World Mysteries - Science Mysteries, Fibonacci Numbers and Golden Section in Nature

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Fibonacci Numbers in Nature & the Golden Ratio
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The Fibonacci numbers are Nature's numbering system. They appear everywhere in Nature, from the leaf arrangement in plants, to the pattern of the florets of a flower, the bracts of a pinecone, or the scales of a pineapple. The Fibonacci numbers are therefore applicable to the growth of every living thing, including a single cell, a grain of wheat, a hive of bees, and even all of mankind. Stan Grist
http://www.stangrist.com/fibonacci.htm
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In mathematics and the arts, two quantities are in the golden ratio if the ratio between the sum of those quantities and the larger one is the same as the ratio between the larger one and the smaller.
Expressed algebraically:
The golden ratio is often denoted by the Greek letter phi ( or ). The figure of a golden section illustrates the geometric relationship that defines this constant. The golden ratio is an irrational mathematical constant, approximately 1.6180339887.
Golden Rectangle
A golden rectangle is a rectangle whose side lengths are in the golden ratio, 1: j (one-to-phi), that is, 1 : or approximately 1:1.618.
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A golden rectangle can be constructed with only straightedge and compass by this technique:
1. Construct a simple square 2. Draw a line from the midpoint of one side of the square
to an opposite corner
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3. Use that line as the radius to draw an arc that defines

the height of the rectangle
4. Complete the golden rectangle
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Golden Spiral
In geometry, a golden spiral is a logarithmic spiral whose growth factor b is related to j, the golden ratio. Specifically, a golden spiral gets wider (or further from its origin) by a factor of j for every quarter turn it makes.
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Successive points dividing a golden rectangle into squares lie on a logarithmic spiral which is sometimes known as the golden spiral. Image Source: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GoldenRatio.html
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Golden Ratio in Architecture and Art
Many architects and artists have proportioned their works to approximate the golden ratioespecially in the form of the golden rectangle, in which the ratio of the longer side to the shorter is the golden ratiobelieving this proportion to be aesthetically pleasing. [Source: Wikipedia.org] Here are few examples:
Kindle
Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens. This ancient temple fits almost precisely into a golden rectangle.
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Source: http://britton.disted.camosun.bc.ca/goldslide/jbgoldslide.htm
The Vetruvian Man"The Man in Action)"by Leonardo Da Vinci ( We can draw many lines of the rectangles into this figure. Then, there are three distinct sets of Golden Rectangles: Each one set for the head area, the torso, and the legs.
Image Source >>
Leonardo's Vetruvian Man is sometimes confused with principles of "golden rectangle", however that is not the case. The construction of Vetruvian Man is based on drawing a circle with its diameter equal to diagonal of the square, moving it up so it would touch the base of the square and drawing the final circle between the base of the square and the mid-point between square's center and center of the moved circle:
Detailed explanation about geometrical construction of the Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci >>
Golden Ratio in Nature
Adolf Zeising, whose main interests were mathematics and philosophy, found the golden ratio expressed in the arrangement of branches along the stems of plants and of veins in leaves. He extended his research to the skeletons of animals and the branchings of their veins and nerves, to the proportions of chemical compounds and the geometry of crystals, even to the use of proportion in artistic endeavors. In these phenomena he saw the golden ratio operating as a universal law.[38] Zeising wrote in 1854: The Golden Ratio is a universal law in which is contained the groundprinciple of all formative striving for beauty and completeness in the realms of both nature and art, and which permeates, as a paramount spiritual ideal, all structures, forms and proportions, whether cosmic or individual, organic or inorganic, acoustic or optical; which finds its fullest realization, however, in the human form. Examples:
Click on the picture for animation showing more examples of golden ratio. Source: http://www.xgoldensection.com/xgoldensection.html
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Source: http://www.goldennumber.net/hand.htm
A slice through a Nautilus shell reveals golden spiral construction principle. FIBONACCI NUMBERS
About Fibonacci
