SzondiTest: ItsInterpretationandGraphologicalIndicators1[1][1] By ArthurC.Johnston,PhD 2006 byArthurC.

Johnston
AnIntroductiontoSzondi,Achtnich,andOccupations LipotSzondi:AShortBiography LipotSzondiwasnotapsychiatristorpsychoanalyst,despitehisintenseinterestand workintheseareas.Hewasaninternist,specificallyanendocrinologist.But psychopathologyandpsychologywerehissideinterests.From1927to1941,Szondiwasin chargeofapsychologylaboratoryattheUniversityofBudapestunderthesupervisionofa veryliberaldirector.Here,Szondibeganhisgenealogicalresearch,whichresultedultimately intheSzondiTest. Hisoriginalinspirationsforhisgenealogicalinvestigationswereadreamandhis interestinFyodorDostoevskysworkandlife.Dostoevsky,theRussiannovelistinthe19th Century,wasanepilepticwhohadepilepticsandmurdersinhisfamilytree.HisnovelThe Idiotisaboutapriestwhoisanepilepticandbecomesinvolvedwithamurderer.The BrothersKaramazovhasanepilepticsonkillhisfatherandanothersonwhoisapriest.The EpilepticDriveCirclehasepileptics,murderers,andpriests. SigmundFreudbelievedindrivesbutalwayskepttopairsofdrivessuchasloveand aggressionoregoandidandneverwantedtostudyorcreateasystematicanalysisofhuman
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withomissionofallgraphologicalmaterialsthatappearedinthe2001edition. Includedare: Extracts from Martin Achtnichs book Der BerufsbilderTest [Occupation Picture Test],1979 ExtractsfromLipotSzondibooks,bothtranslatedbyArthurC.Johnston ExtractsfromSusanDerisbookIntroductiontotheSzondiTest:TheoryandPractice, 1949 andfrontpieceIllustrationsofDifferentDriveVectorsextractedfrom LipotSzondi,UlrichMoser,andMarvinW.Webb, TheSzondiTest:inDiagnosis, Prognosis,andTreatment,1959

drives.Szondicreatedthefourdrivesbasedonhisinsightsandthepsychiatricand psychoanalyticknowledgeofhistime. In1941,SzondiwasdrivenoutoftheUniversityofBudapestbytheproNazi governmentbecausehewasaJew.In1944,SzondiwasdeportedtoBergenBelsen concentrationcamp.Andin1945,heendedupinSwitzerlandandeventuallysettledin Zurich.Herehestartedhisprivatepracticeasapsychoanalyst. In1944,hepublishedSchicksalsanalyse(inGerman),hisbookongenealogicalwork andthedrives.ThetitleofthebookmeansFateAnalysis.Inthisbookheintroducedthe conceptofthelatentgenes.Mendelspeaexperimentsillustratethis:awrinkledpeahasa latentgeneofasmoothpea,andviceversa.Twolatentgeneswillproduceanoutward characteristic,butifonlyonelatentgeneispresent,thedominantgenewilldeterminethe characteristic.Theselatentgenes,accordingtoSzondi,arenotwithouteffectshowever.They representourfamilyancestorsandcanbecomeourfutureones.Theybelongtotherealmof theunknown,theunconscious.SzondicalledthisareatheFamilialUnconscious,whichhas allourlatentancestors.SzondiaddsthisFamilialUnconscioustoFreudsPersonal UnconsciousandtoCarlJungsCollectiveUnconscious. Howdotheselatentgenesaffectaperson?Szondiconcludesthattheselatentgenes determineourchoices:choiceoffriends,lovers,formsofillnesses(bothphysicalandmental), jobs,interests,sports,hobbies,andevenourformofdeathinsomecases.Allthisoccurs throughgenotropism,thelikechoosingthelike.Tropemeanstoleantoward.Birdsofa featherflocktogether,sotospeak.Thelatentgenesthroughthechoiceswemakedetermine ourfate;thus,thisisdeterminism.Buttheegohasasayinallthisandcanmakeconscious choicesthatgiveusfreedom. In1947,SzondipublishedExperimentelleTriebdiagnostik[ExperimentalDrive Diagnostic].Sinceitwastimeconsumingandverydifficulttotracethefamilytreetoseeall theinfluencesofthelatentgenes,SzondicreatedtheSzonditestasaquickwaytoseewhat choices,projectedfromtheFamilialUnconscious,wereworkinginapersonslife.Thisbook in1947gavetheinterpretationsfortheSzonditest.Thistestconsistsofsixsetsofeight picturesoftheextrememanifestationsofthedifferentdriveneedsthatarepresentinhumans. Thesearethepassivehomosexual,thesadist,theepilepticinthecontrolstage,thehysteric, thecatatonic,theparanoid,thedepressiveofthemanicdepressive,andthemanicofthe manicdepressive.Weallhavethesamedrivesastheseextremesbutindifferentquantities andcombinations. IntheFifties,hundredsofpublicationsonSzondisworkwerepublishedinEnglish andotherlanguagesinEuropeandtheEast.Somewereenthusiastic;othersdestructive.All projectivetestsanddepthpsychologieshavedifficultybeingaccepted;theSzonditestwasno exception. However,Szondisgenealogicalbasisforhisworkwasnotacceptedbyprofessionals inthatfield.AndsinceSzondisdrivecirclesandideascoveredtheprofessionalareasof Freudianpsychoanalysis,JungsAnalyticalPsychology,Adlerspsychology,amongothers, andsinceSzondiwasnotamemberofanyofthesegroups,hehaddifficultybeingaccepted bythem.Eventoday,someoftheusersofhistest,ideas,andtheoriesrejectthegenealogical partofhiswork.Othersdonot. InZurich,Szondifoundnewdisciples.HepublishedmanymorebookssuchasIch Analyse[EgoAnalysis]in1956.SeeResourcesatthebackofthisbooklet. In1969,SzondiestablishedtheSzondiInstitute,whichisstillinoperation.Szondi wasawardedHonoraryDoctorfromthetwoUniversitiesofLouvain(1969)andParis(1975). TheUniversityofLouvainisacenterofresearchinSzondisworkandpsychoanalysis.

In1979,MartinAchtnichpublishedhisDerBerufsbilderTest[TheOccupations PictureTest],stillusedtoday,whichhasSzondiseightneedsforselectingonesoccupation. Thistestconsistsof96pictures[onesetformenandoneforwomen].Eachpictureisofa personinanoccupationalsetting.Forexample,areporterinterviewingsomeone.The Testeechoosesthepicturesheorlikes,thosethataredisliked,andthosethatareindifferentto him.EachpicturerepresentsoneofSzondiseightneeds.Thus,aprofileoftheTestees driveprofileisobtained.Sinceonesneedschoosetheareaofwork,thenarecommendation canbemadeforpossibleoccupations.Thetestmanualgiveswonderfulinsightsintothe practicalworkingsoftheeightneedsinoneseverydaylife. ThewebsiteforTheSzondiForum[www.szondiforum.org]undertheguidanceof LeoBerlipsshowsthecountriesandpeoplethathaveanintenseinterestinSzondisTestand hisideas.ThereareactivegroupsinFrance,Poland,Russia,Lithuania,andJapanamong others. ThebooksongraphologyandSzondiworksareflourishing.Andtheresagrowing interestintheUnitedStatesamonggraphologistsabouthiswork. Manyacademicsandprofessionalsinpsychoanalysisandpsychiatryoftenshyaway fromSzondisworkbecauseofthedisputesoverhisworkanditsvalidityandbecausehis workcrossessomanydifferentfields.Noonefieldcanclaimhimasoneoftheirs.Szondiis describingthehumanconditioninauniversalway.

SzondisThinkingbehindtheTest Szondibelievestherearethreekindsofunconscious:thePersonalUnconscious, identifiedandexploredbySigmundFreud,CarlJungsCollectiveUnconscious,which exploresthesymbols,myths,andpatternsofthoughtandactionsthatbelongtoeveryone universally,andSzondisownFamilialUnconscious,whichiscomposedofthegenetic ancestorswithineachofus.ThePersonalUnconsciousproducessymptoms;theCollective Unconscioussymbols;andtheFamilialUnconsciouschoice. Ourgenesfromourtwoparentsdeterminewhoweare.Ifbothparentscontribute thesamegenetoanoffspring,thentheinheritorwillhavethischaracteristic.Browneyes wouldbeanexample:bothparentshavethegenethatproducesbrowneyes.However,a childmayhavedifferentcoloredeyesbutbeacarrierofthebrowneyegenefromoneparent. Thebrowneyegeneisthereforelatentandcanbecomedominantiflatertheoffspringmates withacarrierofthebrowneyegeneandbothbrowneyegenesarepassedfromeachparent. Szondiaffirmsthattheselatentgenesarenotpowerless.Hebelievesthattheselatent genesdetermineoneschoicesoflovedones,jobs,formsofillnessandevendeath,character traits,intellectualinterests,andsports.Andmuchmore. Howisthisso?Szondibelievesthatwhenweareattractedtoaperson,wedoso becausewebothareconductorsofsomelatentancestor.Letssaythatinonesfatherwasa manifestepileptic,butonesmotherwasnot.Oneofthechildrencouldbecomeacarrierof theepilepticgenethusbealatentepilepticandconsequentlywouldnotbeamanifest epileptic.Ifthisconductorofthelatentepilepticgenemetanotherpersonwhowasalsoa carrierofthelatentepilepticgene,theywouldbothfeelanaffinityforeachother,forboth would,inasense,belongtothesamefamilycircleofepileptics.Ofcourse,theconductorof thelatentepilepticgenewouldbeattractedtoamanifestepileptic. Szondicallsthisattractionforcegenotropism.

Anotherexample:supposeapersondescendsfromaschizophrenicfatheranda healthymother.Sincetherearenotpassedtwodominantgenesrepresentingschizophrenia, thedescendantdoesnotmanifestanyschizophrenicdisorder.However,thislatent schizophrenicgenewoulddetermineoneschoicesinlove,jobs,interests,activities,andother phasesofoneslife.ThisistheSchicksalFatepartofSzondisthinking.Theotherpartof histhinkingisthattheegohassomefreedominchoosingwhatwillbeacceptableornot. FreedomandFatearetwosidesofthesamecoin. Itisimportanttorealizethatjustbecauseonechoosesapictureofamentallyill personsuchasadepressivedoesnotmeanthatoneisamanifestdepressive.Thegenes representdrivesandmorespecificallyneedsthatmustbesatisfied.Andtherearemany waysaneedcanbesatisfiedandthusrelievethetension.UlrichMoserinTheSzondiTestin Diagnosis,PrognosisandTreatmentliststhepossiblewaysthesadism(s)needmaybe satiated: nativesatiation:sadism,perversion normalsatiation:activity,masculinebehaviorofvaryingdegrees sublimation:thatis,struggleforhumanegoals drivedisorder:neurosis,psychosis:defenseagainstaggression genotropicsatiation:choiceofasadisticpartner(libidotropism) criminalsatiation:slayingbymeansofahatchet,knife,etc. characterformationthroughintrojection(k+):beinghardhearted,for example occupations:slaughter,soldier,butcher,sculpturer,hunter,wrestler,boxer. ThechartsoneachDrive,showingthetwoopposingneeds,aredividedsothatone canseehowtheneedsaresatiated.Forexample,thePhylogenetic,animalistic,Psychic Characteristics,Pathologic,extreme,andnegativemanifestations[includingdrive disorders,delinquency,suicide],Physiologic,normalsocializedmanifestations[including Drivesymptoms,maturity,socialization,character,occupation,professionalfield,and SociallyPositivemanifestationsonahigherlevel[includingSublimationandoccupations.] WhenonelooksattheresultsoftheSzondiTest,onecannotimmediatelyknowhow aparticularneedisbeingsatisfied.Onlybystudyingthecompanyeachneedkeepscanone determinethepossiblewaysaneedisbeingsatisfied.Onetestisnotsufficienttogivean adequatepictureofonesneeds;forthisreason,tentestsarethestandardnumbergivenover aperiodofweeks. SzondiinthesamebookthatUlrichMoserappearsgivessomeclearexamplesabout howonesatisfiesonesneedsinsociallyacceptableways.Henotesthatdescendantsof mentallydisorderedpersonsbecomethemostcapableandnaturalpsychiatristsor psychiatricnurses.Descendantsofquerulents(willfullitigants)theparanoiaarea unconsciouslychooseoccupationssuchasdistrictattorneyandjudge.Szondialsocitesthe situationwheretherewasacriminalinthepersonsfamily,andthispersonbecameaprison guard.Mostinterestingly,Szondicitedthesituationwheretwoidenticaltwinswere separatedandonebecameacriminalandoneaprisonguard. FundamentaltoallofSzondisthinkingistheideaofoppositesorschisms.The needhopposess;h+,h;s+,s;h+s,hs+,andmanyotherpossibleoppositionswithinthe driveitself.Thenegative,positive,ambivalent,andzerochoicesinitiallygivenmakeupthe foregrounddrivepicture,whichisclosesttoconsciousness.Szondi,however,createsa theoreticaloppositetothisinitialtestresultandcallsthisthebackgrounddrivepicture.This representsadeeperlayerofthefamilialunconscious.Itisamatterofopposites:onecannot

havelightwithoutdarkness,goodwithoutevil,ChristwithouttheDevil,masochismwithout sadism. Undercertainconditions,thebackgrounddrivepicturereallythedriveofa potentialfateorpastfamilymembercancometotheforeandthusswitchpositionswiththe foreground.Amildmanneredperson,forexample,undertheinfluenceofalcoholordrugs canbecomebelligerent.Anextremelyshypersonbytheexcessiveshynesscallsattentionto herselforhimself,forinthebackgroundoftheshypersonistheshowoff. UlrichMoserinhischapterofthebookonSzondigivessomeinterestinginsightson theoperationoftheforegroundandbackgrounddrivepictures,whichhecallsthe predecessorandsuccessor.Hebelievesthattheforeground[predecessor]representsthe needsthathavebeenrepressedinthepersonalunconsciousandthushavebeeninternalized asreactionformations,characterelements,andsymptoms.Theforegroundalsogreatly determinesourdreamsandcharacter. Thebackground,however,hastheseeffects.One,itaddsanemotionalcolorationto theforeground.Forexample,thepassiveperson(s)howeverinthisverypassivityis demandingandthushasadistinctaggressivenuance(s+).Thebackgroundhasagreat influenceonthesymptomschosen. Thebackground[orsuccessor]expressesitselfinchoosingpersonsinourlives.We mayoftenchoosepersonswhohavethesamedrivestructureintheirforeground,whichis ourownbackground.Thisoftenhappensinchoiceofoccupations:thebackgroundfinds satisfactioninanoccupation.Forexampleanapparentlygoodpersonbecomesapoliceman andspendshislifechasingcriminals,whorepresentthepolicemansowncriminal backgrounddrivesystem.Thefiremanworkingforthegoodofsocietytostopthe pyromaniacsofthisworldcansatisfyhisownbackgroundstrivingstosetfires.Szondi alwaysisstressingthattheonlydifferencebetweentheabnormalandthenormalisamatter ofquantity,notquality. Onefinaloppositionamongmanyisthatofthemiddletwodrives[Paroxysmaland Schizophrenic,orEgo]andtheperipheraldrivesSexualandContact.TheParoxysmalisthe realmoftheSuperego;thus,themiddlerepresentstheSuperegoandEgodefendingagainst thedriveperilsrepresentedbytheborderdrivesSexualandContact[analandoral]andits owndangerscreatedwithinitself. Szondicallsthemiddlethecensorialsystemsinceitisconcernedwiththe individualssystemofvalues,hisattitudes,andhisorientationtowardlife.Andthisarea makesthedecisionsthatwilldetermineonesbehavior: e=theethicalcensor[theinternalcensorofconscience] hy=themoralcensor[theadaptingtosocietysviewsofmorality] k=thecensorofreality p=thecensorofideals. Theethicalandmoralissuesbelongtotherealmofthesuperego. AfinaloppositionisthatofDurMoll.TheseGermanwordsinSzondissensemeans masculine(Dur)andfeminine(Moll).AsyouwillseetheSexualDrivecontainstheh representingthefeminineandthesstandingforthemasculine.Alltheeightneeds, however,areclassifiedasbelongingtothemasculineandfeminine. Themasculineneedsareh,s+,e,hy+,k+/and+,p0,d+,andm. Thefeminineneedsareh+,s,e+,hy,k0,p+/and+,d,andm+. TheSzondiTest

[SeeSusanDerisbookIntroductiontotheSzondiTest:TheoryandPracticeforgreater details.] TheSzondiTestisaprojectivetest.ThepurposeoftheSzondiTestistoreflectthe personalityasafunctioningdynamicwhole.Thetestisdynamicbecauseitshowsthedrive needsofaperson,whichareconstantlyundergoingchanges.Forexample,anEpilepticgoes throughastageofrisingtension,explosivedischarge,andpeacefulstate;theSzondiTestif givenineachstagewouldreflectthechangingtensionsofthedriveneeds. Theeightpicturesofeachsetrepresentthedriveneeds[factors]andtheirdegreeof tension.Theseneedsactasthedrivingforcesinapersoninthatoneperformscertainacts andchoosesoravoidscertainobjectsorpersons.Theseobjectsarechosenoravoidedto reducethetensioncausedbytheunreleasedneed.Thespecifictypeofactivityorgoalobjects willbedeterminedbytheparticulardriveneed. Theeightneeds,orfactors,representedbytheextremestatesofthehermaphrodite [orbisexual]whoisgenerallylabeledasahomosexual2[2][2],sadist,epileptic,hysteric, catatonic,paranoid,depressive,andmaniccorrespondtotheeightneedsystemsinthe persontakingthetest.Theeighttypesofmentalandemotionaldiseasesandperversions representcertainpsychologicalneedsinextremeformwhicharepresenttosomedegreein everyperson.Anormalpersonoranabnormalonecanchoosefromthepictures;the quantityofpositiveandnegativechoicesandtheresultingpatternscanindicatethestateof eitherone. Thepersontakingthetestchoosespicturesfromthefactor,orneed,thatcorresponds tohisownneedthatisintension.Thegreaterthenumberofpictureschosenfromonefactor [bothlikesanddislikes],thegreaterthetensionofthisdriveneedintheperson.Theseneeds withthegreatestnumberofchoicesrepresenttheunderlyingcausesofonesmanifest behavior. Ontheotherhand,thelackofchoicesinacertainfactormeansthatthe correspondingneedisnotinastateoftension.Thiscanbetruebecauseofconstitutional weaknessofthedriveneedorbecausetheneedislivedoutinsomeadequateactivity.Thisis anopenreaction.Thereistheleastresistancetotheneedbeinglivedout.Thatiswhy observedsymptomsandmanifestbehaviorcanbeinterpretedonthebasisoftheseopenor drainedreactions.However,thequalityofthesebehaviorscanbepsychotic,neurotic, antisocial,ornormal.Asadistmayliveouthisaggressiveneedbyactuallyharmingothers; whereas,asurgeonmayusethesameaggressiontohelpothers. Theunderlyingpsychodynamiccausesofonesobservablebehaviorshownbythe openresponsesisindicatedbytheloadedfactorsindicatedbythelikeanddislikechoices. Thisissimilartothecaseofthelatentanddominantgenes:thechoicesaredeterminedbythe latenthiddengenesandthedominantgenesheretheopenresponsesdeterminethe manifestbehavior.Ofcourse,theegohasapartinthesechoices. Apositiveresponseforpicturesrepresentingacertainfactor,orneed,indicatesa consciousorunconsciousidentificationwiththemotivationalforcesasdepictedbythe photographsoftheparticularneed. Anegativeresponseindicatestheexistenceofacounteridentificationwiththe psychologicalprocessesofthestimulatingpictures.Wearenotreferringtorepressionwhen

Jean Mlon in his Course on Szondi pointed out that the pictures depicting homosexuality are really those of hermaphrodites [bisexuals]. In other works of Szondi, he clearly represents these individuals as hermaphrodites [bisexuals].
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citinganegativeresponsesincethiscanbeaconsciouschoice,andrepressiononlyworks unconsciously. Anambivalentreactionmeansthatbothacounteridentificationandidentification arepresent.Thereissomeselfcontrolactinginthisindecisivesituationaboutthedischarge oftensioninactualactivities.Therefore,thesearesubjectiveinternalsymptomsasseen,for example,incompulsivesandhypochondriacs.Theobjectivesymptomsarerepresentedby theopenreactions. A fundamental aspect of the final total at the end of the Scoring Sheet is the foreground and background ego. The foreground ego is the profile first obtained on the Scoring Sheet: for example: hs+ e- hy+ k+/- p0 d+ m-. However, behind this ego possible fate is another one: the background ego, which is the reverse of the previous one: h+ s- e+ hy- k 0 p +/- d- m+. The foreground ego has a male sexual drive, a Caindo evilParoxysmal drive, a compulsive masculine material ego, and an unfaithful object relationship in the Contact Vector. Under certain circumstances, his background ego could appearas under the influence of alcohol, for example: a female sexual drive, an Ablea dogooder, a feminine ego, and a faithful object relationship. TheSexualDrive I. TheSexualVector[Drive](S): [SeeSusanDerisbookIntroductiontotheSzondiTest:TheoryandPracticefor greaterdetails.] hfactor(representedbypicturesofhermaphrodites[bisexuals]butgenerallylabeled aspassivehomosexuals)correspondingtotheneedforpassivetendernessand yieldingness:bindngandbeingoneinlove[Achtnich:Femininity,Softness] sfactor(representedbypicturesofsadists)whichcorrespondstotheneedfor physicalactivityandaggressivemanipulationofobjects:immediatereleasefromand separation[Achtnich:BodyPower,Coldness,Hardness].

