnottowastetheclient'stimeandthushis money.

GOAL:Typicalquestionsaskedcouldbe: Whatwouldyouliketohaveachievedbytheendofyourcoaching? Whatwouldyouliketoachieveinthissession? Itisinthehandsofthecoachtoleadtheclienttowardshisgoalinthetime allotted,whetheritis20minutesoranhour.

REALITY:Thecoachwillnowestablishtheactualsituationthattheclientisinat thistime.Howachievableishisgoal?Itmaybethatthegoalhehassethimself isunrealisticandthereforethecoachmovestheprocessbacktotheGOALstep tochangeorreadjustit.

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OPTIONS:Whataretheoptionsthattheclienthasformovingforwardtoachieve hisgoals?Inthesafe,listening,nonjudgmentalenvironmenttheclientcancome upwithasmanyoptionsashecanthinkof.Thequalityofideasisnotas importantasthenumber.Extravaganceofideasisencouraged.Eachofthe optionsinturnisassessedbytheclientandtheconsequencesofdoingeachone isthenexplored: Whatwouldbetheconsequencesofdoingthat? Theclientcanthenmakeaninformedchoicebetweenhisalternatives

WAYFORWARD:Theclientwillnowestablishthewayforwardtowardshisgoal andagreeonthesubsequentactiontobetaken.Thecoachwillsumupthe sessionandmakesurethattheclienthasunderstoodandiscommittedtothe courseofaction.

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Thewayahead
Wehaveestablishedthatcoachingworksasamechanismforchangeandfor movingpeopleforwardtowardstheirgoals.Wehavealsoestablishedwaysfor themtofindoutwhattheirgoalsmightbe,basedontheirdesires.Coachingcan breakdowntheselfimposedbarriersthathavebeenstoppingthosedesires becomeactualgoals. Whatwehavenotestablishediswhethercoachesaresufficientlyabletocoach peoplethroughamajorcrisisofmeaning,whichiswhatmayoftenbeclassified asaminorbreakdownortheonsetofadepression.Inotherwords,astatewhere themateriallifeoftheindividualconcerned,nomatterhowsuccessful,has becomeprofoundlyatoddswiththespiritualaspectofhislifeorthelackofit.A situationwherethereisfrustrationorevendesperationaboutthelackofpurpose andmeaninginlife. Humanisticpsychologyanditsemphasisonthevalueoftheemotionshasbeen usedinalimitedwayinthebusinessworldsincethe1970s,butin1995Daniel Coleman'sbookEmotionalIntelligence tookthebusinessworldbystormand madeemotionalintelligenceacceptable.Thewordshavenowenteredthe vernacular.HewritesthatourEQisasimportant,ifnotmoreimportantthanour IQ. EmotionalIntelligencecanbedescribedverysimplisticallyasthesocialskillsof: Knowingone'semotions Managingone'semotions Motivatingoneself Recognisingemotionsinothers Handlingrelationships

EmotionalintelligenceasaconceptwassoonfollowedbySpiritualIntelligence. DanahZohar,authorofthebooksSpiritualIntelligenceandRewiringthe CorporateBrainwrites'SpiritualIntelligenceisouraccesstoanduseofmeaning, visionandvalueinthewaythatwethinkandthedecisionthatwemake'. Enter anotherquotient,SQ!.'WhereIQandEQarenaturallyboundedandcanbe NobleManhattanCoachingLtd

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quantitativelymeasured,itisinthenatureofSQtodefyboundaries,to continuallyseekabroaderperspective,abiggerpicture.Assuchitresists quantification.Indeeditsessenceisnotaboutquantity,butquality.' Herwritingalsogivescredencetothefactthatmanypeopletodayarefacinga realcrisisofmeaning. Thediminishingimportanceofproscribedreligionsinoursocietyhaslefta vacuuminourWesternwayoflifeleavingourearthbounddesiresandambitions asthedominatingforceonourpsyche.Easternphilosophyandpsychosynthesis teachingsaysthatifeitherofthetwoelementsi.e.thespiritual/valueelementor theknowledge/materialelement,becometoounbalanced,acrisisofmeaning canoccur.Inotherwordsiftheaccumulationofknowledgefarexceedsthe temperingeffectofourvalueswefeelstress.Weexperienceabreakdownofthe falsesenseofsecurityprovidedbytheillusionofpowerandcertaintythatgreat knowledgegivesus. Whitmorewritesthattocoachsuchaperson,normalhighqualitycoaching trainingshouldbeadequate.Infactunderalmostallcircumstancesifacoach stickstightlytononprescriptiveprinciplesandfollowsthecoachee'sagenda, almostnothingcangowrong.Aproblemonlyariseswhenacoach, unaccustomedtoextremeoutburstsandsuddenswingsofemotion,panicsand intervenestotrytohelpthepersoncontroltheirfeelings.Thecoacheeneedsto enterintoandifnecessary,reliveresidualsuppressedemotionsathisown pace,albeitwithprocessguidanceandprotection.Coachingsomeonethrougha crisisofmeaningwilltakeaseriesofsessionsoveraperiodofseveralmonths andmaywellresultinthemmakingacompletelifechange. Whitmore,whousestheprinciplesofpsychosynthesisinhisowncoachingwork, believesthatitgivescoachestheabilitytohelptheirclientstoreframetheirlives andthusdiffusethecrisisthatsomanypeopletodayexperience.Inotherwords itwillgivethemthepsychologicalmuscletocopewiththecrisis. Headvisesthatcoachesmaybemoreconfidentcoachingthoseexperiencinga spiritualcrisisorcrisisofmeaningiftheyhavesomepsychotherapeutictraining, suchaspsychosynthesis. NobleManhattanCoachingLtd
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Apsychosynthesistrainedcoachmayinvitethecoacheetoreframelifeasa developmentaljourney,toseethecreativepotentialwithineachproblem,tosee obstaclesassteppingstonesandtoimaginethatweallhaveapurposeinlife withchallengesandobstaclestoovercomeinordertofulfillthatpurpose.The coachwillassistthecoacheetofocusonthepositiveaspectofanyactionshe choosestotake.