Fibonacci was known in his time and is still recognized today as the "greatest European mathematician of the middle ages." He was born in the 1170's and died in the 1240's and there is now a statue commemorating him located at the Leaning Tower end of the cemetery next to the Cathedral in Pisa. Fibonacci's name is also perpetuated in two streetsthe quayside Lungarno Fibonacci in Pisa and the Via Fibonacci in Florence. His full name was Leonardo of Pisa, or Leonardo Pisano in Italian since he was born in Pisa. He called himself Fibonacci which was short for Filius Bonacci, standing for "son of Bonacci", which was his father's name. Leonardo's father( Guglielmo Bonacci) was a kind of customs officer in the North African town of Bugia, now called Bougie. So Fibonacci grew up with a North African education under the Moors and later travelled extensively around the Mediterranean coast. He then met with many merchants and learned of their systems of doing arithmetic. He soon realized the many advantages of the "Hindu-Arabic" system over all the others. He was one of the first people to introduce the Hindu-Arabic number system into Europe-the system we now use today- based of ten digits with its decimal point and a symbol for zero: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. and 0 His book on how to do arithmetic in the decimal system, called Liber abbaci (meaning Book of the Abacus or Book of calculating) completed in 1202 persuaded many of the European mathematicians of his day to use his "new" system. The book goes into detail (in Latin) with the rules we all now learn in elementary school for adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing numbers altogether with many problems to illustrate the methods in detail. ( http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci /fibnat.html#Rabbits )
Fibonacci Numbers
The sequence, in which each number is the sum of the two preceding numbers is known as the Fibonacci series: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, ... (each number is the sum of the previous two). The ratio of successive pairs is so-called golden section (GS) - 1.618033989 . . . . . whose reciprocal is 0.618033989 . . . . . so that we have 1/GS = 1 + GS. The Fibonacci sequence, generated by the rule f1 = f2 = 1 , fn+1 = fn + fn-1,
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is well known in many different areas of mathematics and science.

Pascal's Triangle and Fibonacci Numbers
The triangle was studied by B. Pascal, although it had been described centuries earlier by Chinese mathematician Yanghui (about 500 years earlier, in fact) and the Persian astronomer-poet Omar Khayym. Pascal's Triangle is described by the following formula:
where
is a binomial coefficient.
The "hallow diagonals"of Pascal's triangle s sum to Fibonacci numbers. It is quite amazing that the Fibonacci number patterns occur so frequently in nature ( flowers, shells, plants, leaves, to name a few) that this phenomenon appears to be one of the principal "laws of nature". Fibonacci sequences appear in biological settings, in two consecutive Fibonacci numbers, such as branching in trees, arrangement of leaves on a stem, the fruitlets of a pineapple, the flowering of artichoke, an uncurling fern and the arrangement of a pine cone. In addition, numerous claims of Fibonacci numbers or golden sections in nature are found in popular sources, e.g. relating to the breeding of rabbits, the spirals of shells, and the curve of waves The Fibonacci numbers are also found in the family tree of honeybees.
Fibonacci and Nature
Plants do not know about this sequence - they just grow in the most efficient ways. Many plants show the Fibonacci numbers in the arrangement of the leaves around the stem. Some pine cones and fir cones also show the numbers, as do daisies and sunflowers. Sunflowers can contain the number 89, or even 144. Many other plants, such as succulents, also show the numbers. Some coniferous trees show these numbers in the bumps on their trunks. And palm trees show the numbers in the rings on their trunks. Why do these arrangements occur? In the case of leaf arrangement, or phyllotaxis, some of the cases may be related to maximizing the space for each leaf, or the average amount of light falling on each one. Even a tiny advantage would come to dominate, over many generations. In the case of close-packed leaves in cabbages and succulents the correct arrangement may be crucial for availability of space. This is well described in several books listed here >> So nature isn't trying to use the Fibonacci numbers: they are appearing as a by-product of a deeper physical process. That is why the spirals are imperfect. The plant is responding to physical constraints, not to a mathematical rule. The basic idea is that the position of each new growth is about 222.5 degrees away from the previous one, because it provides, on average, the maximum space for all the shoots. This angle is called the golden angle, and it divides the complete 360 degree circle in the golden section, 0.618033989 . . . .
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Examples of the Fibonacci sequence in nature.

Petals on flow ers*
Probably most of us have never taken the time to examine very carefully the number or arrangement of petals on a flower. If we were to do so, we would find that the number of petals on a flower, that still has all of its petals intact and has not lost any, for many flowers is a Fibonacci number: 3 petals: lily, iris 5 petals: buttercup, wild rose, larkspur, columbine (aquilegia) 8 petals: delphiniums 13 petals: ragwort, corn marigold, cineraria, 21 petals: aster, black-eyed susan, chicory 34 petals: plantain, pyrethrum 55, 89 petals: michaelmas daisies, the asteraceae family Some species are very precise about the number of petals they have - e.g. buttercups, but others have petals that are very near those above, with the average being a Fibonacci number.