WhatisaVector?Itisaforcethathasbothmagnitudeanddirection.Inscience,avector describeswhathappenswhentwoforcesactonabody[inthiscasetheVector]andinfluence itsdirection:

h(homosexuality) isafactorthatgoesinadifferentdirectionfroms (sadism). S(TheSexualVector,orDrive)isacommongoal forbothneedsandtheresultofthetwoactive forces(hands).

 MartinAchtnichinhisinstructionbookforDerBerufsbilderTest[TheOccupations PicturesTest]renamesthisfactorFemininity,Givingin,Feeling,Softness,andTouch needs.Hechangedthenametoavoidtheconnotationsofillnessorperversionandtomake theneedmoreacceptabletothepublic.AchtnichandSzondibothmadeclearthatthechoice ofthesepicturesdoesnotmeanthatoneisabisexualorhomosexual.ThisandallSzondi needsareuniversalandthuspresentineveryone. Thishneedinthesexualdrive(orvector)representsthetenderyieldingpartof sexualityandrelationships.Thisistheneedthatrepresentsthefeminineasclassically viewed.Akeypointisthatitcontainslittleornomotorenergy.Theneedisforsensual contactthroughthesenseoftouch.Itistheoppositeofthes[sadism]need,wheregrabbing andmanipulatingaphysicalobjectisprimary;inthehpluscase,therearenoactivemovesof thiskind.Theoccupationofhairdresser,whichinvolvestouchingtheclient,representsa socialexpressionofthisneed.Onahigherlevel,aphysicaltherapist,whomustuseones handstoworkonapatient,exhibitsthisneed. Hermaphrodites[bisexuals],thoserepresentedintheSzonditest,areanextreme expressionofthiseverpresenthumanneed.Thesemaleswhoareseekinglovewithpersons oftheirownsexareprimarilylookingfortenderlove,nottheactualintercourse.Theyseek thekindoflovegivenbytheirmother.Thisisthelovethatispassivelongingwithoutany physicalactivitytosecuretheoneloved. Inhislateranalysisofthisneed,SzondilabeleditErosaftertheGreekgodoflove. Hewrote: Thereisnobindinginthelivingworldwithoutfactorh.Itisthe mostpowerfulamongthebindings.Itisthereceiverandgiverin loveandtenderness.Itisthestrongestpower,whichholdsall together,whatintheworldlivesandloves.Factorhisconsequently theErosradical,therootofloveandtendernessandthebasisof attractionandbinding.Itisaswellthecreatorofindividual personallove(h+)andalsothatofloveofhumanity(h).Factorhis alsonotonlyoneofthetwobuiltupfactorsofsexuality.Itisthe factorofeachbindingofhumantohumaninsexandlove,inbody andspirit. Whenonechooseshplus,thispersonacceptsandidentifieswiththisneedfor sensuallongingthatisunrelatedtoanyactivemovestowardsatisfaction.Thisisafeminine

sVector s (sadism) is a factor that goes in a different direction from the h factor. The h+ Factor (h=homosexual) (Achtnich:Femininity,Softness)

identificationandmeansspecificallyanongenitalneedforloveandcaressinginaninfantile senseofmotherandchild. Extremefrustrationofthisneedasachildcanleadtoantisocialandpsychotic behavior.Alsoindividualswhodonotchoosehighersublimatedworksuchas dermatologistsandgynecologists(dealingwithtouchingandthefeminine)orcultural activitiesaslyricpoets(expressingpersonalfeelings)ormusicians(expressingfeelingsand touchingmusicalinstrumentslikeabanjo)oftenchooseworkthatinvolvespersonalcareof othersandreceivingpersonalaffectioninreturn. Occupations:TheRoyalRoadtoSzondiNeeds,orFactors ItwouldbegreatifyoucouldhavesomeverificationabouttheSzondifactors. Youwillnothaveanydifficultygettingsomeonetotellyouhisorheroccupationor interests.Onceyouhavethisinformation,youhavegreatinsightintotheleadingneedofthe person.SigmundFreudsaidthatdreamsaretheroyalroadtotheunconscious.Occupations andinterestsaretheroyalroadtotheSzondifactors,orneeds. Forinstance,ifyouaretoldthatthepersonrunsahatstore,thenyouknowthatthe h+factor,orneed,isaprominentoneandisbeingsocializedinthisoccupation.Whatsthe connectionbetweensellinghatsandtheh+need?Oneofthewayssomeonecanliveoutthe h+needfortouchingistotouchsoftmaterials,clothing,andtextiles.Thes+need,onthe otherhand,causesonetowanttodealwithhardmaterialslikesteel,iron,orbronze. OccupationsSatisfyingthehNeed InhisbookSchicksalsanalyse:WahlinLieb,Freudschaft,Beruf,KrankheitundTod [FateAnalysis:ChoiceinLove,Friendship,Occupation,IllnessandDeath],Szondiestablishes thattherearefourpartsinvolvedinoneschoiceofanoccupation: Theactivity,orfunction, Themeansorworkingtool, Theoccupationorprofessionalobject/material/goal Theplace. Forinstance:aphysicaltherapistsactivitiesaretotouch,tofeel(something),tostoke, tomassage,tohavetodowiththenakedbody[insomecases]or,inothers,tobathortowash someone;themeansisthehandorfinger;theprofessionalobjectisthehumanbody, sometimesnaked;theplaceisawarmroom. InhisDerBerufsbilderTest[OccupationsPicturesTest]manual,MartinAchtnich indicatesthateachchoiceofanoccupationorjobinvolvestwoneeds:thefirstneedisprimary andthesecondissubordinatebutimportanttoo.Therecanbemorethantwoneedsinvolved inoneschoiceofanoccupation,butAchtnichconcentratesonthetwomostimportantones. Inthecaseofaphysicaltherapist,theprimaryneedish+[inAchtnichsanalysis,the Feminine,Softnessneed],andthesecondaryneedise+[SzondisEpilepticCircleoftheAbel character;Achtnichcallsthisthesocialneed]. TheActivity,orfunction,presentedbyAchtnichoffersquickinsightsintothe workingofaneed. Thefunctionsforh+[femininity,softness]are:

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

[7]

[8]

totouch,tofeel(something),tostroke,tomassage,tohavetodowiththenakedbody (masseur,physicaltherapist,nurse,musicianofstringandpluckinginstruments); tobathortowash(jobsconcerningbodyhygiene); toworkonsomeoneshair,toputscentorperfumeonsomeone(hairstylist, beautician); toserveortowaiton(servingjobsingeneral); todohandworkwithsoftfabricsandmaterials,clothing,ortextiles(tailors,show windowdecorator,florist,textiledecorator); tobefulloffeelings,tosacrifice,tobefulloflove,tobehavelyricallytowardthe occupationalobject(musician,lyricprofessionswhichallowonetoexpresshisorher feelings). todoactivitieswhichappealdirectlyorindirectlytotheerotic(dancer,balletmaster, filmdirector,modelphotographer,artandpoetsconcernedwitheroticism,lyric poet,dermatologist,sexualresearcher,sexualpsychologist); ortosellarticlesinvolvingnumberone,two,three,five,orseven(textileandfashion salespersons,hairandtextilessalespersons).

Justknowingtheseeightfunctions,oractivities,greatlyhelpstoidentifytheh+need indifferentoccupationsandjobs. Fornumberonefunction,oractivity[totouchortofeelsomeone],themeansor workingtoolisthehandorfinger;theoccupationalobject,thehumanbody,skin,fur,textiles, softandwarmmaterialsevenincludingsoftwoods,musicalstinginstruments;theplacesare warmrooms,placeswithanintimateatmosphere,hospitals;theoccupationsaremasseur, physicaltherapist,pedicurist,midwife,nurse,cosmetologist,pastrycook[softmaterial involved],musician[stringandpluckinginstruments]. Remember,however,thatthereisasecondaryneed,andsometimesmore,ineach occupation.Forinstance,musicalinterestsexpressthepneedaswellastheh+need. Functionnumberfourabove[toserveortowaiton]hasasitsmeansorworktool: turningtowardcustomersandtheservedasasubordinate;theoccupationobject:guest, customer,theserved,thelookedafter;theplace:fashionandwashestablishments,having guestsasatradebusiness;theoccupations:serviceindustryinthewidestsense.The waitress,waiter,andhotelmanagerfitthesecategories. ThehFactor (h=homosexual) (Achtnich:Femininity,Softness) Thosewhoindicatethattheydislikethepicturesofhermaphrodites[bisexuals]when takingtheSzonditestareshowingacounteridentificationwithwhateverthehneed expresses.SusanDeriinherbookIntroductiontotheSzondiTest:TheoryandPracticestates thatthismeansthatthesepersonsdonotwanttoacceptthisneedforpersonaltender affection.However,thatdoesnotmeanthattheneedislacking.Thetotalnumberofpositive ornegativeresponsestoaneedindicatesthepowerofthisneedinonesdrivelife.Ifallsix choiceswerenegative,theneedwouldbeextremelypowerful.Whatcouldbepresentisa reactionformationareversalofanaction.Forexample,becauseofinsecurityinthesexual area,onecouldoveremphasizethesadismpartofsexuality:theweakmanwhohideshis weaknessthroughthebluffandblusterofbeingmacho.

Thehminusmovesfromthepersonalloveofhplustotheloveofhumanity.Thus, thosechoosinghminusidentifythemselveswiththismoreabstractformofaffection:loveof humanity.Thesepeopleoftenarecoolininterpersonalrelationsbutshowwarmsocialor artisticattitudes.Forexample,someintellectualstendtosublimatetheirneedfortender personalloveintovariousformsofhumanisticandculturallydesirableactivities. Womenwhochoosehminusmayhavesexualdifficultiessincehminusisanactive repressionofthehplus,whichisfeminine.Thusthewomenarechoosingamasculine identificationsincenormalmenchoosehminuswithsplusandnormalwomenchoosehplus andsminus.Herewearediscussingthenativelivingoutofaneed;therearemanywaysfor aneedtobelivedout. Thosewhohavehminuswillexpresstheirneedsgenotropically,thatis,through choiceoflovers,friends,jobs,interests,sports,illnesses,andevenformsofdeath.The socialized,notnative,formofthehneedwillbechosen. InterpretationoftheNegativeReaction AccordingtoAchtnich Theturningawayfromsignifiesanimportantstrongmeasureofinterestand attractionasthatwhichletsusbeindifferentorwhatwearenotabletodecide.Thedefense becomesaffectivelyandemotionallyvalued.Thequestionarises:Whatdoesthetestee defendwitharevealedminusfactor? TheDeniedFactor thenative,original thedefensedirected theworkingoutof Factorneed against thedefenseis areactionformation W[h]Femininity Touchingand feelingneeds onesownweakness, latenthomosexuality insecurityinthe sexualarea; overemphasisof K[musclepower:s+] orSE [energyminded; Cain:e]

Whydoesthetesteeasnoteddenyexactlythesefactors?Theanswerfollows: a. a. a. Eitherthetesteedoesnothavethisneedingeneral;thatis,thereisan absenceofarelationshiptothisfactor, b. b. b. Orsimplythisneedissoinherentlystrongthatitmeansadangertothe testee, c. c. c. Orthisneedinthecourseofeducationanddevelopmentlearnedthiskind ofdefensethattherecanbenomoredevelopment.Thetesteehasacceptedthismannerof defenseinhisenvironmentagainstthisneedandmadeithisowndefensebehavior.This mechanismplaysastrikingroleinthebuildingofonesconscienceandintheformation ofonessocialbehavior.

Whichmeaningnowdoesthedenied,respectivelynotchosenfactorsforthe occupationchoice?Canoneassumethatthetesteewillsimplyhavenotingtowiththe deniedfactor?Thiscanbethesituation,butitisnotalwaysso:namelynotwhenthesame

deniedprimaryfactorappearsasapositivesecondaryfactor.Thisphenomenonisknownas Reversion. TheReversion Reversionappearsinthetestasfollows: Afactorisdeniedasaprimaryfactorbutappearsintherankingsuccessionof secondaryfactorsinthefrontornotveryfarfromit.Thismeansthatthedeniedfactorseeks afteranindirectoccupationsubstitutesatisfaction.Whatarenowtheindirectsubstitute satisfactionsofadeniedneed?Theneedcanbenomoredirectedalongthepathofthe functionactivity.Itbecomestransformedthereinintointerestintheobject. Thedeniedfactorsappearalsointhetestintwoways: [1]completedefense:inthetestinthefrontoftherankofnegativeprimaryfactors andsimultaneouslyatthefrontoftherankingofthenegativesecondaryfactors. [2]reversion:inthetestattheendoftherakingofthepositiveprimaryfactorsbut simultaneouslyatthefront(orveryclosetoit)intherankofpositivesecondary factors. Accordingly,theminuschoiceshavetwoaspects:thecompletedefenseagainsta factorandthereversion. Areversionisalwaysadiscrepancybetweentheforegroundandhinterground, whichmeansthetesteeisneuroticinrelationshiptothisneed:theoriginalneedisrepressed andseeksnowaventforitself.Thereversionleadstoanindirectsatisfactionoftheneedin whichatransformationofthenativeneedintoanoccupationinterestoccurs.Thedirectneed satisfactionrepresentsnounconditionalprimitivebutindirectlyahigheroccupation solution.Theindirectsatisfactionnotcompulsivelytoaspiritualization,whichstillinthe firstcasedependsifunderstandingandspiritarepresent.Itishowevertheprivilegeof spiritualmenthatthispossibilitystandsopentounstructure[umzustrukturieren]hisneeds andtoputthemintoandintegratethemintoaspiritualconnection.Inthiscase,thefactorsS (socialminded),Z(aestheticneeds),V(understanding/thinking),andG(spirit)cometo particularsignificance,whicharethebearerfactorsoftheseunstructuredandsocialization tendencies.Italsoletsitselfbedesignatedasthekernelfactorsofthepersonality. Minus Factor W[h] Completedefense Denialofanybodilytouching. Lovelessness.Contactdisturbance. Reversion Lovingturningtowardthepartner withoutcomingintoanybodily contactwithhimorher(Example:a teachersbehaviortowardastudent) Inthenexttablesarethecompletedefenseandthereversionforthehfactor.

Theh0Factor (h=homosexual;0=openordrained)

Anytimethereisazeronumberoronlyoneoroneeachofalikeanddislikefora need,thisindicatesthattheneedforbeingthepassivereceiverofloveisbeinglivedout.The

resultisalackoftension.Smallchildrenandinfantileadultswhoarelovedandpamperedas achildwouldsupplyanopenhfactor.Thiscouldoccuralsointhenativelivingoutofthe needbyimpotentmenandoverthomosexuality.Ifthehomosexualisafemale,thenthisisa passivetypewhohasastrongattachmenttoamotherfigureandthenattachesherself submissivelyanddependentlytoamotherfigure. Theopenhcanalsoappeartemporarilyaftersexualintercourseormasturbation. Onahigherculturallevel,thisopenhcanappearinthosewhocansublimate intellectuallywithoutbeingdisturbedbysexualtension. Ultimately,thereisnorealdifferencebetweenaloadedfactor(includingbothlikes anddislikes)andanopenfactor.Onecanchangeintotheother,andbothindicatethe presenceoftheneed,orfactor,inoneslife.Onlyinthosecaseswheretheopenfactordoes notchangeisindicatedthatthisisaconstitutionalweakness. Aloadedfactorfourtosixchoices,eitherlikesordislikesoftenprecedesanopen reaction.Theloadedfactoralsoworksgenotropicallyandthusdeterminesoneschoicesof lovers,friends,interests,sports,occupations,illnesses,and,sometimes,formsofdeath. Szondiwrites,Anunderstandingofthedynamicsunderlyingthesetwoextremereaction typesrevealsthatthereisnoqualitativedifferencebetweenopenandloadedreactions.An openreactiondoesnotmeanthattheparticulardrivetendenciesarenonexistentinthe individualsmakeup;itmeansmerelythatapreviouslyloadeddrivetendencyhas diminishedindynamicforceasaresultofdischarge.Thisexplainsthetendencyofcertain subjectstoproduceanambivalentloadedreactioninthefirsttestandanopenreactioninthe secondorviceversa.Drivetendenciesareinadynamicprocess,subjecttochangeand variationandarenotabsolutestablepsychicfactors. ThesFactor (s=sadism) (Achtnich:BodyPower[Kraft(K)inGerman=Power]Strength;Hardness) [SeeSusanDerisbookandSzondi,Moser,andWebbsbookformoreinformation.] Thes+Factor (s=sadism) Thesneed,orfactor,istheactivesideofsexuality.Thisneedreferstomuscular energyandthemotorpowertomanipulateobjectsinonesenvironment.Overall,thismeans activityingeneral.Theextremeexampleofthisisthesadist,whoactsouthisorher aggressioninnativeform.Motoractivityandaggressiongotogetherhere.Szondicalledthis sideofthesexualvectorThanatos[Deathanddestruction],theoppositeofEros,thegodof love. Thesneedcorrespondstotheneedtointrude,tobestrong,andtobehard.Thisis theactivemasculineaspectofsexuality. Thosewhoindicatethattheylikethesadistspicturesareidentifyingthemselveswith thisneedforactivitydirectedoutwardtowardobjects.Theneedisforahighdegreeof physicalactivityandforuninhibitedaggression.Asocializedversionofthisneedisaboxer [whoalsohasanexhibitionistside].Hetakesouthisaggressionanddesireforactivityupon anopponent. SusanDeriinherbookrelatessplustoconcretebehaviorandsminustowantingto dealwithabstractbehavior:dealingwithsymbolsandwords.

Thissplusisamasculinereaction,andinsexualitythismeansthattheperson activelygoesafterhisobject,needingtobetheinitiatorineveryaspectoftherelationship. Thefocusofthesplusneedisoutwardandthustheneedtofightrealityratherthanto withdraw.Impulsivecharactersandcriminals,moreextremeforms,oftenhavethesplus reaction. Thesplusischaracteristicforchildrenandforthosewhoarenotengagedin intellectualwork.Whenanintellectualorculturedpersonchoosessplus,onewillexpectlots ofaggressionbehindthepersonscausesandideas,andtheinterestwillbeinrealthings. Writersrarelyhavethespluschoices,butsculpturersdobecausetheyusetoolstoworkon hardstoneormetal,somethingreal.Writers,ontheotherhand,manipulatepurelysymbolic materials(musicaltonesorwords). Thesplusinextremecaseswillshowupinantisocialbehavior.Womenwhochoose splus,themasculinesideofsexuality,canhaveproblemsinthesexualareaorwillsublimate insomeculturalorsocialway. OccupationsSatisfyingthesNeed Thefunctions,oractivities,representedbyAchtnicharebodypower[strength, force]andhardness: 1] tohit,tohammer,tochisel,tonail,torivet,tocarve,tostick,tobore,tomill,tosaw, toscrape,tosharpen,toseparate,tocutoff,topenetrate,topierce(oneworkingon machines,buildingsitefitter,plumber,driller,woodworkerwithhardwood, forester,carpenter) [2] toliftloads,tobearloadsorweights(transportationworker,haulerofheavyloads) [3] tobreak,todestroy(constructionworker,miner,demolitionworker) [4] tohack,toshovel,touseapick(streetcleaner,helperinfarming,andrailroad buildingworkers) [5] tokill,toshoot(butcher,soldier,hunter) [6] tobox,topullup,tofight,towrestle,tofence(aboxer,wrestler,fencer,javelin thrower) [7] totameanimals,tofetter,tooverpower,tocontrol(policeforcriminals,animal trainer) [8] tooperate(surgeon,physician,dentist) [9] tousebodypower(ingeneral)(handworkoccupations,workrequiringbody strength) [10] toconquer,todominate,toattack,todefeat,topushinfront,toelbow(positions whichdemandanextremepowertopushthroughortoachieve) [11] tobementallybrutal,tobeaggressive,tobedestructive,tomakeextremenoise (combatandfightingjobsorprofessionswithmenoranimals) [12] tobehardinpursuingadefinitegoal,tocarrythroughharshmeasures,thoughtlessly hard(bailiffs,prisonofficers,jailers,instructors) ThesFactor (s=sadism)

Thosewhochoosesminushavetensionintheneedforaggressionandactivitybut donotacceptthisneedoridentifywithit.Again,thedislikingofaneedshowsthestrength oftheneedintheperson. Theresultisthatthisenergynormallydirectedoutwardisturnedinwardinto intellectualenergy.Now,conceptsandabstractelementsaremanipulatedinsteadofconcrete objectsintheenvironment.SusanDericallsthisabstractbehavior.Thereisalowlevelof physicalactivity.Theactivitynowworksonanintellectuallevel.Often,thisturningaway fromoutwardaggressioncanleadonetowanttohelpothers. Thosechoosingsminusinthefaceofconflictliketowithdrawfromanykindoffight inrealityunlikethespluspersons.Littleantisocialbehaviorwillbeseeninthesminus person. Thesminuspersonhasmoreabilitytosublimate[touseonesdriveforhighersocial andculturalpurposes]thantheaverageperson.Thesminusisassociatedwiththefeminine, andthusshowsthatapersondoesnotidentifywithphysicalactivityandaggression associatedwiththemasculine.Manymenwhoareintellectualsandworkwithconceptsand symbolsnotmaterialobjectsgivethesminuschoice.Waiters,storeclerks,andthosewho serveandwaitonothers,thustakingasubservientrole,oftenselectthesminus. Masochism,depressionbecauseoftherepressedaggression,difficultiesinthesexual areaformencanbepresentinextremecases.Apassiveman,however,canbequitehappy withadominantwomanwithspluschoice. Achtnich:InterpretationoftheNegativeReactions Whatdoesthepersondefendwitharevealedminusfactor? The Denied Factor the native, original the defense directed the working out of Factor need against the defense is areactionformation K[s] Power,Hardness, Strength roughpower, inconsiderate aggression inhibitionof aggression, emphasisone+ (social,helpingneed; Abel)