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CONCLUSION
Thusweseethatascoacheswehavethetoolsavailabletodealwithmostthings thatourclientspresenttous.Obviouslywearenotqualifiedtodealwithsevere mentalillnessandchronicpsychiatricconditions,butthemajorityof commonplacedepressivedisordershavearootinourprocessingofinformation, ourbeliefsandvalues.Ifweascoachescanguideourclientstofindtheirown lifepurposeandfindbalanceintheirliveswewillbemakingamajorcontribution tothementalhealthofsociety. Theoneseriousdrawbackforhighlytrainedandexperiencedcoachesisthat todayanyonecancallthemselvesacoachregardlessofqualificationsorlackof them.Coachingasaprofessionneedstofollowethicalguidelinesandbe accountabletoitsgoverningbodiessuchastheEuropeanCoachingFederation andtheInternationalCoachingFederationandhavethepowertocontrolthose 'coaches'whomaybringtheprofessionintodisrepute. Onlythenwillthosewho'doscience'beconvincedthatcoachingisa heavyweightcontenderinthebattleweallhavetoachieveamorepositive
st societyinthe21 Century.

Istandbymyassertionthatdespitetheunderstandablereluctanceofcoaches onlytoinvolvethemselveswithclientstryingtochangeverypracticalelementsof theirlives,thecoachingprocessisaverypotenttool.Wehavewithinourgrasp thepowertostallfeelingsofhopelessnessanddespairinourclientsandhelp themtofinddeepermeaningintheirlives. Whoknowswherethatcouldlead?

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Directreferencehasbeenmadetothefollowingbooks: TheLifeCoachingHandbook,CurlyMartin.CrownHousePublishing2001. CoachingforPerformance,JohnWhitmoreNicholasBrealeyPublishing,1992. CoActiveCoaching,LauraWhitworth,HenryKimseyHouse,PhilSandahl. DaviesBlackPublishing,1998. EffectiveCoaching,MilesDowney1999,Texere ALayman'sGuidetoPsychiatryandPsychoanalysis,EricBernePenguinBooks 1947. TheWorkWeWereBorntoDo,NickWilliamsElement1999. ThePoweroftheSubconsciousMind,JosephMurphySimonandSchuster, 1963. FeeltheFearandDoitAnyway,SusanJeffers1987,ArrowBooks. TimeToThink,NancyKlineCassell,1999. TheElementsofNLP,CarolHarrisElementBooks1998. IntroducingNLP,SueKnightCIPD,1999. AwakentheGiantWithin,AnthonyRobbins1991SimonandSchuster. Man'sSearchforMeaning,ViktorFrankl1959,SimonandSchuster. EmotionalIntelligence,DanielColeman1996,Bloomsbury. TheArtofLiving,HisHolinesstheDalaiLamaThorsons,2001.

Thefollowingadditionalbookswereusedforresearchintothisreport: TheSevenHabitsofHighlyEffectivePeople,StephenJCovey1989,Simonand Schuster. BeYourOwnLifeCoach,FionaHarold2001,HodderandStoughton. TakeTimeforYourLife,CherylRichardson2000,Bantam. ModernBuddhism,JacquiandAlanJames1987,AukanaTrust. TheWisdomofInsecurity,AlanWWatts1954,RiderBooks. HowBrainsMakeUpTheirMinds,WalterJFreeman1999,Phoenix. TheRoadLessTravelled,M.ScottPeck1978,RiderBooks.

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