One-petalled ...
white calla lily
Two-petalled flowers are not common.
euphorbia
Three petals are more common.
trillium
Five petals - there are hundreds of species, both wild and cultivated, with five petals.
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Eight-petalled flowers are not so common as five-petalled, but there are quite a number of well-known species with eight.
bloodroot
Thirteen, ...
black-eyed susan
Twenty-one and thirty-four petals are also quite common. The outer ring of ray florets in the daisy family illustrate the Fibonacci sequence extremely well. Daisies with 13, 21, 34, 55 or 89 petals are quite common.
shasta daisy with 21 petals
Ordinary field daisies have 34 petals ... a fact to be taken in consideration when playing "she loves me, she loves me not". In saying that daisies have 34 petals, one is generalizing about the species - but any individual member of the species may deviate from this general pattern. There is more likelihood of a possible under development than over-development, so that 33 is more common than 35.
* Read the entire article here:

http://britton.disted.camosun.bc.ca/fibslide/jbfibslide.htm
Related Links:
http://britton.disted.camosun.bc.ca/jbfunpatt.htm
Flower Patterns and Fibonacci Numbers
Why is it that the number of petals in a flower is often one of the following numbers: 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 or 55? For example, the lily has three petals, buttercups have five of them, the chicory has 21 of them, the daisy has often 34 or 55 petals, etc. Furthermore, when one observes the heads of sunflowers, one notices two series of curves, one winding in one sense and one in another; the number of spirals not being the same in each sense. Why is the number of spirals in general either 21 and 34, either 34 and 55, either 55 and 89, or 89 and 144? The same for pinecones : why do they have either 8 spirals from one side and 13 from the other, or either 5 spirals from one side and 8 from the other? Finally, why is the number of diagonals of a pineapple also 8 in one direction and 13 in the other?
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Passion Fruit All rights reserved Image Source >> Are these numbers the product of chance? No! They all belong to the Fibonacci sequence: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, etc. (where each number is obtained from the sum of the two preceding). A more abstract way of putting it is that the Fibonacci numbers fn are given by the formula f1 = 1, f2 = 2, f3 = 3, f4 = 5 and generally f n+2 = fn+1 + fn . For a long time, it had been noticed that these numbers were important in nature, but only relatively recently that one understands why. It is a question of efficiency during the growth process of plants. The explanation is linked to another famous number, the golden mean, itself intimately linked to the spiral form of certain types of shell. Let's mention also that in the case of the sunflower, the pineapple and of the pinecone, the correspondence with the Fibonacci numbers is very exact, while in the case of the number of flower petals, it is only verified on average (and in certain cases, the number is doubled since the petals are arranged on two levels).
All rights reserved. Let's underline also that although Fibonacci historically introduced these numbers in 1202 in attempting to model the growth of populations of rabbits, this does not at all correspond to reality! On the contrary, as we have just seen, his numbers play really a fundamental role in the context of the growth of plants
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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE GOLDEN MEAN The explanation which follows is very succinct. For a much more detailed explanation, with very interesting animations, see the web site in the reference. In many cases, the head of a flower is made up of small seeds which are produced at the centre, and then migrate towards the outside to fill eventually all the space (as for the sunflower but on a much smaller level). Each new seed appears at a certain angle in relation to the preceeding one. For example, if the angle is 90 degrees, that is 1/4 of a turn, the result after several generations is that represented by figure 1.