InthenexttablearethecompletedefenseandthereversionfortheK[s+]need. Completedefense Denialofeachbodilyactivity,in particularworkingwithoneshands Reversion Theaggressionisturnedintoan interest(example:researchof criminals,collectorofweapons, interestinwarandhistoryofwars)

Minus Factor K[s]

Thes0Factor (s=sadism;0=openordrained)

Anopen,orzero,responseindicatesthattheneedisbeinglivedoutinsomeway; herethatwouldmeanthattherearelotsofactivityoraggression. Peoplewhoareconstantlyinvolvedinmanyactivitiesandthosewhosublimatetheir aggressioninsomeintellectualorscientificworkcangivethisresponse.Thereisnotension sincetheneedisbeingsatisfied;thespluswouldhavesometensionsincetheneedisnot beingtotallysatisfied. Criminalsoftengivetheopensaswellasthesplus. Onahigherculturallevel,thisopenscanappearinthosewhocansublimate intellectuallywithoutbeingdisturbedbysexualtension. SixteenCombinationsfortheSexualVector [SeeSzondi,Moser,andWebbbookfordetailedanalyses.] [ExtractfromL.Szondi,ExperimentalDiagnosticsofDrives,EnglishtranslationbyGertrude Aull] S1=++ Healthysexualityoftheaverageperson S2=0+ Activity,sadism,thepioushangman S3=+0 Infantileorsenilesexualitywithaggressiveness S4=0 Inactivity,passivity,masochism S5=+ Passivity;inthemale:goalinversion S6=0 Active,masculinehumanizationofsexuality S7=+ Partialhumanization;inthefemale:goalinversion S8= Completehumanizationofsexuality S9=0+/ Childishbisexuality,beginningofcivilizationofaggression S10=++/ Tendencytosadomasochism S11=+/ Humanizationofaggressivetendencies S12=+/+ Normalsexuality,beginningsocialization S13=+/+/ Completebisexuality S14=+/0 Socializationofbisexualityandofaggression S15=+/ Humanizationofbisexualitythroughselfcoercivetechniques S16=00 Infantilesexuality,dischargeorabstinence SomeGeneralObservations s:intellectualactivity,interestinabstractideasandsymbols, manipulationofconcepts,words,andsymbols. versus s+:physicalactivity,interestinconcretethingsandbehavior,manipulation ofthingsandpeople Wewillseeasimilarcontrastwiththedfactor: d:abstractinterestsandideals versus d+:concretebehaviorandconcernwiththematerial

Thefollowingchartandtheothersforthcomingforeachdriveisa compendiumofsimilarchartsthatappearinSzondisbooks.Someintroductory remarksareideasdevelopedbypathoanalysis[acombinationofSzondisideas minusanyreferencetogenesandchieflyFreudsandLacanspsychoanalyticideas. Szondi:TransformationoftheApparentFormsofDriveFactors: PersonalityVicissitudesRelatedtotheEightDriveNeeds DriveVectors S SexualDrive DriveFactors h s (Homosexual) (Sadism) Femininity/maternalism Masculinity Thefactor(h),theErosfactor,governsany Thefactor(s)isresponsibleforthe connectionorformationofbonds.Itisthe destructionoftheobjectbonds.Itisthe factorofsensuality,eroticationofthebody; generalactorofthebodyactivity,ofthe itexpressestheneedfortenderness. investmentinthemusclesystem.It concentratesonthepossessionofthebody asanobject.Itisthefactoroftheworldof perceptions. DrivesRelatedto: TheRelationshiptotheBody [Theideasherecome ThevectorsSexual(s)andContact(c)revealthedrivemovementsbywhichtheworld fromthoseofpatho isinvestedinthemostimmediateway(intheliteralsenseoftheterm,i.e,without analysis.] mediation).Thesevectors,knownastheperipheral,translatetherelationofthesubjectto theworld,atthesametime,asasexualandasasocialbeing.Itconcernstheareaofobject relations. TheSexualvectorpointstotherelationwiththebody.Ithastodowiththeattitudes ofthesubjecttohis/herbody,attitudeswhichbecomesexualinastrictsenseonlyby combiningthemwiththecomponentsoftheothervectors.Itisbywayofthemediation ofthecontactdrivebywhichitwillmaketheconnectionwiththeotherbodies. OtherDescriptions h+:tendencytopersonalsensualaffection s+:tendencytosadism,aggression, h:tendencytocollectivehumanitarian activity.(Thetendencytoliveones kindness corporealityasalure,aspassingtheproper thetendencyofthesubjecttoimmersein limits.Thebodyisnotgiventoitselfbutto hisownbody,toindulgeingetting thedominationofwhatisnotitself.Itis enjoymentfromit;inessencethe thebodythatimposesitselfanddominates, abandonmenttothefleshthoughsexuality whichusesforceandrape.) isstillundifferentiated s:tendencytocivilization,generosity, humility,sacrifice,passivity,masochism (Thebodyisturnedagainstitselftoreject allcapacitytogooverthelimits.Thebody iskepttoitselfwithoutenjoymentand ultimatelyaimsasselfdestruction.)

Phylogenetic, animalistic Freudian:Early childhoodpregenital Partialdrives Psychic Characteristics (withparticular considerationofthe reversalofthesexual goals,the metatropism[the manwillbea woman;thewoman willbeaman]

hermaphroditiclove Bisexual,erotic

torob(takebyforce)andattackneed sadisticerotic

I.Pathologic, extreme,and negative

[Thesearealsothesamepsychic characteristicsofwomen.] Femininepsychiccharacteristicswithmen: tenderness,passivity wishtoliveoutandtofeeltenderness wishtobecommanded,tobe overwhelmed,tobeseized,tobeconquered tendencytogiveintoanother wishtosubjugateoneself takeontheroleofthesuccubus wishtobeleadandtobepresentedwith things wishafterfineryinclothes,makeupfor sexualpurposes goodheartedness sentimentality humility worldweariness unsteadiness,uncertaintywhenalone vanityinrelationshiptotheouterworld instinctuality feelingforthings subjectivity turningawayfromthematerial,the essentials richnessofimagery,symbolicspeech,and argumentation pronetobeinfluenced timidity naivetrustinanother poororientation,chieflyinspace senseforaesthetics inArt:Impressionism InLiterature:lyric,tragic,mystic Inthinking:semiconscious,notlogical,not consistent,notabletodrawconclusions incaseofobstacles:fatigue,givingupof goals wishtobesupported,maintained (supportedmen) Hermaphroditism(accordingtoMagnus Hirschfeld) I.Disturbancesofsexualdifferentiation:

[Thesearealsothesamepsychic characteristicsofmen.] Masculinepsychiccharacteristicsin women: masculineviolence,activity desiretoseize powerstriving aggression seekthepartner,followhim,griphim,and besiegehim strivingaftertherolloftheincubus wishtogive,makeapresentof,tobea semendispenser wishtoadorntheother,tooverwhelmwith clothes,etc. hard,obstinate,intelligentman pride,haughtiness vanityaboutfacts,selfreliant rationalunderstandingforthings objectivity exhibitessentials.seekingafterthe essentials objectivemannerofspeakingand argumentation uninfluenceable trustonlyinoneself goodorientationpossibilities ethicallystrong InArt:Expressionism InLiterature:epics,satirical conscious,logical womenwhomaintainmen

Sadism 1.Pederasty 2.Sodomy

manifestations: (a)Drivedisorders

(b)Delinquency

(c)Suicide II.Physiologic, normalsocialized manifestations: (1)Drivesymptoms (2)Maturity,Adult

1.Hermaphroditismgenitalis:equalsigns beingpresentoffeminineandmasculine sexualorgansinanindividual 2.Hermaphroditismsomaticus:androgyny. Theindividualonlyhastheglandofasex butbothsexualsecondarycharacteristics (forexample,nexttothemasculinesexual characteristicsarefeminineones) 3.Hermaphoditismuspsychosexualis: Pskychicus:Transvestitism: a.Homosexuality:reversalofthesexual object:samesexualobjectchoice b.Metatropism(beingliketheopposite sex):Inversionofthesexualgoal.For examplewomenwhopracticemasculine aggression(wishtobeIncubinatus);men whowillsubjugatethemselves (succubinatus).Reversalofaggression,etc. Basically:menwanttobewomen;women wanttobemen. InclinationtoBasedownillness,hyper thyroidism[hyperthyreosis], [exophthalmus] 1.Defrauding 2.Spying 3.Prostitution(streetprostitute) 4.Panderingandprocuring(pimp,fancy man) Poison,gun 1.Individualaffectionwhoseobjectisone specificperson,family,religion,group, race,nation 2.Need:femininity,maternalism,passivity, submissiveness (a)personallove,physicalloveof individuals:h+ (b)loveofmankind:h

3.Sadomasochism 4.Metatropism(reversalofmaleand femaleroles) 5.Fetishism 6.Active(anal)homosexuality

Sexualmurder, Murderwithrobbery

Rope,knife,razor,dagger,ax,hanging, slittingofveinorneck,Harakiri,etc. 1.activity,selfpreservation:s+ 2.passivity,devotion:s

(3).(a)Socialization (b)Character

(a)h+:warm,tender:heartcharacter, tenderness,motherly,wishtobegiven, impulsetodress,finery,makeup; sentimental,vanity,instinctive,feelingfor theobject,childish,trustful,confident, fashionconsciousness,feelofthings, subjectivity,lyricinterest (b)h:cultureimpulse:loveofnatureand

(a)Tendencytosadism,aggression, activity(s+) (b)Tendencytocivilization,generosity, humility,sacrifice,passivity, masochism(s) (a)s+:cold,hardcharactertraits,violent activity,pleasureinattackingandassault, activityimpulse,lifeimpulse,undertakings impulse,pleasureincriticism,obstinacy, selfreliance,objectivity,realitysense, adaptationtoenvironment, bloodthirstiness,pleasureindestroying, pushanddrive

mankind

(4)Occupation, Professionalfield (a)ChiefDriveNeed (b)Chiefsense, realityperception (c)Professional object (d)(1)Professional means(2) professionalactivity (e)Professional placeorlocation

h:occupation:homosexual,hermaphrodite (intersexual) tenderness,needtoserveanother,to subjugateoneself,passivefemininity touch,seeing ownbodyorthebodyofanother (a)ornamentarticles,decoration (b)clothing:finery bathhouse,beach,seashore,barbershop, hairdressers,restaurant,publichouse, theater,circus,hattersshop,bordello malehairdresser,femalehairdresser,bath employee,servantprofession,hotelkeeper, waiter,confectioner,cook,baker,washer man,butler,employeeinclothingbusiness, dressdesigner,waiter,hotelmanager, fashionmodel,lingeriemanufacturer, servingoccupationsingeneral,manual labor,model,dancer,balletdancer,singer, performer,artist

(b)s:devotion,compassion,sacrifice,wish togive,wishtoprotect,wishtoadorn another,civilizationimpulse, protectiveness, s:occupation:Sadist violence,force,control,powerstrivings, masculinity depthoffeeling,musclefeeling

(f)Occupation solutions: Occupation, Professionalfield Socializationina profession, occupation

(a)animal,(b)stone,iron,metal,machines, earth,wood (a)originaltool:ax,cleaver,sharphoe, chisel,hammer,knife,drill,whip (b)greatmuscularity (a)barn,cowshed,butcherblock, zoologicalgardens,animalbreedingplace, arena,forest,mountain,mines (b)operationroom,dissectionroom farmandforestworker,animaltamer, masseur,manicurist,pedicurist, slaughterer,hangman,mason,miner, roadworker,driver,wrestler,gymteacher, butcher,operationnurse,executioner, stonecutter,sculpturer,carrier,waggoner, veterinarian,chauffeur,hunter,soldier, farmer,zookeeper,surgicalnurse, blacksmith,boxer,athlete,fencer, policeman,bullfighter,automobiledriver, occupationsinvolvingnecessary mutilationsand/ordestruction,and inflictionofpain,animalslaughterman Sadism: a.workwithball,knife,scissors,shears, drill,tweezers:butcher,cutler,scissors user,shearsuser,laborer,grinder, manicurist,pedicurist,executioner, operationnurse b.workwithanax:woodcarver,timber merchant,forester,carpenter c.workwithpickax:stonecutter,street worker,gravedigger,sewercleaneraswell asanengineerwhosupervisessuchwork d.workwithchiselandhammer: sculpturer(woodorstone),gravestone maker e.workwithawhipinhand(workwith

Metatropismin Occupations

III.SociallyPositive manifestations: DriveSymptoms Sublimation

Occupations

animals):driver,groomforanimals,trainer ofwildbeasts,employeeinananimalzoo [insublimatedform:veterinarian,protector ofanimals] f.sportprofessions:wrestler,boxer, masseur,rifleman,soldier,etc. g.handlingofmachines:chauffeur,tractor driver,rifleman,soldier,etc. Men(whowanttobewomen): Women(whowanttobemen): Occupationsinwhichthewishforcostumes Occupationsinwhichonecanwear canbesatisfied:ladiesfashionsalon, masculineuniforms:lettercarrier(during laundry,scarfmaker(oftenmanufacturerof wars),guard,conductor,theateraisleguide readymademensclothes) inmoviehousesandtheaters,chauffeur, Fashiondesignerforwomensclothing, horsecarriagedriver oftenformensdesignerofclothes Artistoccupations:menimpersonator, Artistoccupations:femaleimpersonator, animaltrainer;singer:altosinger sopranosingerinwomensclothing Dancingoccupations:ballet,danceartist Danceoccupations:ballet,danceartist Sportsoccupations:gymteacher,fencing Textileareas:weaver,needlework, master,trainer,coach,swiminstructor, embroidery,carpetmaker,clothingstore, professionalwrestler,boxer,masseur,etc. fashionwarestore,chieflyforwomen, Manicurist,pedicurist:employeeina furrierstrade,etc. publicbathhouse menandwomenhairdressers employeeinbathhouses,swimming master,servant,chamberservant,formerly servingpersonal,nursemaid,waiter, boardinghouseproprietor,hotelkeeper Confectionersshop,sellerofconfectionson thestreetorinastand,cook,licoricemaker Sciences:mathematics,musicalscience, gynecologist Literature:lyricpoetryart,sentimental poetry spy(withadditionalparanoidtendencies: auditory),counterspy 1.Collectiveaffectionwhoseobjectisallof 1.Collectivegenerosity humanity 2.Collectiveselfsacrificing 2.Culturalneeds 3.Collectivehumility 3.HumanitarianIdeas 4.Trendtowardcivilizationingeneral Cultureingeneral,Literatureandliterary 5.Loveoftechnologyinparticular artsinparticular,spiritualloveof 6.Humaneethics humanity,aHumanist TechnicalCivilization(state) musician,lyricpoet,gynecologist,physician surgeon,pathologistanatomist,dentist, fortheskin(dermatologists)andforsexual constructionengineer,dissector,veterinary illnesses(sexualpathology) surgeon

TheParoxysmalDrive II. TheParoxysmalVector(P):Thisdescribestheareaofemotionalcontrol. [SeeSusanDerisbookIntroductiontotheSzondiTest:TheoryandPractice forgreaterdetails.] efactor(picturesofepilepticsintheircontrolstage)describingthesubjectswayof dealingwithaggressive,hostileemotions(thesfactorarea) hyfactor(picturesofhysterics)indicatingthewayapersondealswithhistender emotions(thehfactorarea)

Thee+Factor (e=epileptic) (Achtnich:SocialAspect:SH=Readinesstohelp; needtodogood,totakeresponsibilityforonesfellowhumanbeing, tohelp,toheal,andtocarefor) [SeeSusanDerisbook,Szondi,Moser,andWebbsbook,andwebsitesformore information.] TheepilepticbelongstotheParoxysmalDrive,orVector[alsocalledStartleor SurpriseDrive].Paroxysmalmeansthatthereisaperiodicpatternoftheaccumulationof energythatbuildstoaclimaxasinafeverandthensuddenlydischarges.Thepicturesofthe epilepticsintheSzondiTestarethosewhoareinthecontrolstageofepilepsy:the accumulationandrestraintofdischargeofenergy.Theenergybeingcontrolledisthe aggressiveenergyfromthesadismneed(s+). SzondilabelstheepilepticinthiscontrolstageAbelafterthebrotherkilledbyCainin GenesisintheOldTestamentoftheBible.Cainexhibitsfreelytheeneed,whichisthe rejectionofemotionalcontrolofthesadism(s+)need.Cainwasamurderedoutofpassion. AbelandCainaretwosidesofthesamecoin:bothfeelthesameneedtoaccumulatetheir aggressiveenergyandthentosuddenlydischargeit,oftensurprisingandstartlingthose aroundthem.Laterinhiswork,SzondiusedMosesasthemodelforthee+needinstead becauseMoseswasaCaininhisyouthandmurderedoutofangeranEgyptian. Theepilepticfitisthemodelforthisneedintheparoxysmaldrive. Thebasiccharacteristicsforthee+epilepticinthecontrolstagearebeingoverly good,helpful,andreligious.Heorsheisgreatlyconcernedaboutgoodandevil:ethical matters.Thereishoweversomethingunauthenticaboutthegoodnessandhelpfulnesssince thesequalitiesmaybeareactionformationareversaloftheoriginaldesiretoharmand eventokilltheotherperson. TheParoxysmalDriveisrepresentativeofthesuperego.Particularlyintheepileptic needistheprohibitionofThoushallnotkilloperative. Thepersonwhochooseseplusidentifieshimselforherselfwiththestrictneedto controlthedischargeoftheroughandaggressivefeelingsemanatingfromthesadismneed. Thiscontrolindicatesanactivesuperego.Thepersonisdeeplyconcernedwithquestionsof goodandevilandofjusticeandinjustice.Religionappealstotheepluspersonbecauseof theethicalconcernsofreligion. Ifmorethantheaveragenumbersofchoices[three]occur,thentheeplusperson mostlikelywillleantowardareactiveandcompulsivecontrolofaggressiveneeds.Thee

pluspersonishighlymoralistic,principled,andcritical,sufferinggreatlyfromguiltoverany aggressiveactscommitted.Whereasthesminuspersontransformshisorheraggressive needintomentalandsublimatedactivities,theepluspersontriestosuppressorrepressthe aggressionandroughemotionsofanger,jealousy,hate,desireforrevenge,andintolerance. Theeplusneediscloselyrelatedtothekneedsincekminusisassociatedwithrepression andkplus/minusisindicativeofcompulsiveness.Themminusanindicationofmania showinganactivedisplayofaggressionistheoppositetotheeplussstrictcontrolofrough emotions. Theeplusinnormalindividualsthosewithoutanyseriouspathologyareoftenin occupationsandprofessionsconcernedwithhelpingothers.Achtnichhasmanyexamplesof theseoccupations. ThereisalegendthatakingwhohadheardaboutthemiraclesperformedbyMoses wantedaportraitmadeofhim.Whenthekingsawtheportrait,hewasastounded:Moses faceportrayedbrutality,cruelty,greediness,andambition.WhenMosesappearedinhis court,theportraitwasseentobetrue.Mosesexplainedthatheindeedhasallthese characteristicsinhisyouth[hewasaCain].Buthisgreatgoodnessandstrengthwerefrom hisovercomingtheevilwithinhimself[thusbecominganAbel]. Szondiliststhecharacteristicsofhavingaconscience,tolerance,desiretodogood, readinesstohelp,desiretoheal,andhavingafearofGod. Theepluscharactercanonlyreallybeunderstoodwhenthehyneedisconsidered. SeethebookbySzondi,Moser,andWebbfordetailsonthis. Theepluspersonsthinkingandbehaviorstandsincloserelationshiptoasocial need.Theepluspersondealswithasingleperson;theeminuspersonwhouseshisdrive constructivelyconcernshimselforherselfwiththegroup:humanitys,nottheindividuals, need. Thenotgenuinenatureofepluspersonscanshowupasbeingoverprotective,overly moralistic,extremescruples,authoritarianbeliefs,excessivesenseoffeelingresponsibleand needtosacrifice,excessivepiousnessorbigotry,andexcessiveinhibitionofaggressionsothat onedoesntdisputeorconflictwithothers.Achtnichgoesintodetailsaboutthisunbearable Abletype. OnemustconstantlyrememberthatbehindanAblestandstheCain.Mosesisthe exampleofthis.TheCaincanappearonthefrontstage.Oftenmurdersofpassionoccur thisway.Thegooddoctorwhobecomesamurderer,forexample.Stalinwasapriestinhis youth(anAbel)laterwasamassmurderer(aCain). Thebasictemperamentoftheeplusiswarm,affectionate,andimpulsive;however, thesemayhidebehindacoldexteriorbecausethepersonistryingtomasterhisemotional discharge.Theepluspersonisnotsubtleheorshedoesnotdealwellwithgraysituations consequently,heorsheisoftenbrutalinhisorherdecisionsordirectness.Theeplus personhasanabsoluteview.Heorshecanbefrankandloyal.Authenticityandclarityare loved.Subtletiesaredespised. Herambitionisfirmandpersevering.Shecanbepatientandmeticulousbecauseshe hasatastefordetailsandaconcernfororganization.Shemakesplansandisconcerned aboutuseofhertimeandefforts. Sincetheepluspersonisdominatedbyextremes,heorsheseeksforabalance. Theepluspersonisbynaturegood,mild,kind,tolerant,andcharitableandalways seeksthetruth.Hisnaturecanpushhimtomysticism(alsotrueofpminus).Heneedsto believeinsomethingandtoappeaserevolts.

Inall,onewouldrarelyfindtheepluspersonamongthedisruptersofsocietyoras delinquents. OccupationsSatisfyingthee+Need [BasedonMartinAchtnichsworkinDerBerufsbilderTest]

InhisbookSchicksalsanalyse:WahlinLieb,Freudschaft,Beruf,KrankheitundTod [FateAnalysis:ChoiceinLove,Friendship,Occupation,IllnessandDeath],Szondiestablishes thattherearefourpartsinvolvedinoneschoiceofanoccupation: Theactivity,orfunction, Themeansorworkingtool, Theoccupationorprofessionalobject/material/goal Theplace. Forinstance:adoctorsactivitiesaretohealandtolookafter;themeansare willingnesstohelp,medications,healtharticlesandequipment,preventativemeasures,and speech;theprofessionalobjectsarethebodyandspiritoftheillpersonsandalsoanimalsand plants;theplacesarethehospital,firstaidstations,accidentwards,veterinarianhospitals, andplantssanctuaries[arboretums]. InhisDerBerufsbilderTest[OccupationsPicturesTest]manual,MartinAchtnich indicatesthateachchoiceofanoccupationorjobinvolvestwoneeds:thefirstneedisprimary andthesecondissubordinatebutimportanttoo.Therecanbemorethantwoneedsinvolved inoneschoiceofanoccupation,butAchtnichconcentratesonthetwomostimportantones. Inthecaseofadoctor,theprimaryneedise+[SzondisEpilepticCircleoftheAbelcharacter; inAchtnichsanalysis,Social:readinesstohelp,tolookafter],andthesecondaryneedise [SzondisEpilepticCircleoftheconstructiveCaincharacter;Achtnichcallsthisthesocial need:energy,dynamic,movement,urgeforactivity]. Theactivity,orfunction,presentedbyAchtnichoffersquickinsightsintothe workingofaneed.Theprimaryfunctionsforadoctoraretohealandtocounsel(e+),andthe secondaryfunctionsaretotakeresponsibilityandtobeenterprising(e). Thesocialattitudeoroutlookisdividedintotwoparts:thefirstpartconsistsof:to heal,readinesstohelp,andtobesympathetic.[InSzondi:e+=AbelorMosescharacter; alsoe+hy] Thefunctionsfore+[socialneed:toheal,tobesympathetic,andtolookafter]are: [1] toheal,tolookafter(physician,physicaltherapist,nurse,occupationsinhealth organizationsorthosedealingwithaccidents,veterinarian,animalnurse) [2] tohelp,totakecareof,toprovidefor,toencourage,tosoothe,toconsole,tocomfort, tosupport(nursingoccupations,welfareworker,homecareworker,healthteacher, helperindevelopmentofchildren,careworkerforchildrenandyoungadolescents, midwife) [3] topray,topreach,tohaveareligiousoutlook(parson,rector,priest,preacher,sexton, missionary) [4] toguide,tolead,toeducate,toaid(teacher,homecareworker,hometutor,health teacher,kindergartenteacher) [5] toadvise,tomediate(counselor,advisoraboutlifesproblems,occupationcounselor, psychologist,marriagecounselor,socialworker,mediator) [6] toprotect,tosecure(techniciansinrescuework,fireman[e+ande])

[7] [8] [9] [10]

torescue(rescueoccupations[e+ande]) tofostersocialservice(socialserviceoccupations,socialworker[forworld organizations,forexample]) toletliveandgrow,topreserve(gardener,farmer,forester,forestwarden,biologist, zoologistallemployedinprotectingnature) tochangeplacesonlyinconnectiontothepreviousitems[19]andalsoinserviceofa socialorculturalgoal TheeFactor

(e=epileptic) (Achtnich:SocialAspect:SE=mentalenergy,dynamic,courageous,gogetter strivingforindependence,movementneed,needtochangeplaces;thisistheCainthatuses hisorherhighenergyconstructively) Abel,thegoodbrothermurdered,representstheeplusneed;Cain,filledwith jealousy,anger,hate,andrage,representstheevilbrotherwhokillsandismarkedbyGodfor hissin.BothAbleandCainaretwosidesofthesamecoin.TheParoxysmaldriveisalso calledtheStartleorSurprisedrivebecausethesetwooppositesmayswitch,andthisshocks people.ManytimesakillerbecomesreligiousanAbelwheninprison.JeffreyDahmer,the serialkillerofyoungmen,becamereligiousinprison. WhetheranAbeloraCain,oraMoses,thepersonhastheneedtocontrolemotions, specificallytheaggressionandroughemotionsofthesplusneed. Thepersonselectingeminusrejectsidentificationwiththeepilepticinthestrict controlstageofeplus.Theeminuspersonsdoesnotwishtocontroltheiraggressive emotionsandthehate,anger,jealousy,rage,envy,revenge,andintolerancethatisbuilding insideofthem.Asthestateoftensionbuildsinthesplusneed,theeminuspersonsdonot exertemotionalcontrolovertheaggressionandroughemotions;therefore,asaboilingkettle mustletoffsteam,theywillhaveasuddenemotionaloutburstthatstartlesthosearound them.Achildandchildrenhavelittleemotionalcontrolwhohasatempertantrumisa modelofthisexplosivebehavior.Whentheemotionaloutburstends,theeminusneedwill turnintoanewithazero,thusindicatingthereleaseofthetension.Ofcourse,theepileptic fitisthemodelforthisneedintheparoxysmaldrive.Aftertheemotionaloutburst,some CainswillturnintotheAbelstageandpresenttheeplusresponseontheSzonditest.These suddenchangesaretypicaloftheparoxysmaldrive. Absentwillbeethicalconcernsfortheeminuspersons.Theirsuperegoislaxunlike thestrictsuperegooftheeplusindividuals.However,theeminuspersonswillbeconstantly onthelookoutforanyinjusticesdonetothem,evenwhenthereislittlerealsubstancetoaso calledinjuryorinsult.Inthisway,paradoxically,theeminuspersonsareverydependenton others,justasdependentasthehpluspeoplewhoneedotherslove.Asalways,thehy selectionwillgreatlyinfluencethefinaloutcomeintheparoxysmaldrive. Theeminuspersonswilltendtoliveouttheiridimpulsesandberestless.Their desireformovementandchangeisprominent. Theeminusindividualswillbeamongtheantisocialfromvagabondstomurdersout ofpassion.Theytendtobeamongtheloweroccupationsdemandingphysicalwork.Butas Achtnichhaspointedout,theycanbeleaderswiththeirtremendousenergywhentheyuseit constructively.SzondiindicatesthattheCainmakesuponefifthofthegeneralpopulation. Theneedsofsplusandmminusareprominentwiththeantisocialandcriminaleminus

individuals.Themminusanindicationofmaniashowsanactivedisplayofaggression andistheoppositetotheeplussstrictcontrolofroughemotions. Whereastheepluspersonsarepronetocompulsions,theeminusones,livingout theiraggressions,willnotbecompulsive.Intellectualssometimeshaveaneminusresponse; inthiscase,theywillbeaggressiveintheiractivities. Szondiliststhestrivingsofeminusindividualsasbeingwithoutaconscience, intolerant,wishingtodoevil,havingjoyinotherssuffering,desiringtowoundothers,and beingwithoutfearofGodalltheseareoppositetothoseoftheepluspersons. Withoutthestrictemotionalcontrolexhibitedbytheeplus,theeminusindividuals willbeimpulsive,unstable,andevenviolentoutofthefrustrationoftherisingtensioninthe splusneed.Theoriginalneedtokillwhichisthefoundationoftheeneedisturnedinto hate,jealousy,envy,anger,rage,intolerance,andbrutality.Completelyabsentarepityand compassion,fortheydelightinthesufferingandmisfortunesofothers. Theseeminusindividualsdonotconcernthemselveswithquestionsofgoodand evil;theylackamoralconscience.Amongthemaremurdersoutofpassion,alcoholics,and certainepileptics. Inothercases,theeminuspersonsareprominentinrevolutionsforsomegrand causeofreligion,race,patriotism,orfamilyandbringalltheirexcessestothesecauses.They fightagainstalltheinjusticesofmenandorganizations.Theyaretheprominentonesinthe mobthatdothemostsavageandanimalisticacts.Thesesameindividualscanusethesame violentenergyforthegoodofhumankind.Mosesisamodelforthis. Whentheeminusindividualsusetheirenergyconstructively,theyaregreatly treasuredintheworkplace.Theirrestlessenergycausesthingstohappen.Thereisalways somethingexplosiveandcholericabouttheseindividuals.Theytakerisksandareconstantly surprisingpeople.Theywillfightagainstinjusticesinsocietywithfervor.Unlikethesplus individualswhousemusclepower,theeminusonesusetheirmentalandemotionalpowers toobtainresults.Theeminuspersonsfightforthegoodofthegroup,nottheindividualas doestheepluspeople. SzondiwasparticularlyinterestedintheCains,Abels,andMosesofthisworldand wroteacoupleofbooksaboutthembesidesallhiscommentsinhisotherbooks. OccupationsSatisfyingtheeNeed [BasedonMartinAchtnichsworkinDerBerufsbilderTest] InhisbookSchicksalsanalyse:WahlinLieb,Freudschaft,Beruf,KrankheitundTod [FateAnalysis:ChoiceinLove,Friendship,Occupation,IllnessandDeath],Szondiestablishes thattherearefourpartsinvolvedinoneschoiceofanoccupation: Theactivity,orfunction, Themeansorworkingtool, Theoccupationorprofessionalobject/material/goal Theplace. Forinstance:apilotsactivitiesaretotravelandtofly;themeansareairplanes;the professionalobjectsaremovement,speed,changingplaces,andairplanes;theplacesare airplanes. InhisDerBerufsbilderTest[OccupationsPicturesTest]manual,MartinAchtnich indicatesthateachchoiceofanoccupationorjobinvolvestwoneeds:thefirstneedisprimary

andthesecondissubordinatebutimportanttoo.Therecanbemorethantwoneedsinvolved inoneschoiceofanoccupation,butAchtnichconcentratesonthetwomostimportantones. Inthecaseofapilot,theprimaryneedise[SzondisEpilepticCircleoftheconstructiveCain character;Achtnichcallsthisthesocialneed:energy,dynamic,movement,urgeforactivity], andthesecondaryneedishy+[Szondishysteria;Achtnichcallsthistheneedstoperform,to show,tohaveanaestheticappreciation]. Theactivity,orfunction,presentedbyAchtnichoffersquickinsightsintothe workingofaneed.Theprimaryfunctionsforapilotaretofly,totravel,totakerisks,todo dangerousthings,andtoundertakeresponsibilityforothersandtoriskoneself(e),andthe secondaryfunctionsaretobesomethingoutoftheordinary,tocreatewonder,andtoweara uniform(hy+). Thesocialattitudeoroutlookisdividedintotwoparts.Thefirstparte+hasbeen covered.Thesecondpartconsistsof:energy,dynamic,movement,thirstfordoing.[In Szondi:e=TheCaincharacter;alsoehy+][InSzondi:e=Caincharacter,butthese occupationsportraythepossibleconstructiveusesofaggressive,mentalenergyinan occupationoractivity.] Thefunctionsofconstructiveeare: [1] torisk,toventure,tododangerousthings(expeditionleader,researcheronnature, helperduringacatastrophe,acrobat) [2] totravel,todrive,tofly(pilot,astronaut,navalcaptain,taxidriver,locomotive driver,transportoccupations,representativeinoutsidework,conductor,stewardess onarailroadorairline) [3] togo,torun,torace,tojump,todogymnastics,todance(deliveryoccupations,letter carrier,sportsfiguresinvolvedinrunning,jumping,turning,springing,ridingof horsesinstructor,danceinstructor) [4] toclimb,todescend(mountainclimberleader,pilot,elevatoroperator,diverforhire, radioantennafitterontowers,conductoronamountainrailwayallthese occupationsinvolverisinganddescending) [5] tobeactive,tobeindustrious,tohustle,toparticipateinvariedactivities,whichare alwaysboundwithcontinuedsurprises(travelguide,researchergroupleader,helper inemergencies,peoplestandingbyforemergencies[police,firemen],borderpatrol workers) [6] toletmotorsrun,tosetmachinesinmotion,tostartintoturningmotions(machinists, truckdrivers,factoryworkers,mechanics) [7] toovercomenaturespowers[toresearchnaturespowers=FactorG(pinSzondi)]: [7a] Fire:tolightit,toextinguishit,toburnupsomethingwithit,toheatwithit, toannealwithit,toweldwithit,toforgewithit(stokerorfiremanonaship, foundryworker,baker,fireoilworker,fireman,blacksmith,welderall thesedealwithfireandsparks) [7b] Electricity:toelectrifywithit(electrician,electricalengineer,workerwith hightensionwires,workerswithelectricity) [7c] AtomPower,SunsPower(knowledgeableworkersforatompowerand sunsenergy) [7d] WindPower,Aerodynamics(aerodynamicengineer,meteorologist[working withwindpower])

[7e]

[8]

EarthPower(geologist,geographer,constructionengineer,volcanospecialist allthesehavetodowiththepoweroftheearth) [7f] WaterPower(constructionengineer,tillingoflandengineer,oceanographer allhavetodowiththepowerofwater) torenderresistance,torebel,torevolt,toliveoutemotionalexcitementinan occupation,tobeIimpulsive(occupationswhichrequirecourageforachievingnew goals,arevolutionary,ahero,politician)

[9] 10]

totakejurisdictionover,todefend,tocondemn,toaccuse,topunish(lawyer,defense lawyer,judge,prosecutor,policeperson,criminologist) toundertakeresponsibilityandriskforoneselfandothers,toleadothers,tocope withsituations,tobedriventobeindependent(authorityposition[notinthesenseof conqueringbutofleading],manager,superintendent,entrepreneur,wholesale merchantleader,teacher,politician) Achtnich:InterpretationoftheNegativeReactione[SHorSE]

SocialAspect:AchtnichhastwopartstotheSocialAttitude;Szondionlyhasone. DefendedFactor native,original theDefensedirects theworkingout Factorneed itselfagainst oftheDefenseand Reactionformation SH[e+] socialreadiness thesocialhelping opposition Tolookoutfor; tohelp society Tohelp SE[e] readinesstotake theundertakingof protectionneed; Energy risks greatrisks anxiousness InthenexttablesarethecompletedefenseandthereversionfortheSH[e+]andSE [e]factors. Minus Completedefense Reversion Factor SH[e+]for thehelping social attitudeof theAbelor Mosestype Oneturnsawayfromeachchanceto behelpful:Eachpersonshouldcare forhimselforherself.Emphasison hisownimpulseforindependence: Ineednohelp.Oneseeks independenceinoccupationswhere onewillonlyrelyononeself. Oneexperiencesdisillusionment whendealingwithothers.Becauseof onesownbadconscience,onefeels resentments:thesearereaction formationsbasedonconscience conflicts.Oneseeksoccupationsthat havetodowithjusticeand uprightness.Oneappliesoneselfto occupationchoicesinvolvingliving beings(forexample,animals)as objectsinordertoensurejusticefor them.

Note:TheeofAchtnichshowspicturesofpeopletakingrisksracedrivers,forexample whoactuallyarerepresentativeofthee(theCain)ofSzondi.Thisnegativereactiontoeisa negationofanegation(e). Minus Completedefense Reversion Factor SE[e]for thesocial attitudeof being energetic: the constructive Cain Oneshiesawayfromriskyand dangerousoccupations.Onelacks thedynamicthirstforactivityand initiative.Onedeclinesoccupations thatinvolvemovement;onefeelsone mustloveoneplaceandremain there. Onesownoriginalthirstforactivity isthwarted.Onenowoccupies oneselfwiththetheoreticalwith energyanddrivewithouttakingany risksofonesown.

Thee0Factor

(e=epileptic) (0=open) Theopeneresponseindicatesthatthereisnotensionincontrollingonesemotions; thismeansthatemotionscanbedischargedeasily.Theopeneresponsecanalsomeanthat therehasbeenadischargeofaggressiveandroughemotionssuchasafteranemotional outburstorepilepticfit.Ifonecontinuallygivestheopene,thismeansthattheaggressionis dischargedsteadily.Thedischargecanbenormalorpathological. Iftheopeneoccursaspartofachangingpatterngoingfromeplusoreminusore plusminustoopene,thenthismeansaparoxysmaleventhasoccurred.Manicpersonswho arecontinuallydischargingaggressionhavetheopeneresponse. ThehyFactor (hy=hysteria) (Achtnich:NeedtoShow,RepresentationNeed,AestheticSense) [SeeSusanDerisbook,Szondi,Moser,andWebbsbook,andwebsitesformore information.] Thehy+Factor

(hy=hysteria) Theepilepticneedistocontrolthestrongemotionsofsplus;thehystericneedisto controlthetenderemotionsasdescribedinthehplusneed.Boththehystericandthe epilepticsurpriseorstartle.Thehysteric,unliketheepileptic,musthaveanaudience.[If thereisacombinationofeneedwithhyplus,thentheepilepticsneedwillbeshown.] Boththeepilepticandhysterichavedisturbancesinthecontrolofemotions. Whereastheepilepticisconcernedwithethicalquestionsthatis,onesinnercontrol ofgoodandevilthehystericisconcernedwithmoralquestions:doesoneconformtothe dictatesofsociety?Bothareshowingtheinfluenceofthesuperego.Particularlyinthe hystericneedistheprohibitionofincestoperative.

Sincetheemotionsbyhyplusindividualsarebasedonthefineremotionsofhplus need,thentheexplosiveoutburstsasofanactoronastageisofalesserquantityand qualitythanthatoftheepilepticwhoisexpressinghisviolentemotionsofsplus. Graphologistshavelongconsideredthatonewhohaslightpressureoneofthemain graphiccharacteristicsofhyplushasanoutburstandthenquicklyforgetsit.Theepileptic, however,hashighpressure,andwhenheorshehasanemotionalepisode,theeventislong remembered.Theepilepticdamnsuptheanger,jealousy,orotherstrongemotion;the hystericwillnot.OttoPreminger,thefamousmoviedirector,wasfamousforhistyrannical outburstsonthemoviesetbutquicklyforgottheeventandquicklythereafterwasbest friendswiththeonewhowasthetargetofhisemotions. Ontheprimitiveanimalisticlevel,thereisamovementstormbyananimaltoescape apredator:abugcaughtinasinkbyahumanrunsinanydirectionfrantically.Thehyplus personsemotionaloutburstinvolvingmuchbodymovementisenactingthismovement storm.Thehyminus,whenconfrontedwithdanger,likestoplaydeadadefense mechanismofanimalswhenbeingattackedbyapredator.Theturtlesactionwhenattacked byapredatorisanexample. ThehystericattheFreudianlevelofpartialdrivesisdisplayingtheexhibitionistic need.Thehyplusneed,however,takesonabroadconnotationandreferstoanyonewho exhibitsthusactuallydisplayshisorheremotionalstatetothoseintheenvironment.This iscertainlyauniversalneed.Whensomeonepositivelyrespondstothepictureofahysteric intheSzondiTest,heorsheisindicatingtheintensityandqualityofthisexhibitionisticneed. Achtnichcallsthisneedtheneedtoshowoneself.Ifonerespondsnegativelytothehysterics pictureintheSzondiTest,thisalsoindicatesthattheexhibitionistneedexistsbutisheld back. PeoplewhorespondpositivelytothepicturesofhystericsintheSzondiTestindicate thattheyidentifywiththeneedtoexhibittheiremotionsinsometangibleway.Whetherthe personwilldemonstratethisneedinapositivewaywilldependonthereactionsfortheother needs. Unliketheepilepticwhohasdepthandintensityofemotions,thehyplushaslittle emotionaldepth.Theemotionsthatarethemostshallowcaneasilybeexpressed.Thehy plusperson,thus,expressesemotionseasilyandhasashallowemotionallife.Allthisis characteristicofthelightpressurewriter. Individualswhorespondwithhyplusmusthaveanaudience.They,therefore,like situationswheretheyarethecenterofattention.Professionalactors,performersofallkinds includingsportsfigures,politicians,teachers,andprofessorsallonthestageandinthe limelightarefavoriteoccupationsforhyplusindividuals. Conversionhysteriawherethepartsofthebodyareusedinanunusualwaybefore anotherbecauseofsomeemotionaldisturbanceisonepathologicalpossibilityforthehy plusperson.Hypochondriaandanxietyhysteriaprivatekindsofpathologybelongtothe realmofthehyminusindividual.Heretheemotionsaredeniedoutwardexpressionasisnot soforhyplus. Thehypluspersoncarefullyassessestheaudienceandsituationbeforedisplaying hisorheremotionalstate.Andpartofthisassessmentiswhatistoonesadvantage?Thehy plusindividuallovestoplease,iscarefultosustaininterestoftheviewers,and,aboveall,to astoundthepersonswithhisorherbeautyorhandsomenessorcleverness.Heorsheloves toseduceandtopossessothers. Moneyisofgreatinterestalthoughnotdiscussedbecausehavingmoneygivesthe hypluspersonpowertoliveoutherorherneedandnottodependonothers.