Of course, this is not the most efficient way of filling space. In fact, if the angle between the appearance of each seed is a portion of a turn which corresponds to a simple fraction, 1/3, 1/4, 3/4, 2/5, 3/7, etc (that is a simple rational number), one always obtains a series of straight lines. If one wants to avoid this rectilinear pattern, it is necessary to choose a portion of the circle which is an irrational number (or a nonsimple fraction). If this latter is well approximated by a simple fraction, one obtains a series of curved lines (spiral arms) which even then do not fill out the space perfectly (figure 2). In order to optimize the filling, it is necessary to choose the most irrational number there is, that is to say, the one the least well approximated by a fraction. This number is exactly the golden mean. The corresponding angle, the golden angle, is 137.5 degrees. (It is obtained by multiplying the non-whole part of the golden mean by 360 degrees and, since one obtains an angle greater than 180 degrees, by taking its complement). With this angle, one obtains the optimal filling, that is, the same spacing between all the seeds (figure 3). This angle has to be chosen very precisely: variations of 1/10 of a degree destroy completely the optimization. (In fig 2, the angle is 137.6 degrees!) When the angle is exactly the golden mean, and only this one, two families of spirals (one in each direction) are then visible: their numbers correspond to the numerator and denominator of one of the fractions which approximates the golden mean : 2/3, 3/5, 5/8, 8/13, 13/21, etc. These numbers are precisely those of the Fibonacci sequence (the bigger the numbers, the better the approximation) and the choice of the fraction depends on the time laps between the appearance of each of the seeds at the center of the flower. This is why the number of spirals in the centers of sunflowers, and in the centers of flowers in general, correspond to a Fibonacci number. Moreover, generally the petals of flowers are formed at the extremity of one of the families of spiral. This then is also why the number of petals corresponds on average to a Fibonacci number.
REFERENCES:
1. 2.
An excellent Internet site of Ron Knot's at the University of Surrey on this and related topics. S. Douady et Y. Couder, La physique des spirales vgtales, La Recherche, janvier 1993, p. 26 (In French).
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Source of the above segment:

http://www.popmath.org.uk/rpamaths/rpampages/sunflower.html
Mathematics and Knots, U.C.N.W.,Bangor, 1996 - 2002
Fibonacci numbers in vegetables and fruit
Romanesque Brocolli/Cauliflower (or Romanesco) looks and tastes like a cross between brocolli and cauliflower. Each floret is peaked and is an identical but smaller version of the whole thing and this makes the spirals easy to see.
Brocolli/Cauliflower All rights reserved Image Source >> ***

Human Hand
Every human has two hands, each one of these has five fingers, each finger has three parts which are separated by two knuckles. All of these numbers fit into the sequence. However keep in mind, this could simply be coincidence.
To view more examples of Fibonacci numbers in Nature explore our selection of related
links>>.
Human Face
Knowledge of the golden section, ratio and rectangle goes back to the Greeks, who based their most famous work of art on them: the Parthenon is full of golden rectangles. The Greek followers of the mathematician and mystic Pythagoras even thought of the golden ratio as divine.
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Later, Leonardo da Vinci painted Mona Lisa's face to fit perfectly into a golden rectangle, and structured the rest of the painting around similar rectangles.
Mozart divided a striking number of his sonatas into two parts whose lengths reflect the golden ratio, though there is much debate about whether he was conscious of this. In more modern times, Hungarian composer Bela Bartok and French architect Le Corbusier purposefully incorporated the golden ratio into their work. Even today, the golden ratio is in human-made objects all around us. Look at almost any Christian cross; the ratio of the vertical part to the horizontal is the golden ratio. To find a golden rectangle, you need to look no further than the credit cards in your wallet. Despite these numerous appearances in works of art throughout the ages, there is an ongoing debate among psychologists about whether people really do perceive the golden shapes, particularly the golden rectangle, as more beautiful than other shapes. In a 1995 article in the journal Perception, professor Christopher Green, of York University in Toronto, discusses several experiments over the years that have shown no measurable preference for the golden rectangle, but notes that several others have provided evidence suggesting such a preference exists. Regardless of the science, the golden ratio retains a mystique, partly because excellent approximations of it turn up in many unexpected places in nature. The spiral inside a nautilus shell is remarkably close to the golden section, and the ratio of the lengths of the thorax and abdomen in most bees is nearly the golden ratio. Even a cross section of the most common form of human DNA fits nicely into a golden decagon. The golden ratio and its relatives also appear in many unexpected contexts in mathematics, and they continue to spark interest in the mathematical community. Dr. Stephen Marquardt, a former plastic surgeon, has used the golden section, that enigmatic number that has long stood for beauty, and some of its relatives to make a mask that he claims is the most beautiful shape a human face can have.
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The Mask
of a perfect human face
Egyptian Queen Nefertiti (1400 B.C.)
An artist's impression of the face of Jesus based on the Shroud of Turin and corrected to match Dr. Stephen Marquardt's mask.
Click here for more detailed analysis.
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"Averaged" (morphed) face of few celebrities. Related website: http://www.faceresearch.org/tech/demos/average
You can overlay the Repose Frontal Mask (also called the RF Mask or Repose Expression Frontal View Mask) over a photograph of your own face to help you apply makeup, to aid in evaluating your face for face lift surgery, or simply to see how much your face conforms to the measurements of the Golden Ratio. Visit Dr. Marquardt's Web site for more information on the beauty mask.
Source of the above article (with exception of few added photos): http://tlc.discovery.com/convergence/humanface/articles/mask.html
Related links:
Dr. Marquardt's Web site
The Beauty Code Cross-Cultural Beauty Timeless Beauty Beauty Ranges
Related websites
http://www.faceresearch.org/tech/demos/average http://morph.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/fof/index.html
http://digitalphotopix.com/people/the-face-of-tomorrow/
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Fibonacci's Rabbits
The original problem that Fibonacci investigated, in the year 1202, was about how fast rabbits could breed in ideal circumstances. "A pair of rabbits, one month old, is too young to reproduce. Suppose that in their second month, and every month thereafter, they produce a new pair. If each new pair of rabbits does the same, and none of the rabbits dies, how many pairs of rabbits will there be at the beginning of each month?" 1. At the end of the first month, they mate, but there is still one only 1 pair. 2. At the end of the second month the female produces a new pair, so now there are 2 pairs of rabbits in the field. 3. At the end of the third month, the original female produces a second pair, making 3 pairs in all in the field. 4. At the end of the fourth month, the original female has produced yet another new pair, the female born two months ago produces her first pair also, making 5 pairs. (http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibBio.html) The number of pairs of rabbits in the field at the start of each month is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, etc.
The Fibonacci Rectangles and Shell Spirals
We can make another picture showing the Fibonacci numbers 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,.. if we start with two small squares of size 1 next to each other. On top of both of these draw a square of size 2 (=1+1).
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Phi pendant gold - a Powerful Tool for Finding Harmony and Beauty
We can now draw a new square - touching both a unit square and the latest square of side 2 - so having sides 3 units long; and then another touching both the 2-square and the 3-square (which has sides of 5 units). We can continue adding squares around the picture, each new square having a side which is as long as the sum of the latest two square's sides. This set of rectangles whose sides are two successive Fibonacci numbers in length and which are composed of squares with sides which are Fibonacci numbers, we will call the Fibonacci Rectangles. The next diagram shows that we can draw a spiral by putting together quarter circles, one in each new square. This is a spiral (the Fibonacci Spiral). A similar curve to this occurs in nature as the shape of a snail shell or some sea shells. Whereas the Fibonacci Rectangles spiral increases in size by a factor of Phi (1.618..) in a quarter of a turn (i.e. a point a further quarter of a turn round the curve is 1.618... times as far from the centre, and this applies to all points on the curve), the Nautilus spiral curve takes a whole turn before points move a factor of 1.618... from the centre.
A slice through a Nautilus shell These spiral shapes are called Equiangular or Logarithmic spirals. The links from these terms contain much more information on these curves and pictures of computer-generated shells.
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Here is a curve which crosses the X-axis at the Fibonacci numbers The spiral part crosses at 1 2 5 13 etc on the positive axis, and 0 1 3 8 etc on the negative axis. The oscillatory part crosses at 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 etc on the positive axis. The curve is strangely reminiscent of the shells of Nautilus and snails. This is not surprising, as the curve tends to a logarithmic spiral as it expands.
Nautilus shell (cut) All rights reserved. Image source >>
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Nautilus jewelry pendant gold - A Symbol of Natures Beauty
Proportion - Golden Ratio and Rule of Thirds R. Berdan 20/01/2004. Published with permission of the author
Proportion refers the size relationship of visual elements to each other and to the whole picture. One of the reasons proportion is often considered important in composition is that viewers respond to it emotionally. Proportion in art has been examined for hundreds of years, long before photography was invented. One proportion that is often cited as occurring frequently in design is the Golden mean or Golden ratio. Golden Ratio: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 etc. Each succeeding number after 1 is equal to the sum of the two preceding numbers. The Ratio formed 1:1.618 is called the golden mean - the ratio of bc to ab is the same as ab to ac. If you divide each smaller window again with the same ratio and joing their corners you end up with a logarithmic spiral. This spiral is a motif found frequently throughout nature in shells, horns and flowers (and my Science & Art logo).