Thehyplusindividualswantsuccess,thetasteofglory,recognition,and approbation.Theyare,thus,highlyambitiousintheirgoalsandareextremelyadroitin attainingthem.Theyesteemthosewhohavereachedhighsocialpositionsandthosewhoare moreresourcefulandcleverthantheyare. Thehypluspersonislivelyinwhateverisdone,dashing,charming,andevenironic inordertobeclever. Unliketheeplusindividualwhofollowsthespiritofthelaw,thehyplusperson holdsmoretotheletterthanthespiritofthelaw.Heorsheishurtlessdeeplybytheshocks andtraumasoflifethantheepileptic.Thehystericadaptstothecircumstancesandsearches forsomecompromisetoextracthimorheroutofadifficultsituation. Allthesepositivequalitiescanbecomenegativeifthehyplusindividualexaggerates thisneedforattention.Thepersonthenbecomesopenlyegotistical;hisorhermoralityistoo subtleinserviceofhisorherownpersonalinterest;hisbehavioriscorrupted.Inhisorher wishtoachievegoals,heorshebecomescriticalofothersandplaysanyroleinorderto succeedatanyprice. Szondistatesthatthehyplusneedcanmakehumansshamelessexhibitionistsand destroyersofallshameanddisgustboundaries.Theyplacetheneedtoshowthemselvesin theshowwindowoftheirbeing.Theymayenterintoanapparentgoallessmovementstorm inordertoattaintheirhiddendrivegoalofobtainingloveandbeingrescued.Theyproduce intimesofconflictshiveringmovements,tics,runninghereandthere,andgoingupand down.Outofanxiety,theirwholebodyshakes.Theybringlicentiousnessand uninhibitednessintotheworld.Theyaretheshameless. Inmodernterms,thehypluspersonlovestheslogans:Justdoit.NoLimits.In thesixties,thefavoredmottowasDoyourownthing. OccupationsSatisfyingthehyNeed InhisbookSchicksalsanalyse:WahlinLieb,Freudschaft,Beruf,KrankheitundTod [FateAnalysis:ChoiceinLove,Friendship,Occupation,IllnessandDeath],Szondiestablishes thattherearefourpartsinvolvedinoneschoiceofanoccupation: Theactivity,orfunction, Themeansorworkingtool, Theoccupationorprofessionalobject/material/goal Theplace. Forinstance:acameramandirectorsactivitiesaretofilmandtorepresentsomething artistically;themeansarefilmandcamera,decorationaccessories,lastingreactionsfromthe public;theprofessionalobjectsarethefilm,moviegoer,theeventful;theplacesareworking studioandanyplaceoutside. InhisDerBerufsbilderTest[OccupationsPicturesTest]manual,MartinAchtnich indicatesthateachchoiceofanoccupationorjobinvolvestwoneeds:thefirstneedisprimary andthesecondissubordinatebutimportanttoo.Therecanbemorethantwoneedsinvolved inoneschoiceofanoccupation,butAchtnichconcentratesonthetwomostimportantones. Inthecaseofacameraman,theprimaryneedishy+[inAchtnichsanalysis,theneedto show,toperform,touseaestheticsense],andthesecondaryneedise[SzondisEpileptic CircleoftheCaincharacter;AchtnichcallsthisthesocialneedofaconstructiveCain character:energy,dynamics,movement,thirstfordoing].Andafilmdirectorneedslotsof energytodirectamovie.

Theactivity,orfunction,presentedbyAchtnichoffersquickinsightsintothe workingofaneed. Thefunctionsforhy+[toshow,toperform,tohaveanaestheticsense]are: [1] toshow,todisplay,suchasonesbeauty,strength,goodness,cleverness,efficiency, oraworkproductthatisonesalone(dancer,model,artist,oneengagedinsports, occupationsinwhichonewearsauniform[alsoinsports,thisistrue][movementis partofthis][themeansforadancer,forexample,arebody,beauty,movement,body achievement,auniform]) [2] toperformortoshapeartistically(performer,painterofpictures,sculpturer, musician,conductor,actor,artist) [3] todeliveraspeechortalk,torecite,toappearasaspeakerorasinger,toact,to publish,todemonstrate(politician,professor,novelist,journalist,speaker) [4] tostandinthefootlightsinapublicappearanceaboutoneself,others,ornews,to represent(journalist,reporter,editor,politician) [5] topropagandize,tofindfaultwith,toexpose,tobringforward,tomakeknown,to enlist,toentice(propagandaandadvertisingworker,demonstratorofsomething, salesperson,trainerofsalespersons,artdealer) [6] tomakeapersonbeautifulorhandsome,tomakeattractive,tomakeup,todress (modeloccupation,beautician,cosmetologist,fashiondesigner) [7] tophotograph,tofilm(photographer,filmdirector,cameraman) [8] toadorn,todecorate,tobeautify,togildortoglitter,toornament,topolish,to varnish,topaint(showwindowdecorator,gilder[todecoratewithgold],decoration occupation,painter,handworkwithaestheticwrappingpaper) [9] todraw,topaint,todrawgraphically,tomakehandicrafts,tosatisfyaestheticneeds (handicraftworker,goldsmith,silversmith,graphicartist,ceramicspainter,designer, restaurantkeeper,interiordecorator,creatorofanewspaperorcolumnonart) [10] todevoteoneselftobeautifulpersonsorthings,tolookatandtoadmirebeautiful andhandsomepersonsorthings(occupationinwhichonecanoccupyoneselfwith beautifulthings) [Note:Inhysteria,themovementstormisatypicalcharacteristic;therefore, movementaswithadancerisequallypartofhysteriaasitiswiththeepilepsy.] ThehyFactor (hy=hysteria) WhenpeoplenegativelyrespondtothepictureofhystericsintheSzondiTest,they arecounteridentifyingandrejectingtheexhibitionisticdisplayofemotionsportrayedbythe hysteric.Thehyminusindividualswillcontrolthedisplayofthefineremotionsofhplus. Thenarcissisticandexhibitionisticneedsarecontrolledbyhyminuspersons.Thisvery controlandblockingfromshowingemotionsleadtoanintenseemotionallife.Thisisan obviouscontrasttothesuperficialandshallowemotionallifeofthehyplusindividuals. Liketheepluspersons,thehyminuswiththiscontrolofemotionsindicatesa healthysuperego. Thehyminusindividuals,becauseoftheblockingofemotionswithin,havearich andvividfantasylife,oftendaydream,andhaveaccesstotheprelogicalthinkingofachild. Emotionsnotactedoutbecomefeltasaninner,subjectiveexperience.

Again,itisimportanttoremember,asSusanDerioftenemphasizes,thataminus responsedoesnotmeanthatthepersondoesnothavethishyneed.Theneedisjustasstrong ifnotstrongerbecauseofnotbeingactedoutthanthehyplusresponses.Needsnot actedoutbecomeevenmoresignificantinthepeopleslives. Ifthenegativeresponsesareloadedthatis,morethanthreethenthe exhibitionisticneedisactedoutbutinsomedistortedfashion.Homosexuality(manytimes latentbutfeltsubjectively),anxietyhysteria,diffuseanxiety,phobia,andhypochondriaare theleadingnervousproblems.Thehyplusindividualsneverhaveanxietieslikethisbecause theyactouttheiremotionsevenifindisguisedformsofconversionhysteria.Thehyisthe mostcommonindicatorofanxietyinthetest. Individualswhohavehyminusresponsesarenaturallydiscreteandmodestand possesshumility. Becauseofaholdingbackoftheexpressionoffineremotions,theimaginationis intensified.Onecanliveinonesdreamsandhavepremonitions.Thus,onecanexperience inthesewayswhatisnotopentooneinreality.Ontheotherhand,beingdiscrete,secret,full oftactandgentleness,thehyminuspersonsdonotdaretobethemselves,hidetheir sensitivityandtendernessbecausebeingperceivedasweaknessesandthuslowertheir selfesteem.Fearfulandinhibitedfromsocialcontacts,thesehyminusindividualstrynotto attractattentionandtomoldthemselvestothemoralityimposedbysocietyandrepresstheir owndesires. Othercharacteristicsofhyminusarefaintheartedness,timidity,shyness, bashfulness,feelingofshame,clumsiness,awkwardness,puzzlement,confusion,self consciousnessinsteppingintothelimelight,hidingoneself,concealing,holdingoneselfback overall,lackingselfconfidence. Theyhavedeepandprofoundemotionsbutdonotdaretolivethemout.Atthe momentswhenemotionscouldbelivedout,aparalysisofsomekindaplayingdeadof speech,thought,feelings,ormemoryoccurs.Theseemotionscanhoweverbelivedina fictionalworld.Thehyneedisespeciallyadaptedtotherealmofart,particularlydramatic art. Szondiwritesabouttheillnessesinwartimethatbelongtothehyminusneed.These aretheimmobilizationphenomena:thehystericalincapabilitytogo,tostand,tospeak,andto think.Thesephenomenagobacktotheprimitive,animalisticreactionofplayingdeadand hiding. ThereactionsofAdamandEveintheGardenofEden,whenbecomingconsciousof theirsinofeatingofthetreeofknowledge,weretohideandtofeelshame.Thesame reactionsprevailtodayinthehyminusindividuals. Achtnich:InterpretationoftheNegativeReaction:hy DefendedFactor native,original theDefensedirects theworkingout Factorneed itselfagainst oftheDefenseand Reactionformation Z[hy] ShowNeed needtoshow oneself drivetoshow oneself; exhibitionism shame,towantto hideoneself

InthenexttablearethecompletedefenseandthereversionforZ[hy]factor. Minus factor Z[hy] Completedefense Theneedtoshowoneselfisnot presentorcannotbelivedout. Inhibitionandshamereactionsare present,andthesecanharmones occupationalsuccess.Theperson willnotorcannotshowhisorher work,cannotstepforth,andhides hisorherlightunderabushel basket.Eventuallyonerecognizes ifthereisnoaestheticartistictalent presentthatonecannotconsideran occupationthatrequiresonetoshow oneselforoneswork. Possiblyalsotheresponseofthe defenseofmusiciansandthe beautifulpeople. Reversion Occupationsarechoseninwhichthe persondoesnotputhimselfor herselfinthepositionofstepping intothelimelight.Thepersonmust remaininthebackground,notbe conspicuous,andremain anonymous.Onedoesnotchoose individualisticprofessions,which emphasizeonesownpersonin whichonemustexhibitoneself. However,onecanchoose occupationsinwhichsomethingis producedandthatcanbeshown: oneseeksanyartformthatcanbe broughtforthtobeshown.

The hy 0 Factor (hy=hysteria) Thezeroresponseindicatesthatthehyneedtoshowoneselforonesworkisbeing livedoutinsomeway. Thehyneedismoreeasilylivedoutthanotherneeds;therefore,thechangesinthe hyneedcanappearquitefrequentlyasthesituationofthepersonchanges. Eveniftheopenhyisaconstantresponseoveraperiodoftime,onecannotknow exactlyhowtheexhibitionisticneedisbeinglivedout,whetherinnormalorpathological ways.Onefactiscertain:personswithanopen,azero,responsedonothavegreatcontrol overtheiremotionsandshowthemtoothersalmostimmediately.Thisshowingofemotions isoftenrecognizedandcausesonetostatethatthisisahystericaltypeofperson. Inpathology,thezeroresponseappearsinmanicindividualsandintheantisocial whoareactingouttheirneeds.Criminalsandpsychopathsalsoactouttheirneedswithout emotionalcontrol.Compulsiveneuroticscanalsogivethisresponsebecausetheyactout theirneedsincompulsiveritualsandceremonies. Sincethehyneedisactedout,theopenhyresponseislessfrequentamongthose withanxietyhysteria. Insum,theopenhyresponseindicatesadischargeofthetenderaffects(hneed)in anykindofhystericalactorevenafit.Thisresponsealsoindicatesaweaknessinthemoral

censor.Thepersonisindifferenttotherulesofsociety.Ifeplusorminusresponseisgiven, thenthestrongemotionsareactedout,andonedisplaysonesgoodnessorbadness. SixteenCombinationsfortheParoxysmalVector [SeeSzondi,Moser,andWebbbookfordetailedanalyses.] [ExtractfromL.Szondi,ExperimentalDiagnosticsofDrives,EnglishtranslationbyGertrude Aull] P1= 0 Sporadicanxietystateswithaggression P2= Panic,playingdead P3= +/ Hysteroidanxietyandapprehensiveness P4= +0 Fears,clearlyfocused P5= 0 Paranoidfears P6= 0+/ Discomfortwithwhining P7= ++ Highemotionality,stormyfeelings P8= 0+ Outburstsofrageexhibited P9= 00 Serenemoods,lowafterexcitement P10= +/0 Anxietywithcompulsiveimpulsesandinhibition P11= +/ CrudeaffectivityofashamefacedandinhibitedCain P12= ++/ AselfexhibitingAbel P13= +/+ AconvertedCain P14= +/+/ Ethicaldilemmas,AbelinfightwithCain P15= + ThepureCain P16= + ThepureAbel Szondi:TransformationoftheApparentFormsofDriveFactors: PersonalityVicissitudesRelatedtotheEightDriveNeeds DriveVectors [Someofthese P ideasarefrom ParoxysmalDrive:Ethicsdrive;EmotionalDischarge,SurpriseDrive pathoanalysis.] TheParoxysmal(P)andSchizophrenic(Sch)vectorsarecalled centralvectorsandexpressamoreinneractivity:whathappensinside. Theyexpressthepositionofthesubjectontheinstinctualneeds,which emanatefromtheothertwovectors(SandC).Theyindicatethewayin whichtheinstinctualmovementsaretobehandledandworked throughbythesubjectonamoreinteriorizedmode.Bythesecentral instinctualtendencies,thesubjectisprotectedagainsttheperipheral instinctualdangers.

DriveFactors

DrivesRelatedto:

SzondidesignsthevectorPasadefensemechanismagainstthe externaldangersontheonehandandtheinteriordangersontheother. Itinformsusonthecomponentsofemotionalcontrol.Thiscorresponds somehowtotheactivityoftheSuperEgo. Itistherelationshipwiththeother,whichisconcerned.Itshows onescapacitytoaccepttheotherasanindividual,eitherbythe conscienceofguilt(e)orbywhatcancompromisetherelationwith othersbytheneed(hy):a)toimpressandtobeadmiredbytheothers ortoshamelesslyexhibitoneselftotheother(hy+)orinsteadb)tohide ortodissimulate (hy). Thefactors(e)and(hy)refer,onapurelyessentialbasis,toa humancommunitywhichfoundsrulesandlawsandorganizesthereby thesociallifeofman.Theparoxysmaldrivemediates(intervenesin) themannerofthedischargeofthedrives. Theparticularenergysourcebywhichtheparoxysmaldriveworks arethepowersofaffects. Wemusthereagainemphasizethataffectsneverfunctionasdrives butthatonlytheirenergiescanbebroughttothedrivebehaviors. Thusthesurprisedrive(P)canusethegrossandfineaffects,which aredammedupinitself,andtheformofdriveaffectmovementsand behaviorsareimmediatelydischarged. Theparoxysmaldriveconsistsof: 1.First,outoftheepilepticfactor(e),whichononesidedamsupthe affectspowersanddischargestheminanattackmanner.Thisisthe socialnegativetendency:e. 2.Second,itconsistsofthehystericform(hy),whichdamsupthe fineaffects.Thisitdoeswiththetendencyhy,whichisthefoundation forthemoralshameshrinking.Ontheotherhand,itbringsto exhibitionatthesametimethesefineaffectswiththetendencyhy+, whichconditionstheexhibitionneed. Thecommondrivegoalofbothfactorsisthatthepersonthrough surprisemovements(playingdead,movementstorm,colorchanges [blushing,paling]istoprotectoneselffromouterandinnerdangers[for example,fromkillingtheenemy]. e hy (Epilepsy) (Hysteria) Ethics,CainandAbeltrends Needforattention,exhibitionism TherelationshiptotheLaw(OedipalPeriod) LawagainstkillingthefatherLawagainst incest AreaoftheSuperego Thesefactorsexpressthepositionofthesubjectontheinstinctual needsfromtheSvectorandtheCvector.Theseeandhyfactorswork bothagainsttheexternaldangersandinternaldangers.Emotional controlistheissue.

OtherDescriptions

Phylogenetic, animalistic Freudian:Early childhood pregenital Partialdrives Psychic Characteristics

e:tendencytoevil,accumulation ofrage,hatred,anger,vengeance, injustice,intolerance,Cain e+:tendencytogood,collective justice,tolerance,kindness,mercy, devotion,Abel. Relationshiptothelawcontributes totheconstitutionofeffective subjectivity.Thefatherrepresents lawandlimitationsandkillingthe fatheropensuplimitsandones subjectivity.Killingthefatheris theutmostdenialofthelaw. Playingdead

hy+:tendencytoshamelessself exhibitionhy:tendencyto collectiveshamefacedness.

Protectionneed:tohide,tobe still Movementstorm UrethraErotic(Bedwetting) Pleasureindrawingattention ExhibitionistandShowPleasure [Scopophilia:tolookat,tobe curious.] I.Paroxysmality. I.Paroxysmality. II.Surpriseandwillsurprisekinds II.Willsurpriseattacks. ofattacks. III.Repressionoffeminine III.Roughorcrudeaffects(hate, tenderness,thelovedesires,the anger,rage),alsochangefromthe Abeldemands:expression violentCainneedsanddammingof appearanceofmasculine thembeyondconsciousness. powerfulnessorviolence Againstthisinthepublicorona IV.DissimulationSpectacle stage:therolesofthepiousAbel simulation (muchsimulation). V.Changefromthesimulated IV.Extremebreaks. Cainintotherepressedtender V.Immediatereversalintothe andpiousAbel(cryingfit),etc. oppositepart: VI.Thedefensemechanismshave Changefrompioustendernessinto ananimalisticcharacter: uninhibitedviolence, 1.Movementstorm(Kretschmer): ImmediatechangefromAbelto producingapparentaimless Cain. movementsinordertoattainthe Changeoutof: needgoal(beingbeloved,sexual sexualdullnessintouninhibited satisfaction).Forms:cramps, sexuality, shiveringmovements,tic, repentantreligiosityintosinful grapplingwith,throwingabout, godliness, runningupanddown,arranging angerandfrightintowildboldness, scenes,smashingabout,etc.(the piousdomesticityintogoalless typicalhystericscene) wandering,togoawayfromthe 2.Actingdeadreflex home, (Kretschmer):selfmutilation, restintounrest, immobilization:inabilitytogo openselfrevelationintoabrupt (abasia),inabilitytospeak

I.Pathologic, extreme,and negative manifestations: (a)Drivedisorders

closeness, flexibilityintorigidautism, pedantryintosuperficiality, altruismintoegoism, objectivityintosubjective egocentricity, openlybeinginterestedintoapathy (stupor), bashfulmodestyintounrestrained boasting, optimismintopessimism, moderateeatingintoexcessive eating(polyphagia), moderatedrinkingintoexcessive drinking(polydipsia), denyingalcoholintoexcessive alcoholenjoyment(dipsomania), timidmannerofspeakingintoa floodofwords, remainingfaithfultotheobjectinto beinguntruetotheobject, stutteringintostammering, beingeconomicalintofrivolous squandering, desireaftersociabilityinto friendlessloneliness, lifeaffirmingintolongingfor death. 1.Genuineepilepsy:(tonicclonic conflictwithlossofconsciousness): smallattack(petitmal), psychomotorattacks, breakinconsciousness:absence, conscioussplitting,twilight condition,psychosisepileptica Paroxysmalmaniasaspsychic equivalentsofepilepticattacks: a.periodicwandering(poriomania) b.periodicdrinking(dipsomania), c.periodictwilightconditionswith stealingorlarceny(kleptomania), d.periodicincendiary (pyromania), e.deathlikesleepintwilight condition(forexample,torun amuck)(thanatomania), f.pyknolepsy 2.Equivalentsofgenuineepilepsy:

(aphonia,aphasia),inabilityto think(stupor,beingdammedup). Lossofsenseperceptions: hystericalblindness,deafness, insensitivetotaste,pain,and senseofwarmth,paling, blushing. VII.Hypnosistalent.Autoand othersuggestibility. VIII.Egocentricity:indulgingin fantasies,lying(pseudologia fantastica). IX.Unrestrained,uninhibited.

1.hysteria,anxietyhysteria, 2.anxiety 3.tics 4.phobias 5.pavornocturnus(nightmares) 6.pseudologiafantastica(lying) 7.conversions,hysterical (paralysis,blindness,etc.) paroxysmaltachycardia,nervous colitis,uncontrolledfantasies,

(b)Delinquency (c)Suicide

bloodvesselsneuroticmigraine, stuttering,stammering, asthma,eczema, enuresis(bedwetting), allergyillnesses, rhinitisvasomotorica, lefthandedness, glaucoma, hayfever,rheumaticdisorders, neuralgias,colitis,shingles,slipped disk,gastricandduodenalulcer, anginapectoris,cardiacinfarct, highbloodpressure,intestinaland boweldisorders homicidefollowinguponoutbursts ofrage Kleptomania, Deaththroughfire,jumpingoff highplaces,deaththrough dipsomania(drinking) Accumulationofcrudeaffect(rage, hatred,resentment,vindictiveness,) explosivedischargeofemotions, intolerance

Swindlingandconfidence tricking

II.Physiologic, normalsocialized manifestations: (1)Drive symptoms (2)Maturity, Adult

(3).(a) Socialization (b)Character

1.selfdisplay:hy+ 2.desiretomakeanimpressions throughostentatiousbehavior: hy+ 3.fantasy(hy) 4.moralizing(hy) Startledrive(surprise)(Paroxysmal Startledrive ispatternedafterhavingafever: (a)Exhibitiondrive(hy+) dammingup,risingtension,and (b)Moralcensor(hy)The thenthecrisisanddroppingof demandsofthehdrive(tender fever.) feelings)arewhatarecensored. (a)consciencecensorAbel:e+ (c)Buildupofafantasyworld (b)dammingupofgrossaffects (hy) (rage,hate,anger,envy,jealousy) Caindemand:e Whatisdammeduparethe demandsfromtheSadismneed. (a)e+:merciful,charitable,good, (a)hy+:desiretoshowoff, mild,guilelessness,compassion, approvalneed,gloryseeking, kind,benevolent,sympathetic, vanity,pleasureindrawing tolerant,conscientiousness,pity, attention,desiretoplease, truepathos,love,forgiveness, coquetry,willtobepopular, admiration,peaceofmind,Abel playactingimpulse, characteristicsingeneral.Ethical (b)hy:shamefulness,shyness, impulse wishtohideoneself,wishfor (b)e:malevolent,inclinationto unrealfantasyworld,livingin rage,hate,envy,jealousy,anger, fantasyworld,whiningand

(4)Occupation, Professionalfield: Paroxysmal occupationfield (a)ChiefDrive Need

revengeseeking,maliciousjoyat anothersmisfortune, compassionlessness,unfeelingness, untruthfulness,Caincharacteristics ingeneral. Explosionimpulse eepileptiform(homosacer) professions

lamentation(hy+/), deceitfulness,anxiousness

hyhysteriformprofessions

(b)Chiefsense, realityperception (c)Professional object

Dammingofroughaffectsandtheir dischargeinunexpectedor surprisingmoments(Cainand Abel) Senseofbalance,smell

Dammingupoffinefeelingsand theirdischargeinunexpected moments Spiritualexhibitionism Onesownperson

(a)originalelements:fire,water, air,earth (b)soul[depthofsoul] (d)(1)Professional (1)transportationmeans:bicycle, means(2) streetcar,train,ship,auto,airplane professional (2)changingplaces(constant activity movementoccupations),praying (church),devotion,serving, helping,doinggoodactivities (e)Professional (a)heightdepths placeorlocation risingupfallingdown surgeswirlmovementrotation (turninginacircle) (b)church,stillness (f)Occupation salesrepresentative,healthvisitor solutions: (a)transportationoccupations: Occupation, errandboy,seaman,chauffeur, Professionalfield flyer,railroadengineer,messenger, Socializationina driver,sailor,aviator, profession, (b)jobsinvolvingfire:miner, occupation blacksmith,fireman,chimney sweep,baker,pyrotechnician, heatingexpert,steelworker, (c)explosionsoccupations(fireand surprise):flamethrower,miner, gunpowermaker,pyrotechnician, fireworks,explosivesmanufacture, bombdisposaloperator,asphalt

Playwithoneself:mimic,voice, movementactivities

Spectator,lookeron,theater, assembly,meeting,multitude, street,etc.

Announcer,artistingeneral, actor,actress,orator,model, circusperformers,streetcrier, marketvendor,popularspeaker; TV,theatre,andfilm personalities, Dramaandactingart:with women:amazonroles,tragic heroines. Motorconductor(women), Animaltrainer(menand women), Callingoutonthestreet, marketplaceandentertainment

roadworker (d)soldier:inparticularflame thrower,explosionexpert, engineer,stormtrooper. III.Socially Positive manifestations: DriveSymptoms Sublimation Occupations 1.Collectivejustice,kindness, charity 2.devoutness 3.tolerance Ethics,Religion,churchly,religious andethicalhumanist Holy(sacred)(helping,doinggood) professions:nun,missionarysister, monkpastor,rabbi,health protection,physicianinserviceof healthprotection,missionary, socialworker(dealwiththesoul andevil) Physician,therapeuticandhelp occupationsingeneral

places, Sportandsportoccupations:art offencing,riding,hunting, wrestling,andmountain climbing. ActingandArtingeneral DramaticArt

Politicians,actor, Delegate,managerofbureauor factories

III.

TheSchizophrenic,orEgo,Drive

TheSchizophrenia(Sch)Vector,alsocalledtheEgoVectorbecauseitindicatesthe structureanddegreeofrigidityorfluidityoftheego. [SeeSusanDerisbookIntroductiontotheSzondiTest:TheoryandPracticefor greaterdetails.] kfactor(picturesofcatatonics)representingtheneedtokeepuptheegosnarcissistic integrityandseparatenessfromtheenvironmentalobjects

pfactor(picturesofparanoidschizophrenics)representingtheexpansiveneedsofthe ego,thetendencytofuseintotheobjectsoftheenvironment TheFourFunctionsoftheEgo

AsanintroductiontotheEgoDrive,followingareextractsfromL.SzondisIchAnalyse[EgoAnalysis],1956onthefourfunctionsoftheego.Includedareremarkson occupationsandinterests. Thefourelementaryfunctionsoftheegoareprojection,inflation,introjection,and negation. 1. 1. 1. Projection(p)istheoriginal,primitiveunconsciouselementarystrivingof theegowhichtransfersthepowerandmightoftheunconsciousofonesselftoanobject intheouterworld.Theunconsciousendstrivingofthisprojectionisbeingoneandthe samewiththeobject,thustheparticipationdrive.

2. Inflation(p+)istheunconsciouselementarystrivingtodoubling,tobethe originaldoubleessencebeing,tobethetwosexualbeing[hermaphrodite],tounifythe manandwomaninhimselforherself.Theunconsciousdriveofeachinflationisthe strivingforperfection[completeness,absoluteness]thatisafterbeingall.Thedoubling andperfectionariseinthesoulthroughonesmakingconscioustheunconsciousmental opposites. 3. 3. 3. Introjection(k+)istheunconsciousoriginalelementarystrivingoftheego afterincorporation,aftertakingpossession,afterassimilationofallvaluableobjectsand representationsoftheouterandinnerworld.Theunconsciousendofeachintrojectionis thestrivingafterhavingall. 4. 4. 4. Negation(k+)istheunconsciouselementarystrivingoftheegoafter resignation,denial[sayingno],andrepressionofdefinitedemands,representations,and experiences.Theunconsciousendgoalofeachnegationisthedisimaginationofallideals ofBeing(p+)andhaving(k+),ultimatelydestructionifpushedtoofar. Theunconscioustendenciesafterbeingoneandsamewiththeobject,afterbeingall, afterhavingall,andafterdenyingallanddestroyingallarethefourunconsciouselementary functionsoftheego. Thankstothese,ontheonehand,mancanbeasocialandhumanbeing,and,onthe otherhand,hemaydestroyhimselfandtheobjectsoftheworld. Therefore,theresultofprojection(p)isthebodilyandspiritualpairingandunionof mankind,thus,thepair,thefamily,group,clan,peopleandsocialgroups. Theresultofinflation(p+)istheartisticdriveafterperfection[completeness, absoluteness]bythemeansofreligion,art,poetry,andresearch. Asthesocialresultofintrojection(k+)wethinkofallthematerialandintellectual propertyandgoods,allascapitalelementsincharacter,profession,andknowledge,andall thecapitalthatfigureasthematerialgoodsinthelifeoftheindividualandsociety. Theimportantsocialresultofnegation(k)isofadoublesense:atonetimethesocial adaptationtorealityandatanothertimedestruction.Thequantityofnegationdeterminesif adaptationordestructionoccurs. Inthebeginningthefunctionoftheegoconsistsexclusivelyofthefunctionof participation(p).Andonlywhenbeingonewiththemother,theworld,andtheall continuallybecomesimpossibleistheegocompelledtoliveitspowerofbeinginanother beingform.Thusappearthesecondaryprojection[negativerelationshipwiththeobject], inflation,introjection,andnegation. Introjection Throughintrojection(k+)theegocanmakesomanydangerbringingstrivingsnot dangerous,andindeedthroughtheegomakingoutofbeingtendencies(p+)haveinterests (k+).Allthatthediastolic[expanding]egomaybecanbymeansofincorporationbereduced tointerestsofhaving.Thusbecomethedangerofexpansioninbeingdefendedthroughthe notdangeroushavinganinterestinsomething.[Introjectionisbringinganobjectintothe sphereoftheegoasaninterest.] Willaman,forexample,beallmightyasGod?Thenheismad.However,ifhe introjectsthebeingGoddemandsintohisegoandmakesoutoftheinflativebeingtendency scientificinterestsformythology,religion,religiouspsychology,thushehasthemakingmad dangerthroughthekegodefendedhimselfthroughtheincorporationofhisbeingstrivings. Henceforth,hewillnolongerbeGod;hesatisfieshimselfinthathehasmadetheGodsa particularinterest,andthusbecomesamythologerorreligiousresearcher.Manyprofessions

2. 2.

comeaswehaveshownthroughintrojectionofthreateninginflativeorprojectivebeing strivings.Insteadofthedemandsthateachtobe(forexampleawomantobeaman,amanto beawoman,tobeamurderorslayerasaCainoracriminalinactualityappearsthrough egosystole(k+)anadequateinterest:gynecologist,judicialmedicine,forensicpsychiatry, prisonwork,etc. Theegosystole(k+)mayalsothroughtheintrojectionactivityworkasthewayof limitingthebeingspheresthroughinterests,professionalchoices,andcharacterformations securetheonenessandhealthoftheego.

Asafurtheraidtounderstandingthekandpfactors,followingistheclassicSzondi viewofthecirculationpathoftheEgo.Pathoanalysishasanotherversionofthese movementsoftheego. CirculationPathoftheEgo:EgoDevelopment:Egoseffortstorepairthebrokendualunion oftheoriginalparticipation(ofthemotherandchild:thebasicmodelofallparticipation) (stageSch0): StageIII:k+ StageII:p+ TotalIntrojection InflationPhase(againafterthebreakupof TotalIncorporation thedualunion,theegoincreasesstrength Tohave andtheobjectisimpotent(partial incorporation):doublingoftheego:tobe everything Object Ego

Aego objectBB Objectsintrojectedbecometheimagesforthe objectsdesiredtobepossessedbythesubject. StageIV:k Negation,respectivelyDestructiondelusion Object Ego

A Ego

Stage0:p Originalparticipation(ofthemotherand childasthebasicmodel):Uroborus:Garden ofEden:Dualpower:Sch:0.

Object Ego Object Ego Union:oneandthesame StageI:Afterseparationfromoriginaldual union:

 SecondaryProjection:Sch0or0! TotalProjection:Egoisimpotent: objectisallpowerful.ButtheEgofeelsthe strengthoftheObjectaslongasrelationsare good. Object Ego

StageV:Spiritualparticipation:Sch+/+/

ObjectHigherEgo Court Ahighercourtrules:art,religion,science, humanity ThekFactor (k=KatatoniainGerman;CatatoniainEnglish) (Achtnich:Understanding,Reason,Logic,Needforintellectualclarity,Restriction,Limitation, Objectivity,Reality) [SeeSusanDerisbook,Szondi,Moser,andWebbsbook,andwebsitesformore information.] Thek+Factor (k=Catatonia) Thekplusistheintrojectivefunctionoftheego.Szondicallsthistheegothathasas itsaimtohavethevaluableobjectsandknowledgeofthisworld.Itisthematerialego.This isthepartoftheselfthatparadoxicallywantstobeemotionallydetachedfromtheobjectsof theworldbutatthesametimeitwantstofocusontherealworldofvaluableobjectsinits concreteform.ThekplusegohasanidealimageofitselfasNarcissusdidofhismirror imageinthepool.Thisimageheloves,nottheobjectsintheworldbeyondtheisolated glade.Thisisthebasisforonecallingthekpluspersonegotistical,independent,and emotionallydetached[objective,ruledbyreasonandtheintellect].Asthediagramonthe circulationpathoftheegoshows,theobjectofinterestisincludedinthekplusego. Therefore,whateverisofvalueintheexternalmaterialworldwhetherpersons,possessions, orknowledgeasperceivedbythekpluspersonbecomesafocusofinterestandmustbe

had.Thekpluspersonhassufferedthepainfulseparationfromthemother,andthusthe environment,andnowmustmaintainthisseparationinallrelationships. Theartistinthestageofgivingformtohisideasgeneratedbythepfunctionisruled bythekplusfactor.Theartistmustbeseparatedfromthematerialformwhethermusic,a painting,asculpture,apoem,anovelinordertogiveitphysicalform.Formimpliesorder thatisaprimaryconcerntokplus.SusanDeristatesthatthekpluspersonlovesMozartand Bachbecausethiskindofmusicishighlystructured.Logicguidestheunderlyingemotions inthemusic. OccupationsSatisfyingthekNeed Inthefollowing,Achtnich tends to give strong weight to the k minus in his list of functions, even though he presents this as a positive version of the k factor: FunctionsofFactorV:Reason,Understanding,ThirstforKnowledge,andSenseofReality (kinpureSzondi): [1] tohaveexactperceptionandobservation,tobeattentive,tobeconcentrated(taken forgrantedtobeinalloccupationseverywhere) [2] tolearn,toacquireknowledge(learnersinschoolsandplacesofinstruction[Thisis mainlybyintrojection:k+.]) [3] toname[tomakeupnomenclatures],todesignate,tomark,tonotedown,towrite (verymanyoccupationseverywhere,predominatelyinofficesandworkshopsandin graphictrades) [4] toputinorder,todivide,toregister,toclassify(storesupervisor,government worker,archivist,librarian,officeworkerinoffices,archives,government,record offices,stores,andlibraries) [5] tocount,tocalculate,tocompute(designer,bookkeeper,proofreader,auditor, cashier,salespersonsandthoseintechnicaloccupationsofmanagementand administration,computerwork,andstatistician) [6] tomeasure,tosurvey,toestimate(technicaloccupationsandmanyhandicraft occupationseverywhereandinparticularinfactories,buildingsites,and laboratories) [7] tocopy,tocounterfeit,totranslate(occupationsinoffices,technicaldraughtsman, blueprintmeneverywhere) [8] tofollowinstructions,tofollowtheletterofthelaw,toobservetheregulations,to followtheinstructions,tobereliableandtrustworthy,tobeaccurate,tobediligent, topersevere,tohaveendurance,tohaveregularworkhabits(mostoccupations everywhere[Alsoseed.]). [9] toadaptaccurately,toregulate,toadjust,tomakesomethingfitin(precision technicaloccupations,forexample,precisionengineer,clockandwatchindustries, opticalworkinfactories) [10] toputtogether,toerect(mechanic,engineer,fitter,technicaloccupationsin industries,administratorsworkingwithapparatusandmachines) [11] totest,toexamine,tocontrol,tosecure,tocompare(examiner,inspector, diagnostician,bookexpert,dataprocessingexpert,computerexpertinplaceswhere inspectionsarecarriedout) [12] tocorrect,toimprove(proofreader,teacher)

[13] [14] [15]

[16]

[17] [18] [19] [20]

toautomate,tomechanize(technicalprofessionsinindustries,managementworking witapparatus,machinery,androboticmachines) toconstruct(technicaldesignoccupations,designer,blueprintperson,drawing personindesignplacesworkingwithtechnicalmaterials) toorganize,toplan,toarrange,tomanage,toadminister,tosystemize(planer, dispatcher,manager,organizer,programplanner,governmentandcivilservice administratorormanager,religioninstitutionmanager,leaderinindustry, government,andtrade) tounderstandlogicalconnections,toprove,toabstract(theoretical,logical occupationactivity,computeranddataprocessingworkeverywhere,usinglogic, theories,principles,systems,evidence,andproof) tocriticize,tojudge,toexaminecritically(criticalobserver,assessor,examiner, advisor,expert,diagnosticianeverywhere) toexplain,toinform,toinstruct,toteach,tobringalwayssomethingforwardto others(teacher,instructoreverywhereandinschoolwithpeopleandlearners) todecide,tosetoneselfagoal(verymanyoccupationseverywhere,usingdecision makingcapability) torequireorder,todiscipline,togiveorders,togivedirections,togiveassignments, toorderbasedonfacts,toexercisecompetence,toexerciseauthority(occupation positionsinwhichinstructionswillbegivenandinwhichtheywillbefollowedasin countries,industries,government,military,andtradeforpeople,order,rules,laws forcountriestoestablishauthority,compliance,anddiscipline) ThekFactor (k=Catatonia)

Whereasthekpluspersonisindependentemotionallyoftheobjects,persons,and interestsinhisorherenvironment,thekminuspersonisruledbytheenvironmentandits representatives.Themodelisthestudentwhofirstentersschoolforthefirsttime.Beforehis wishesweredominantforhim.Now,hemustconformtothewishesofsocietyas representedbytheschoolauthorities,therules,andtheknowledgeapprovedbyhis particularsociety.Now,thepersonmustrepresshisowndesiressomenotapprovedbyhis orherowninternalcensorandnotapprovedbytheenvironment.Thekminusperson takesontheapprovedvaluesandposturesofhisenvironment.Laws,rules,conventional rolesallthesebecomehisguides.Repression,denial,andoppositiontohisorherown imaginationrule.Adaptingtotheenvironmentrules.Aswiththekplus,separationstill prevailsasthekminuspersonkeepsemotionaldistancefromhisorherowninnerfeelings andtheenvironment.Whateverprevailsinthepopularculturerules.Thekplusperson followshisorherowndesiresthateasilyconflictwiththepopularculture.Thekplusperson canbetheartist,whereasthekminuspersoncouldonlyfollowafixedformulaforaworkof anykind.Thekminuspersonandcreativityarenotverycompatible.Ultimately,Szondihas kminusasoneofthebasiccomponentofthecommonmanwhostepsmechanicallythrough life,followingthemarchmusicprescribedbysociety. Achtnich:InterpretationsforNegativek Note:AlthoughAchtnichisgivingthenegativeofkingeneral,inreality,mostofthe listofactivities,orfunctions,arekminus.Therefore,thenegativeofkgivenhereisa

negativeofkminus,whichisthefactorforadaptationandrepressingonesowndesiresfor thegoodofthesociety. Thedeniedfactor thenative,original thedefensedirected theworkingoutof factorneed against thedefenseis areactionformation (doingthereverseof theoriginalneed) V[k] berational Adaptation, notadaptable Reason, limitation, behavior, CommonSense Compulsion learningdisturbances InthenexttablearethecompletedefenseandthereversionfortheV[k]need oppositeoneanother: Minus Factor V[k] Completedefense Therecanbeaturningawayfromall technicalandeconomicsmatters,all accuratepedantic,andsimilarforms ofuniformrules.Thatindicatesa certaincompulsivenessthatis attachedtoeachvocationalactivity thatisdeclined.Thusviewed,the denialofV[reason,commonsense] causeaninhibitionconcerning achievement,workdisturbances,and learningdisturbances.Alsothe denialofauthoritycanshowitself, forexample,asoppositionor disordersbyadolescents. BetweenmasculineandfeminineV testeesthereisanessential difference:forfeminineVtesteesthe denialofVissotospeaksomewhat normalandbelongsatthesame timetotheirfemininity.These, stillsomuchforthebetter,feelalso widelytodaytobelongtoawhole successionofverytypicaland masculineVoccupations. Thek0Factor (k=Catatonia) Inmanyways,thekfactoriswhatisnormallyconsideredtheego.Szondiusesthe nameegoforallthefunctionsoftheego,but,inreality,thekfactorsandpfactorscomprise Reversion Onesupportscontrolfunctionsand regulating.Oneisthereforereadyto workaccuratelyandexactlywhen thismustbethecase. Oppositionisnottoopronounced andissomewhatheldback. Anywaythereisstillareadinessto adaptandtobeincorporatedinto thegeneralsystem.

theselfsincetheegoiscalledthebridgeofopposites.ThepfactorsarecloselyalliedtotheId andemotions;thekfactorsarerepresentativesofcontrolsovertheoutwardexpressionofthe Idsdesiresandemotions.Szondicallsthekfactorssystole,orconstrictive,andthepfactors diastole,orexpansive. Inthiscontext,theopen,orzero,ksignifiesasoneofitsmeanings:theabsenceofthe controllingfactorsofk.Thecontrolsoftheegoareabsent.SusanDeri,asusual,has explainedthefullmeaningoftheopenk.Shestatesthatthezeroksignifiesprimary narcissism:astatethatharkensbacktothestatewherethebabyhasnofrustrationsandthus immediatesatisfactionofallitsdesires.ThisistheGardenofEdenstatebeforethefall.In thiscondition,thereisnoobjectsuchasthemothersincethepresenceofthemotheronly becomesapparentwhenthereissomefrustrationofthebabysdesires.Thekfactorsonly comeintobeingwhentherearefrustrationofdesiresandanobject;inthiscasethemotheris recognized.Thekplusfunctionsbyintrojectingtheimageoftheobjectinordertohavethe objectalwaysavailable,evenwhentheobjectisabsentorisfrustratingthebaby.Thekminus worksbyrepressiontoovercomefrustrations. Primarynarcissismisselfloveandconcernonlyforhimselforherselfandoccurs whenthereisnoawarenessorrecognitionofanexternalobject.Onceanobjecthasbeen recognizedbecauseoffrustrationandintrojected[kplus]asanobjecttobeloved,then secondarynarcissismarises.Thisnewobjectisasubstitutefortheoriginalobject.Jacques Lacan,thepsychoanalyst,callsthisstagethemirrorstageofdevelopment.Thisisthe situationwhereNarcissusisinlovewiththemirrorimageofhimselfinthepool. SusanDerithenpointsoutthatsubjectsbeyondthebabystagewhogivetheopenk areinfantileincharacter.Particularlywhenopenkiswithpminus,theseindividualsgive fullreigntotheirneedsandexpressthemintheirenvironmentandtowardtheirobjects. Theydonotexpecttoencounterfrustrationsintheirselfexpression.Whentheydomeet opposition,theyreactviolentlylikeababyinrage.Theyarenottobereasonedwith,Susan Deristates,becausetheyarenotreceptiverationally[nokplus]toanyargumentsthatoppose theirwishes;rathertheyjustwanttoexpresswhatisinthemandnottakeanythingfromthe outside. Thesearedifficultpeopletodealwith. Afterthekfactorappearsasloaded,theopenkalsosignifiesthatthefunctionsofthe kfactorarebeinglivedoutorsatisfiedinsomepositiveornegativeway. ThepFactor (p=paranoia) (Achtnich:Spirit,Intuition,Creative) [SeeSusanDerisbook,Szondi,Moser,andWebbsbook,andwebsitesformore information.] Thep+Factor (p=paranoia) SusanDeriplacesthepfactoronthesideofpassionandtheId.Thepplusperson livesouthisorherneedsintheenvironmentandpeople.Sheenvisionsthepfactorasthe gatewaytoselfexpressionintheoutsideworld.Whereasthekfactorwantstobeseparate fromtheoutsideworldemotionally,evenwhilewishingtohavemateriallythisoutside world,thepfactorpersonwishestofusewiththeoutsideworldanditsobjectsandtobe emotionallyinvolved.Thepfactorwantstobeand,thus,toliveoutitsneedswithothers.