The Golden Mean or Phi occurs frequently in nature and it may be that humans are genetically programmed to recognize the ratio as being pleasing. Studies of top fashion models revealed that their faces have an abundance of the 1.618 ratio.
tlc.discovery.com/convergence/humanface/articles/mask.html
Many photographers and artists are aware of the rule of thirds, where a picture is divided into three sections vertically and horizontally and lines and points of intersection represent places to position important visual elements. The golden ratio and its
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application are similar although the golden ratio is not as well known and its' points of intersection are closer together. Moving a horizon in a landscape to the position of one third is often more effective than placing it in the middle, but it could also be placed near the bottom one quarter or sixth. There is nothing obligatory about applying the rule of thirds. In placing visual elements for effective composition, one must assess many factors including color, dominance, size and balance together with proportion. Often a certain amount of imbalance or tension can make an image more effective. This is where we come to the artists' intuition and feelings about their subject. Each of us is unique and we should strive to preserve those feelings and impressions about our chosen subject that are different.
Rule of thirds grid applied to a landscape
Golden mean grid applied a simple composition
On analyzing some of my favorite photographs by laying down grids (thirds or golden ratio in Adobe Photoshop) I find that some of my images do indeed seem to correspond to the rule of thirds and to a lesser extent the golden ratio, however many do not. I suspect an analysis of other photographers' images would have similar results. There are a few web sites and references to scientific studies that have studied proportion in art and photography but I have not come across any systematic studies that quantified their results- maybe I just need to look harder (see link for more information about the use of the golden ratio: http://photoinf.com/Golden_Mean/). In summary, proportion is an element of design you should always be aware of but you must also realize that other design factors along with your own unique sensitivity about the subject dictates where you should place items in the viewfinder. Understanding proportion and various elements of design are guidelines only and you should always follow your instincts combined with your knowledge. Never be afraid to experiment and try something drastically different, and learn from both your successes and failures. Also try to be open minded about new ways of taking pictures, new techniques, ideas surround yourself with others that share an open mind and enthusiasm and you will improve your compositional skills quickly.
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35 mm film has the dimensions 36 mm by 24 mm (3:2 ratio) - golden mean ration of 1.6 to 1 Points of intersection are recommended as places to position important elements in your picture.
Note: The above segment is part of the article COMPOSITION & the ELEMENTS of VISUAL DESIGN by Robert Berdan ( http://www.scienceandart.org/ ) R. Berdan 20/01/2004 Published with permission of the author. The entire article can be found here (PDF):
http://www.scienceandart.org/photography/elementsofdesign.pdf
Subject Related Links and Resources
Dance of the Planets BLUEPRINTS OF THE COSMOS - by Christine Sterne *****/***** http://www.stangrist.com/fibonacci.htm http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat.html#Rabbits http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibBio.html http://www.aegsp.br/hs/fib/fibnat.html http://www.branta.connectfree.co.uk/fibonacci.htm http://www.aiwaz.net/tools/fibonacciseries.htm http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Fibonacci.html http://www.lib.virginia.edu/science/parshall/fibonacc.html http://mathworld.wolfram.com/FibonacciNumber.html http://www.friesian.com/golden.htm http://www.mathforum.org/dr.math http://www.goldennumber.net/index.html Beautycheck http://www.scienceandart.org/ Nature's Patterns Photo CD 50 Royalty Free Images Nautilus jewelry pendant gold - A Symbol of Natures Beauty
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Bogomolny, A. "Golden Ratio in Geometry." http://www.cut-the-knot.org/do_you_know/GoldenRatio.shtml Hofstetter, K. "A Simple Construction of the Golden Ratio." Forum Geom. 2, 65-66, 2002. http://forumgeom.fau.edu /FG2002volume2/FG200208index.html. Hofstetter, K. "A 4-Step Construction of the Golden Ratio." Forum Geom. 6, 179-180, 2006. http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2006volume6/FG200618index.html. Olariu, A. "Golden Section and the Art of Painting." 18 Aug 1999. http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9908036/. Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A000012/M0003, A000201/M2322, A001622/M4046, A001950/M1332, A003849, A028259, A036414, A036415, and A114540 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences." http://www.mathematicaguidebooks.org/ Weisstein, E. W. "Books about Golden Ratio." http://www.ericweisstein.com/encyclopedias/books/GoldenRatio.html http://brantacan.co.uk/naturemaths.htm From sunflower to suspension bridge Not what it seems - aliases Forests, trees and wood Spider webs Surface tension Engineering Curves Interference of waves Sine and exponential Snake curves and locomotion Resistive polyhedra Numerology Relationships in maths and science
A Timeline of Mathematicians History topics A History of Pi THE GOD OF ABRAHAM: A Mathematician's View Lore and Order: Learning from the Ancients Astronomic and Cosmographic Data
Subject Related Resources: Books, Magazines, DVDs
The Self-Made Tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature
by Philip Ball Oxford Press; Reprint edition (August 2001)
This deep, beautiful exploration of the recurring patterns that we find both in the living and inanimate worlds will change how you think about everything from evolution to earthquakes. Not by any means a simple book, it is still completely engaging; even the occasional forays into mathematics and the abstractions of hydrodynamics are endurable, tucked as they are between Ball's bright prose and his hundreds of carefully selected illustrations. When speaking of the living world, Ball seeks to go beyond the theory of natural selection, which explains why we see certain characteristics (height, shape, camouflage), to find mechanisms that can explain how such characteristics come to be. Again, this is no easy task, but for those willing to follow his discussion, the elegance of nature is laid out in zebras' stripes, ivy leaves, and butterfly wings. Moving on to find the same patterns at work in the clouds of Jupiter and the cracks in the San Andreas fault give strength to the feeling that there are self-composing structures that guide everything in the universe toward a kind of order.
Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural World
by
John A. Adam Princeton Univ Pr; (November 10, 2003)
From rainbows, river meanders, and shadows to spider webs, honeycombs, and the markings on animal coats, the visible world is full of patterns that can be described mathematically. Examining such readily observable phenomena, this book introduces readers to the beauty of nature as revealed by mathematics and the beauty of mathematics as revealed in nature. Generously illustrated, written in an informal style, and replete with examples from everyday life, Mathematics in Nature is an excellent and undaunting introduction to the ideas and methods of mathematical modeling. It illustrates how mathematics can be used to formulate and solve puzzles observed in nature and to interpret the solutions. In the process, it teaches such topics as the art of estimation and the effects of scale, particularly what happens as things get bigger. Readers will develop an understanding of the symbiosis that exists between basic scientific principles and their mathematical expressions as well as a deeper appreciation for such natural phenomena as cloud
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formations, halos and glories, tree heights and leaf patterns, butterfly and moth wings, and even puddles and mud cracks. Developed out of a university course, this book makes an ideal supplemental text for courses in applied mathematics and mathematical modeling. It will also appeal to mathematics educators and enthusiasts at all levels, and is designed so that it can be dipped into at leisure.
The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number (2002)
by Mario Livio
Math in Science and Nature: Finding Patterns in the World Around Us
(1999) by Robert Gardner, Edward A. Shore
The Curves of Life
(1979) Theodore A Cook, Dover books
On Growth and Form
(1992) by D'Arcy Thompson
Life's Other Secret: The New Mathematics of the Living World
(1999)
by Ian Stewart
The Parsimonious Universe: Shape and Form in the Natural World
by Stefan Hildebrandt, Anthony Tromba
Gamma: Exploring the Euler's Constant
by Julian Havil (Author) Princeton Univ Pr; (March 17, 2003)
N/A
Patterns in Nature
(1974/79) by Peter S Stevens
Nature's Patterns Photo CD 50 Royalty Free* Images Each image on the CD is 14 MB in size (approx. 9 x 6 inches x 300 dpi) suitable for printing, multimedia and the web.
Science Photo CD 50 science related images - Royalty Free Each image on the CD is 14 MB in size (approx. 9 x 6 inches x 300 dpi) suitable for printing, multimedia and the web.