AsSzondihasstated,theppersonwantstobeeverythingandtobecomplete.In fact,theppluspersonstrivesforcompletenessandperfection.SusanDeripointsoutthatthe ppluspersonisidealistic.Theppluspersonisstrongonwords.Thepathoanalysisviewas ablyexpressedbyJeanMloninhisbookonSzondiputsthepplusfactoratthehigheststage ofdevelopment,forpplusisrelatedtolanguageitselfandcomeslateinonesdevelopment. MloncallstheppluspersonTheThinker.HelikewisecallsthekpluspersonThe Maker.Creativitycomesfromthepplusandpminussideandisbroughtintorealitybythe kplusfactorandsubmittedtocriticismbythekminusfactor. Therecanbeagrandiosesidetotheppluspersonbecausewhenseparatingfromthe mother,thispersonextractedpowerfromthemotherandbecameatonceboth:theselfand themotherasone.Ultimately,theppluspersoncanfusewithallofhumanityandGod.The boundariesbetweenoppositesareovercomeandallbecomesone. OccupationsSatisfyingthepNeed Achtnichinhislistingoffunctionsisdrawingfromwhatareclassicallyboththep+ andthepfactors. FunctionsofFactorG:Spirit,Intuition,Idea,Imagination(pinpureSzondi): [1] tomeditate,tophilosophize,toimagine,tomuse(philosopher,humanitiesorarts scholar,mystic,founderofreligionincollegeorschool,usingintelligence,insight, ideas,intuition,meditation,illuminationabouttheunknown,theunresearched,and theunconscious,theworldofreligion,philosophy,metaphysics,mysticism,andthe occult[pminusisheretoo.]) [2] toseeandtograspintuitivelyconnectionsandrelationships,tocombine,tosolve problems,tounriddle,tohavepsychologicalunderstanding(psychologist, psychiatrist,careersadvisor,historyresearcher,archeologist,whoworks independentofplace) [3] toinvestigate,tointerrogate,tospyout,tobeadetective,tosoundout,toferretout, totrackdown,tosniffout(jurist,criminologist,prosecutingattorney,judge, detective,spy,auditor[Thesearemainlypminus:tospyoutthings]) [4] toinquire,toexplore,tofindout,todiscover,totest,todetectandtoseekthenew andtheunknown(researcher,inventor,chemist,physicist,astronomer,research physician,pharmacist,futurologist,inventorofmachines,discovererinaresearch lab,expedition,andresearchareasinnaturalscienceandtechnicalresearch,usingthe independenceandfreedomoftheintellectandspiritasrequirementfor improvement,findingcompletenessandevengenius) [5] todesign,tobecreative,towritepoetry,towritemusic,tocompose(artist,painter, sculpturer,composer,writer,filmdirector,fashiondesigner,couturire,creative architectinartstudio,usingcreativefantasy,imagination,images,representations, andsymbols) [6] toimmerseoneselfintosomething,toempathize(conductor,musician,psychiatrist, criminologist,simultaneoustranslator;psychiatristsandpsychologistsuseintuition andreadinessforpassiveidentification[Intuitionisalsopminus.]) [7] tospreadideas,towininfluence,toactasamissionary,toconvince,tosuccessfully launchnewproducts(managerofsalespersons,productmanager,politician,

[8]

[9]

journalist,professor,missionerincommerce,trade,anduniversity,usingpowerof persuasionandinflativethinking) topersuade,totalkapersonintosomething,toconvert,tosuggest,tohypnotize,to makepromises,toawakenhopes(politician,advertisingexpert,geniusaboutselling things,andreligiousandsocialrenovatorinmassmeetingsandinbargainingand negotiation,usingpowerofpersuasion,suggestion,fascination,emotion,andmagic [Magicisthekplusfactor.]) tobelieve,tohaveapresentment,toforesee,toanticipate(priest,theologian, preacher,sectarian,butalsoabusinessexpertinthechurchandrevivalplaces,using belief,premonition,andexpectation[Thisisreallypminusaswell.Alsoseethee factorforthereligiousconnection.]) ThepFactor (p=paranoia)

Thepminusfactorappearsfirstintheegosdevelopmentandtheppluslast.The modelforpminusisthebabysbeingoneandthesamewiththemother.Szondicallsthis participationaswellasprojection.Allthisunionisonanunconsciouslevel.Later,afterthe babyhasrealizedthatthereisaseparationfromthemotherandtheenvironment,heorshe longsforthisstateofbeingonewiththeother.Unliketheppluspersonwhohasbecome awareconsciouslyparticularlythroughwordsofsomeunconsciousneeds,thepminus personalwaysisunconsciousofhowheorsheislivingouthisorherneedsintheouter worldoftheenvironmentandpeople.Whereastheppluspersonhasagrandioseviewof self,thepminuspersonfeelsinferiortotheotherandtheenvironmentunlessthereisa positivefusionwithanotherperson,idea,orsituation.Thenthepminusfeelsthepowerof theotherpersonoridea.Thepminusisconstantlyactingouthisorherneedsinthe surroundingworld.Thepminuspersonhasgreatintuitionsincetheinsightsandideasare comingfromtheoutsideorinsidewithoutanylogicalandconsciousprocessingbythis personsintellect.Szondiputsparticipation[thepminusfunction]attheheartofhisviewsof theego,reallytheself.Ultimately,thepminuscanfuse,thatisparticipate,withahigher power.Thenegativesideofthepminusandalsoofthepplusistheideaofpersecutionby theother.Thisisanegativeparticipation,forthepminuspersonisstillinaunionwiththe other,onlyinanegativeone. SusanDeripointsoutatthatpaintersandsculptorsfunctionwithpminussincethey donotverballygiveexpressiontotheiremotionsasdowriters[ppluspeople]whoaremore consciousofwhattheyareexpressing. Szondiindicatesthatthepminusisthemostcommonofalltheegofactorsandis, alongwithkminus,achiefcomponentoftheaverageman.Bothpminusandkminusare tunedtothecultureandfollowitslead. Achtnich:InterpretationsforNegativep Thedeniedfactor thenative,original thedefensedirected theworkingoutof factorneed against thedefenseisa reactionformation G[p]Spirit, Intuition fantasy,thespirit givenfreereign Intellectuality Inferiorityfeelings, envy,blasattitude

InthenexttablearethecompletedefenseandthereversionfortheG[p]need oppositeoneanother: Minus Factor G[p] Completedefense Denialofintellect[spirit]perhaps becauseonedashesalongand thereforenotalentispresent.One willstrivefornohigheroccupations andpositions,perhapsoutof resignationbecauseoffrequent failures.Onehasnocreative fantasiesandnointellectual [spiritual]orscientificresearch interests.Onestrivesmoreafter objectivepracticaloccupationsin whichallisprescribed. Thep0Factor (p=paranoia) Reversion Aproblematicsituation:inferiority feelingsyetonewillhowever neverthelessaspiretohigher positionsTheimpulsetogather withfamouspeopleinorderto grabsomethingforoneselffromthis celebrity.

ThepfactorsarealliedwiththeIdinthatthedriveswishtobelivedoutinthe externalworld.However,thiscannotfreelyoccurunlessthekisazerotoo.Inthiscasethe selfexpressionandfusingwiththepersons,ideas,andthingsoftheexternalworldcanoccur. SusanDeripointsoutthat,inallothercases,thekfactorscancausethepfactortobe zero.Forexample,ifkminusisfunctioning,thenthedesirestofusewithexternalobjectsand expresstheselfsinnermostdesireswillberepressed.Then,thevaluesandwishesofsociety willbethemaster.Ifthekplusisactive,thentheobjects,knowledge,andvaluablethingsof theexternalworldwillbeinternalizedorbecomeafocusofinterestandofhaving.In Freudianterms,thelibidothatwasdirectedtowardobjectsintheexternalworldthatwhich isinvolvedwiththepfactorsbecomesdirectedinternallyandbecomesegolibido,or narcissisticlibidoasindicatedbythekplusfactor. Althoughwearenotgenerallydiscussingthepathologicalaspectsofthedifferent factors,onemustobservewithSusanDerithatakplusandakminusegowithanopenp signifycompulsivephenomena.Therefore,theenergyanddesiresnormallydirectedtoward theexternalworldareabsorbedbyinternalthought,rituals,andcompulsions.An intellectualizationofthepfactorsemotionstakesplace.

SixteenCombinationsfortheSchizophrenic[Ego]Vector [SeeSzondi,Moser,andWebbbookfordetailedanalyses.] [ExtractfromL.Szondi,ExperimentalDiagnosticsofDrives,EnglishtranslationbyGertrude Aull] S1= 0 Themythicalmysticalcontemplativeego S2= + Theautisticego,therecalcitrantego S3= 0 Thecompulsiveego S4= + Theantiinflativeegofightingobsessiveness S5= Thedrillego S6= ++ Thefloodedego,endangeredego S7= +0 Theprofessionalego S8= +/0 Theunfaithfulmasculineego S9= +/+ Thetalentedanxiousego S10= +/ Theegoinfightforfreedom,escapistsego S11= 0+ Theobsessivepropheticego S12= 0+/ Thedeserted,passive,feminineego S13= ++/ Thedesertedegointrojectingthedesertingobject S14= +/ Thejealousselfaggressiveego S15= +/+/ Theintegrativeego,anticipatingcatastrophe S16= 00 Thedisintegratingego,egotransformation Szondi:TransformationoftheApparentFormsofDriveFactors: PersonalityVicissitudesRelatedtotheEightDriveNeeds DriveVectors Sch

DriveFactors

DrivesRelatedto: [Someoftheseideas comefrom pathoanalysis.]

OtherDescriptions

Phylogenetic, animalistic Freudian:Early childhoodpregenital Partialdrives Psychic Characteristics

Schizophrenia/EgoDrive k p (Catatonia) (Paranoia) (Germanspellsthiswordwithk) Egoconstriction,egosystole,adjustive(k), Egoexpansion,egodiastole,spiritualego materialisticego(k+) Thefunction(k)referstotheauxiliaryto have,tendstodelimittheEgo,andaimsat Thefunction(p)referstotheauxiliary separatingitself.Itisthetendencytocreate being,withtheregisterofthe norms,tocapitalize,totransform.The(k) representations,thesettinginsceneofits movesinthedirectionofacontractionin relationstotheothers.The(p)hastheneed ordertomaketheEgofreeofany thatworksinthedirectionofthe dependence. unboundedexpandingoftheEgo. TheRelationshiptotheSelf (whichimpliesacertainrelationshiptototality) ForSzondi,theconstruction,notofthewholeego,butofitsessentialcore,dependson thewholeofpossiblerelationshipsbetweentheselfontheonehandandthedifferent modalitiesofbeing(p)andhaving(k)ontheotherhand.Schizophreniaisinawaya modelforpsychosis.Onlyschizophreniaattacksthebasisoftheego,ortheself;theother psychosesreachthategoorthatselfonlybyrepercussion.Theydonothaveaplaceinthe selfifweexpressitthisway. TheEgovector(Sch)isthecentralauthority;itstheoreticalelaborationisthekeystone oftheSzondiarchitecture.Itstructurestheothervectors:ithasasafunctiontoelaborate theotherimpulses,tosubjectthemtoitsownprocessesandtotransformthem.Itisthe placeofthedefensemechanismsinregardtotheinstinctualdangersrepresentedbythe othervectorsbutalsoinregardtothosethatareitsown. Thereactionsofthesubjectinthisvectortestifytoatendencytoselfrealization (implementonesself,expressonesself).ButthistheEgotakespositioninrelationto itself,insuchwaythatitconstitutes,develops,andcultivatesitselfbytheinteractionwith theoutside. Itisaboutthedimensionofthesubject.Itistherelationwithoneselfwhichisposed; thestyleofthepersoninher/hisbeingintheworld,andevenher/hisessential expression. TheSchvectoristhedialecticalonebetweentheextensionoftheconscienceofthe desires(p)andtherestrictivefunctionofthe(k)tendency;betweentheneedforincreasing theEgo(p)andthatofitscontracting(k). k+:tendencytoautism,egotism, p+:tendencytoegoexpansion,toseize egocentricity,narcissism,andintrojection. power,blameothers(projection[p]) k:tendencytoadjustmenttothecollective, tendencytospreadhumanitarianideals, repression spiritualvalues none none Originalnarcissism Firstphaseofintrojection Buildupoftheperceptiveworld aristocraticexclusivity eclectic[choosethebest]choiceoffriends Originalprojection Dualunionwiththemother a.p+: strivingaftergreatness,boaster,swagger,

systemmaking,schememaking, rigidformalism hardheadedness,sobriety,rationalism scrupulouspedantry,exactness,exemplary withouthumor,taciturn,abruptness, phlegmatic,feelingscold,calm; supersensitive,mimosalikesensitivity, obstinacy;inflexible,uncompromising incapableofdebatingbothsides inhibited narrowmindedness,bigoted,compulsive, automaton,affectedmanner omnipotencefeeling,autism,incapableof goingintoanother(autopsychic resonance):reserved immovable Tohaveall

I.Pathologic, extreme,and negative manifestations: (a)Drivedisorders

1.Catatonia(katatoniainGerman) 2.Schizoidneurosis 3.Compulsionneurosis 4.Conversionhysteria 5.Apatheticasthenicneurasthenia

(b)Delinquency

Vagrancy,beingahobo,burglary,work shy,globetrotters,wanderers

(c)Suicide II.Physiologic, normalsocialized manifestations: (1)Drivesymptoms

Selfstarvation,beingrunoverbyatrain 1.Egoconstriction,selfsufficiency,ego systole 2.Adjustiveego(k) 3.Introjection,materialisticego(k+) 4.Objectidealformation:Iwanttohave this. 5.Therationalcensor EgoSystole Autism (a)BuildupofPossessed,objectideal Yesofwill(k+) (b)Negation,renunciation,denial,

(2)Maturity,Adult

braggart creative,adoer,amaker,constructor, designer abilitytogointoanother (allopsychicresonance) toknowall psychicinflation[tobetwooppositesat once:maleandfemale,forexample], obsessive irrationalism fanaticism,enthusiasm feelingsofexultation ambitendency religiousfanaticism Tobeall b.p: propheticlikebehavior magicthinking occultism,spiritualism, sectarian 1.Paranoia 2.Paranoidschizophrenia 3.Dementialsenilisparanoides 4.Querulousness(paranoidlawsuits) 5.Irritativeneurasthenia 6.Paranoidmegalomania 7.Paranoidhomosexuality 8.Narcomania:morpheme,opium,cocaine p:Hebephrenia Politicalcrimesexpressiveofgrandiose ideas p:cardplayer,defrauder,swindler,social subversion,revolutionaryinsociety Poison,gun Egoexpansion,Egodiastole 1.Egopromotion 2.Needtobringunconsciousimpulsesto awareness 3.Expansionofthepersonality(power), spiritualself 4.Projection 5.Egoidealformation:Iwanttobethis. Egodiastole (a)Buildupofegoideal,spiritual tendencies(p+) (b)Projection(p)

repression,Noofwill(k) (3).(a)Socialization (b)Character (a)k+:Introversion egoism,egocentrism,narcissism,autism, powerseeking,sobriety,temperance, dryness,dullness,ruleofunderstanding, loveofform,loveforlogic,realism, rationalism,monotony,ordercompulsion, pedantry,stubbornness,detachment, seclusion,ritualism,compulsive, knowledgeseeking,rationalism,pedantry (b)k:denialimpulse,separation(or isolation)impulse,inclinationtoinhibition andrepression;destructionimpulse, negativism (a)p+:Extroversion passion,ardor,vehemence,worship impulse,adorationimpulse,enthusiasm, reveling,obsession,partiality,pathos feelings,rankfeelings,positionandstatus feelings,greedforpower,self overestimation,greatnessdelusion,pride, conceit,arrogance,rivalryimpulse, superioritycomplex,arrogance, bigheadness,bumptiousness,bossiness (b)p:selfunderevaluation,delusionsof inferiority,selftormenting,foresight, mistrust,scapegoatseeking,unforgetful, quarrelseeking,oversensitive,resentment, accusationimpulse,quarrellingimpulse SchprofessionsSchizoformprofessions circle:pprofession:paranoid

(4)Occupation, Professionalfield: Paroxysmal occupationfield (a)ChiefDriveNeed (b)Chiefsense, realityperception (c)Professional object

SchprofessionsSchizoformprofessional circle:kprofessions:catatonoid

Shutuponeself,egocontraction,narcissism, Egoexpansion,boasting,psychicInflation, egocentrism,autism,Havepower creative,Beingpower Closingoffofthesenseorgans Smell,hearing Reproductiveandabstractknowledges: logic,mathematics,physics,aesthetics, geography,grammar,etc. (a)book (b)writing,reading Enclosedspaces,classroom,lecturehall, library,ivorytower,cloister,nature Soldier,bookkeeper,telegrapher,surveyor, cartographer,watchman,accountant,post officeclerk,farmer,nightwatchman,light housewatchman,bookseller,printer, securityguard,administrator,writer, designer,patterndrawer,machine draftsman,printer,forester, 1.Adaptationtothecollective 2.Repressionofautism,egotism, (a)pragmatic,analyticknowledge: psychology,psychiatry,medicine, chemistry (b)music (c)mystism,mythology,occultism Invasionofideas,creative,inspiration

(d)(1)Professional means(2) professionalactivity (e)Professional placeorlocation

(f)occupation solutions: Occupation, Professionalfield Socializationina profession, occupation III.SociallyPositive manifestations:

Researchinstitute,laboratory,chemical factory,exoticregionsorplaces. Thedepthofthesoulandtheearth,insane asylums,jails Builder,organizer,druggist,pharmacist, chemist,detective,lawyer,counterspy, constructor

1.Needtoengenderhumanitariantrends, ascollectivekindness,generosity,justice,

DriveSymptoms Sublimation

Occupations

egocentricity,narcissism Thinkingskill,philosophymetaphysics, aesthetics,logic,mathematics,socialized humanist,reasoningprocessesingeneral, socialhumanist,philosophybasedon intellectualanalysis Teacher,professorformathematics, philosophy,nationaleconomics Artcritic Engineer Professor,chieflylinguist,orprofessorof logic,mathematics,physics,philosophy, socialsciences Aesthetics,arthistorian

restraint,selfdenial 2.Tocreateandpromotehumanitarian ideas 3.Collectivespiritualisticpreoccupations Sublimation:poetry,fiction,research, creativeandspiritualhumanist (a.)inventor (b)poet,writer,author (c)psychologist,psychiatrist: depthpsychology,psychoanalysis (d)mythologist,mystic,geology, paleontology (e)expeditionsleader,missionary (f)musician, (g)druggist,chemist[kop: paranoidbeliefthatoneisbeing poisoned] Hebephrenia:graphologer,astrologer, chirologer.(hebephreniainvolves repressionofexhibition(hy),projection (p)intheformofhypochondria [exhibitingsymptomsofthebody],strong aggression(s+)amongothersymptoms) p: (h)judge,examiningjudge,public prosecutor,lawyer (i)detective,spy,counterspy (j)naturecurephysician [followerofhomeopathy] (k)specialistinmetaphysics,theosophy, Hinduism

TheContactDrive IV. TheCircularVector,orContactVectorthatismoreuseful.Thisindicatesthegeneral areaofthesubjectsobjectrelationshipsor,inotherwords,hisorhercontactwith reality. (CircularcomesfromtheCircularnameforDepressivesandManiacs) [SeeSusanDerisbookIntroductiontotheSzondiTest:TheoryandPracticefor greaterdetails.] dfactor(picturesofdepressedpatients)reflectingthepossessiveanaltypeofobject relationship mfactor(picturesofmanicpatients)indicatingtheclingingoraltypeofobject relationship

ThedFactor (d=depression) (Achtnich:Matter,Materiality) (Achtnich:Factordcomprisesthematter,thesubstance,theconcrete,thecomprehensible, thepractical,theearthandtheground,thenatural,therelationshiptoanimals,butalsothe relationshiptoallhavingvalue,topossessions,gold,andproperty) [SeeSusanDerisbook,Szondi,Moser,andWebbsbook,andwebsitesformore information.]