Boyer, C. B. History of Mathematics. New York: Wiley, p. 56, 1968. Brown, D. The Da Vinci Code. New York: Doubleday, 2003. Coxeter, H. S. M. "The Golden Section, Phyllotaxis, and Wythoff's Game." Scripta Mathematica 19, 135-143, 1953. Dixon, R. Mathographics. New York: Dover, pp. 30-31 and 50, 1991. Finch, S. R. "The Golden Mean." 1.2 in Mathematical Constants. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 5-12, 2003. Gardner, M. "Phi: The Golden Ratio." Ch. 8 in The Second Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles & Diversions, A New Selection. New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 89-103, 1961. Gardner, M. "Notes on a Fringe-Watcher: The Cult of the Golden Ratio." Skeptical Inquirer 18, 243-247, 1994. Hambridge, J. The Elements of Dynamic Stability. New York: Dover, 1967. Herz-Fischler, R. A Mathematical History of the Golden Number. New York: Dover, 1998. Huntley, H. E. The Divine Proportion. New York: Dover, 1970. Knott, R. "Fibonacci Numbers and the Golden Section." http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/. Le Lionnais, F. Les nombres remarquables. Paris: Hermann, p. 40, 1983. Livio, M. The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number. New York: Broadway Books, 2002. Markowsky, G. "Misconceptions About the Golden Ratio." College Math. J. 23, 2-19, 1992.
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Ogilvy, C. S. Excursions in Geometry. New York: Dover, pp. 122-134, 1990. Ohm, M. die Reine Elementar-Mathematik. Berlin: Jonas Veilags-Buchhandlung, 1835. Pappas, T. "Anatomy & the Golden Section." The Joy of Mathematics. San Carlos, CA: Wide World Publ./Tetra, pp. 32-33, 1989. Saaty, T. L. and Kainen, P. C. The Four-Color Problem: Assaults and Conquest. New York: Dover, p. 148, 1986. Steinhaus, H. Mathematical Snapshots, 3rd ed. New York: Dover, p. 45, 1999. Trott, M. The Mathematica GuideBook for Programming. New York: Springer-Verlag, p. 175, 2004. van Zanten, A. J. "The Golden Ratio in the Arts of Painting, Building, and Mathematics." Nieuw Arch. Wisk. 17, 229-245, 1999. Walser, R. Der Goldene Schnitt. Stuttgart, Germany: Teubner, 1993. Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, pp. 36-49, 1986. Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry. London: Penguin, pp. 87-88, 1991. Williams, R. "The Golden Proportion." 2-7 in The Geometrical Foundation of Natural Structure: A Source Book of Design. New York: Dover, pp. 52-53, 1979.
The Universe - The Complete Season One (History Channel) (2007)
Discover Discover attracts intelligent and curious readers - forward thinkers and public advocates engaging in a dialogue of action that influences opinion leaders and encourages innovation. They are active in their communities, carry a strong voice concerning political issues and are very active in environmental groups.
Science Illustrated It present science in a very exciting and approachable way. Stories are typically accompanied with many large photos or illustrations. It is typically packed with stories that cover a wide range of science from archeology to space travel.
DVD
Scientific American This magazine is designed for technically educated professionals and managers interested in a broad range of the physical and social sciences. Its articles and features anticipate what the breakthroughs and the news will be in a society increasingly dependent upon scientific and technological advances.
National Geographic NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, the flagship magazine of the National Geographic Society, chronicles exploration and adventure, as well as changes that impact life on Earth. Editorial coverage encompasses people and places of the world, with an emphasis on human involvement in a changing universe. Major topics include culture, nature, geography, ecology, science and technology.
Popular Mechanics Popular Mechanics is for people who have a passion to know how things work. It's about how the latest advances in science and technology will impact your home, your car, consumer electronics, computers, even your health. Popular Mechanics - answers for curious minds.
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Wired Wired readers want to know how technology is changing the world, and theyre interested in big, relevant ideas, even if those ideas challenge their assumptionsor blow their minds. Wired is a magazine about science, art, adventure, online culture, business, philosophy and bright shiny beautiful gadgets. Each month, more than 2 million smart, savvy readers come to Wired for clean, clear writing with a wry twist
Smithsonian This magazine chronicles the arts, environment, sciences and popular culture of the times. It is edited for modern, well-rounded individuals with diverse, general interests. Each subscription includes a membership to the Smithsonian Institution which provides special discounts at Smithsonian gift shops, world travel opportunities through Smithsonian study tours and information on all Smithsonian events in any area.
American Scientist Articles cover all areas of science and endeavor to provide explanations of research. This bimonthly magazine contains science articles written by scientists for the scientifically literate reader (primarily other scientists).
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Introduction to Fibonacci numbers and the Golden Ratio in nature, architecture and art. Includes extensive resources
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