Thed+Factor (d=depression)

Althoughthedind+ordfactorstandsfordepression,thedfactorconcernsanality asdescribedbySigmundFreudandhisfollowers.Thechildconsidersfacesasanobjectthat ispossessedandcontrolled.Fromapsychologicalviewpoint,therefore,materialityisrelated toanality:theretentionanddisposaloffaces,amaterialsubstance.Personsasobjectsarealso viewedpsychologicallyasmentalandmaterialthings.Withobjectsofanykind,theissueof gettingandretainingofthemcomesintoquestion.Doesonepossessanobjectwhether materialorlivingbeingornot?Whathappensifonelosesavaluedobject?Then, psychologically,onecanbecomedepressed,fordepressionisintimatelyinvolvedwiththe lossofthetreasuredobject.SusanDeriandSigmundFreudhavecoveredthedetailsof analityanditsconnectiontodepression,ormelancholia. ThepicturesofdepressivesareshownintheSzonditest.Thosewhoreactpositively andidentifywiththesedepressivesaredplus.JeanMloninhisCourseonSzondi(1998)[an EnglishtranslationbyArthurC.Johnston]clearlydistinguishesthedifferencesbetweenthe reactionstoalossanddepressionoveritforthedplusanddminusperson.Thedplus personfullyidentifieswiththepicturesofdepressivesintheSzonditestandfullyfeelsthe distressofgriefmuchmorethanthedminusperson.Butdplussaystohisorherself:O.K., Ivelostmybeloved.Thisisterrible.Butonecannotjustdonothing.Onemusttryto overcomeonesgrief.Howtodothat?Getasubstituteforthelostperson.Typicalofthisis themanwholoseshiswifeandwithinmonthsorayearhasremarried.Thedplusperson wantsaconcretesubstituteforhisloss.Heorshefacesreality.ThemottoisDosomething. SusanDerigivesthreeattributesofthedplusreactiontoobjects.Oneisthatthereis astrongneedforconcreteobjectsandthattheyarehighlyvalued.Twoisthatthedplus personsfocusisonexternalrealityasthesourceforallmaterialthings.Andthreeisthatthe dpluspersonwishesactivelytomanipulateandtopursueobjects.Thislastaspect,Deri pointsoutshowsthelinkbetweensplusanddplus. Sculpturersandpainterstypicallygivethedplusreactionsincetheydealwith physicalmaterials.Aninterestinmoney,theclassicsymbolforfaces,isofgreatinterestto thedplusperson. Liketheepileptics,thedpluspersonshaveanadhesivequalityintheir attachmentstoobjectsandpersons.SusanDeristatesthatthisleadstoageneral possessiveness,tendencyforrivalry,andapersistenceinreachingagoalthatmightevenlead toobstinacy.Overall,dplusandopendarethemostfrequentreactionsofthegeneral population.

Withaconstantdesireforthenewandforchange,thedpluspersondoesnothave muchloyaltytoamaterialobjectorperson.JeanMlonseesasaresultofthesedesiresthat thedpluspersonhasdifficultyinattachingoneselfreallyorforalongtime.Thisalsoapplies toataskorajob.JeanMlonsumsupthedpluscharacter:Thesubjecthasnoreal attachmenttotheoldobject.Heisalwaysinthesearchfornewobjects,newfeelings,open forrandomencounters.Thecontactisinfantile,inconsistentandincontinent.[This quotationisanEnglishtranslationbyLeoBerlipsofJeanMlonsworkavailableonthe SzondiForumwebsiteunderContactProfiles.] Thedpluspersonisstronglyinfluencedinhisorhercharacterbytheexpulsionstage ofanalityasdescribedbySigmundFreudandhisfollowers.Thisdpluspersonenjoys anality,lovessomedisorder,irregularity,anddifferences. OccupationsSatisfyingthedNeed Followingarethefunctions,oractivities,givenbyAchtnich: FunctionsofFactorM:Material,Substance,Possessions,theConcrete (dinpureSzondi): [1] toholdfast,toholdback,toseize,togrip,tolayhold,totakeintopossession,to collect,tohoard,topreserve,tosave,toacquire,towanttohaveandtopossess,toact asanarchivist,todistributeandtoreceive,tohavetodowithmoney(archivist, librarian,employeeinamuseum,numismatist[coinexpert],stampdealer,specialties salespersonoccupations,bankspecialistinmortgages,cashier,tellerinbank, collector,carddealer,managessavingsaccountsinabank,collectionagency, museum,archive,library,asecondhandbookshop[antiquarian],aremainder departmentforbooks,lostandfounddepartment[dminusisheretoo.]) [2] tomine,todig,todoanyactivityinvolvingdirtyorfilthythings(farmer,gardener, earthworksmaker,miner,roadandconstructionworkers,geologist,civilengineer, constructionofbuildingengineer,usinghands[Ifsomethingdoesinvolveusing oneshands,itdoesnotmakesense.]) [3] toclean,topolish,towashoff,towashup,torinse,tocleanupdirt,toweed(sewage worker,onecleaningupchemicalspillsandpollutions,sanitationfacilitiesinstaller, workerinremovalofnaturalwastes,snowplowperson,workerincleaning institutionsandmanufacturingofcleaningmaterials,removerofdirt,excrement, filth,manure,rubbish,garbage) [4] tosmear,tooil,togrease,toputsalveonsomething(garagehelperworker,physical therapist,beautician,cosmeticianinfabricationofoilandfatsthatareusedin machines,massageparlors,mudbathspas[Seehplusalso.]) [5] tomix,tostirup,tomixup(sausage,soap,starch,andpapermakers,workersin dairy,beerbrewing,workersincanningfood,chocolate,andpastryfactories,work involvingthick,slowmovingmaterial,mush,semisolidmaterial,anddough) [6] topavestreets,toasphaltstreets(plasterer,bricklayer,asphaltlayer,andworkeron concretemachinesatconstructionsites,particularlycivilengineeringandroad constructionsites) [7] toprint,topress,toform,toknead(sculpturerofstone,wood,andplastic,printer, workerwithprintpressesandpressurepresses,potteryworker,potteryfactories)

[8]

[9] [10]

[11]

[12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

topaste,toglue,touseasanenema,tosize,tofuse,tomelt,todissolve,tobreakup (differentindustryandcommerceworkers,bookbindingandcardboardboxmakers inworkshopsandfactoriesandinfabricationofglue) tohousepaint,topaintover,toplaster(plasterer,painter,autolacquereratbuilding sitesandworkshops,usingplaster,colors,lacquer,saltsolution,andacid) tosmell,tooccupyoneselfwithdisgustingornauseousgeneratingthings(tanner, dissectionhelper,skinner,animallabtechnician,chemistinchemicalfactory, perfumemakers,workingwithdecayingmaterials:Itdoesnotdisturbwhenit stinks.) tooccupyoneselfwithanimals(farmer,animalpreserver,animalguardian,zoo employee,petshopowner,veterinarian,animalresearcher,pigbreeder,chicken breeder,dogbreeder) totanskins,toworkwithleather(tanner,leatherwareworker,andshoemaker) tomilk,tocurdlemilk(dairyperson,cheesemaker,andmilker) tofertilize,tousedungormanure(farmer,agriculturetechnologist) toferment,topressgrapes,topressoutaswithawinepress(makerofunfermented fruitjuice,wineproducer,winegrower,employeeinwineshop) toplant,tostickintheground(gardener,farmer,andtreenurseryemployee) toharvest,togather,tocollect(farmer) toaccumulate,tostoreup,topileup,tostackup(storeworker,wastematerials dealer) toconserve,torestore(restorerofoldartworks,preservingfoodfactoryworker) torepair,topatch,tomend,tofix(peoplewhohavetodowithrestoringacondition oranobject) tosearchout,toseek,tohuntout,toferret,todesiretoavoidlosses(thesearching man,recyclingoccupations,treasurehunter) toretainonesthoughtsandideas,torememberthings,tohangontothesameideas, toponder,tomuse(psychotherapistinquietplaces,focusedonmentalconflictand depression,usingremembrance[Thisismostlyd.]) tonotseparateoneselffromthepast,thesituation,theworkplace;toseektheorigin orsourceofthings,towanttoreturn,topreservetradition,tooccupyoneselfwiththe past,history,theold,thevaluableorpreciousthings(classicalphilogist[linguist], genealogist,ancestorresearch,archeology,earthresearch,geology,historyresearch, paleontologist[Thisisalldminus:lookingtothepast.]) toconcernoneselfwiththedead,thepast,decay,decomposition,putrefaction,to bury(undertaker,mortician,employeeinfuneralparlor,anatomy,medicalexaminer medicine,employeeinlifeinsuranceagency) todomonotonous,uniform,patiencedemandingunspiritualactivities(workerinan assemblyplantthatusesaconveyorbeltandautomationthatproduceslotsofsimilar productsandothermonotonouskindofwork) ThedFactor (d=depression)

WiththeSzonditest,onecanrejectthepicturesofthoseseverelydepressed,andthey arethedminuspersons.JeanMlonhasequallydescribedthereactionofthedminus persontoalossthatresultsindepression.Whenthispersonlosesalovedoneorobject,the immediatereactionistoholdontothememoryofthepersonandtoruminateonthisbeloved

personorobject.Oneconstantlylookstothepast.Themodelforthelossisthatoflosing onesmother.Thedminuspersonneverforgetstheparadiseofchildhood.Thedminus persondoesnotlookfornewobjects.JeanMlonstatesthattheeffortsofanotherpersonto getclosetothedminuspersoncausesthedminuspersontoperceivethisnewpersonasan intruderorevenanenemy[ContactProfiles].Asaresultofaloss,thedminusperson creepsintobedasymbolofthewomband,metaphorically,staysthereishisorher sorrow.Heorshefeelsthegrief,butatthesametimedeniesthelosstoavoidthepainof loss.Thedminuspersoncannotbearthelossofhisorbelovedandremainsloyaltothe memoryofthispersonandcannotbeartomakeachangetosomethingnew.Insummary, thedminuspersonstickstotheold,whereasthedpluspersonlooksforthenew. SusanDeripointsoutthatachiefcharacteristicofthedminuspersonisthatheorshe hasstrongattachmenttooneparticularpersonoroneparticularidea,whereasthedplus personwishestopossessmanyobjects. Retentionisthekeywordtodescribethedminusperson.Thesepersonswishto retaintheold;thus,theyareconservative.Unlikethedpluspersonwhocaneasilyreplacea valuableoldobjectorpersonwithsomethingnew,thedminuspersonhassuchstrong attachmenttoanobjectorpersonthathascomeintohisorhercirclethatthislossis experiencedasextremelydepressing.Whenthisreactionisappliedtoabroaderarea,thed minuspersonsbecometheguardiansofthetraditionsandconventionsoftheestablished order.Althoughthedminuspersonlikestoretainmoneyonceitisinhisorherpossession, thispersondoesnotaggressivelypursuemoneyasdoesthedplusperson.Wheninlove withaperson,anidea,oraproject,thedminuspersondoesnottakeintoaccountreality: theymaylovethepersonwhenthereisnochanceofthislovebeingreturnedorcontinue withaprojectevenwhenitisimpracticaltopursueit.Retainingtheloveandfeelingsina passivewaywithoutaggressivepursuitofthepersoninarealwayissufficientforthed minusperson.Thisistheveryoppositeofthedpluspersonwhoaggressivelypursueshisor herobjectsandgoalsonlywhenthereisapromiseofconcreteresultsinamaterialworld. Anotherareawhereretentionappliesisthedminuspersonsdesiretoremaininthesame placeandtostayinthesamejobifatallpossible.Thedpluslovestochangeplaces,tobeon thego,andtochangejobs.Thedminuspersonlikestoretainenergyinastateofrest, whereasthedpluspersonlikesmovement. The d minus person is the one that ordinary people think about when they say anal. Sigmund Freuds description of the anal character is that of the retention stage of anality. Achtnich:InterpretationsforNegatived Thedeniedfactor thenative,original factorneed thedefensedirected against theworkingoutof thedefenseis areactionformation

M[d]Material, needforthe Anality orderliness, Substance, primitivematerial willful,obstinate, Possessions, perfectionism theConcrete In the next table are the complete defense and the reversion for the p need opposite one another:

Minus Factor M[d]

Completedefense Oneturnsawayfromalldirtyor stinkingwork. Withoutrelationshiptoorigin, ground,possessions,etc. Problematicincapabilityforbonding relationships.

Reversion Oneseekswork(solongascoupled withV[k+])inhygiene,cleaning;one likesbeingneatandbeingpedantic. Inquisitiveinvestigativebehavior whencoupledwithfactorG(p+). Eventuallyalsoanindicationofa depressivemood.

Thefollowingchartsummarizesthemaindifferencesbetweenthedandd+factors. The d- and the d+ Factors Contrasts between d- factor and d+ factor d- factor d+ factor Oriented to the past Oriented to the future The real and imaginary mother The substitute mother: the environment Imagination, introversion Reality, extraversion At rest Active Conservatism Love for the new Nostalgia for the past Hunt for the new No change Desiring change Stay put Get up and go Mull over the past Look to the future Focus on the self, narcissism Focus on possessing the other, a different kind of narcissism Loyalty to objects Disloyalty to objects Strong attachment to one particular object Desire to possess many objects Sentimental love for objects; thus keeps them Realistic evaluation of objects; thus, easily gets rid of them Preserves collectibles Always on the hunt for some new object for collection Remains in the same place and job if possible Likes to change jobs and places frequently

Likes rest Anal #2: retention [Freud] Freuds description of the Anal Character: love for order, regularity, and sameness

Likes movement Anal #1: expulsion [Freud] Freud: the character enjoys anality, love for some disorder, irregularity, and differences

Thed0Factor (d=depression) Again,SusanDeriisanexcellentsourceforanalysisofthedifferentfactorsandtheir combinations.Asalways,theopen,orzero,reactionforafactorindicatesthattheneedofthe personisfindingsomesatisfactionwhetherincharacter,jobs,interests,relations,symptoms, orotheroutletsoftheneedinitsoriginalform.Inrarecases,theopenreactionindicateslack ofpowerbehindtheneed. Inthecaseofopend,thispersondoesnotfeelanyinsecurityabouthisattachments, sothereisnoanxiousholdingontothemorpursuitofthem.Thereisanindifferenceoreven apathytowardattachments.WhateverisavailableisO.K.orwhateveronesattachment wantstodoisalsoacceptable.Cestlavieorwhateverhappens,happensistheprevailing attitude.Iftherearenogreathindrances,thispersonscasualnesstomaterialandconcrete objectsandpersonscanallowintellectualorartisticpursuitsasSusanDeristates. Withthedroppingoutoftensionintheanaltyperelationships,eitherofdminusord plus,thenrelationshipsbasedontheoralcomponentofthecontactdrive(factorm)comesto thefore.Forexample,whenopendcombineswithmplusfactortheconstellationfora normalandstableadultandverycommonthenthepersonlivesinastableandtrustful relationshipwiththeobjectsupportinghim.Withthisstablesituation,thistypeofperson candoesnothavetheworriesoftheanaltypes.JeanMloninhisworksgivesexcellent overviewsofallthesematters. ThemFactor (m=mania) (Achtnich:Orality) (Achtnich:Allthatthatstandsinconnectionwiththemouth:(1)sucking,drinking,eating, blowing[aswithamusicalinstrument],kissingand(2)speakingandcommunicationneeds) [SeeSusanDerisbook,Szondi,Moser,andWebbsbook,andwebsitesformore information.] Them+Factor (m=mania) Attheverybeginning,SzondiconnectedthemfactortotheFreudianconceptsof orality.Later,Szondistressedthecontactaspectsofboththedandmfactorsbasedonthe writingsofImreHermann,aHungarianpsychoanalyst,whowroteabouttoclingandtolet go[mfactors]andtoholdontoortogoonthesearchfornewobjects[dfactors]. Themfactor,asSusanDerihaspointedout,refersbacktotheveryfirstperiodof oralitythatisconnectedtothebabysuseofthemouthforsucking,contact,andpleasure.If thebabyisfrustratedduringthisperiodeitherbecauseofsomeneglectbythemotherandthe situationorbecauseofthebabysstrongoralneeds,thenwhenanadultthepersonwilltryto makeupforthisearlyfrustrationbytryingtogainpleasurethroughverydirectoralmeans suchasdrinking,eating,andbeinginvolvedwithfoodinsomeway.MartinAchtnichcalls

thistheOralNourishment[OR]factor.Theadultalsoattacheshimselforherselftopersons forpleasureinsomeoralmannerliketalkingorconversingandthuscommunicatingwith othersinasocialmanner.Inthissituation,thempluspersonclingstotheotherpersonor personsinapassiveanddependentway.MartinAchtnichcallsthisaspectofthemplus factortheORspeakingandcommunicationneeds[InGermanthewordRedemeans speaking;thereforeOR]. Thempluspersonisoptimisticabouthavinghisorherneedforpleasureand supportfrompersonsandtheenvironmentitself.ThepicturesofmaniacsintheSzonditest areallexcitedandsmilingorlaughing.Thisisamildformofmania,calledhypomania. SusanDeristatesthatthismildformofmaniatrulyrepresentsthestateofthepersonwhois expectingtogainpleasureandsupportfromeveryoneandtheenvironmentitself. Ultimately,mplusisthegluethatholdssocietytogether.Mostadultshavemplus;that meansthatthereissometensionanddesireforsatisfactionofthissocialneedthatmotivates inapositivewaypeopletobetogether.Thatiswhythismareaisalsocalledthecontact drive. Realityeventuallysetsinforthempluspersonandtheotherpersonorenvironment doesnotsatisfyfullytheoralneeds.Theultimatefearformplusistolosetheemotional pleasureandsupportgivenbytheotherpersonorenvironment.(Thedplusfearstheactual physicallossoftheotherperson.)Thempluspersondoesnothavegreattolerancefor frustration.Despitethis,thempluspersonisalwayshopefulthatpleasureandsupportfrom thosetowhichheorsheisclingingwillbeforthcoming.Thempluspersoninhisorhermild versionofmaniaisrestlessanddesiresmanyobjectsassourcesofpleasureandsupport. Whatordinarilywethinkofmaniaistheexaggeratedstateofhypernothypomaniathat hasenteredintothepathological. Orality,themplusneed,is,inmanyways,thefoundationofartisticendeavorsand, again,showshowbeneficialthisfactorcanbewhenusedconstructively. OccupationsSatisfyingthemNeed Achtnichorganizestheoralityfactorintotwogroups:(1)ORforspeakingand communications[speechandlanguage]andONfornourishmentneeds. FactorOR:SpeakingandCommunicationNeeds,Speech,Language [1] tojoke,tochatter,totell,tonarrate(masterofceremonies,cabaretmasterof ceremonies,fantasticorexaggeratedstorytelling,usingwit,humor,andnarration) [2] totalk,tospeak,totelephone,toreport,tolecture,torecite(reporter,politician,radio orTVspeaker,telephonespeaker,concierge,speechteacher) [3] togreet,towelcome,tomakecontact(beinginapartnershiptypeofoccupation, trade,salesperson,cateringtrade) [4] todiscuss,tonegotiate,tosell(salesperson,traderornegotiator,stockbroker, principalinaschool,headmasterorheadmistress,seniorconsultant,using salespersonstalk) [5] tointerpret,totranslate(interpreterofforeignlanguage,translatoratcongressesand conferences,focusedonestablishingunderstandingbetweenpartners)

[6] [7]

[8]

FactorON:NourishmentNeeds [1] toeat,todrink,toeatsweets(nourishmentmaterialsandoccupationsconcernedwith drinkssuchaskitchensandhotels) [2] totestwithtastebuds,tosamplefood(winetester,coffeetester,fruitteaorinfusion salesperson) [3] tonourish,tofeed,togivefoodanddrink(restaurantworker,serviceemployee, barkeeper,barserver[Alsoseeh+:toserver.]) [4] topreparefood,tocook(cook,landlord,hotelownerandworkers) [5] toproducefoodorfootstuffs(baker,pastrycook,makeroffoodandworkerinfood factory) [6] tosellfoodorfoodstuffs(foodsalespersons,railroadstewardorstewardess[Also seeh+:toserver.]) ThemFactor (m=mania) Weenteradifferentworldfromthempluswhenweencountermminus.Whereas, themplustriestomakeupforhisunhappyexperiencesandlackofpleasureandsupport,in hisorhermindatleast,byoptimisticallylookingforhappinessinhisorherrelationsto personsandtheenvironment,themminus,whohadthesamefrustrationsintheearlyoral periodasthemplus,deniesthatthisoccurredandrefusestobedependentonothers.Thisis thepeakofindependencebutalsoasourceoffeelingsofunhappinessnomatterhowwell thingsappeartogo.SusanDeridiscusesthisthoroughly. Themminuscangoinapositiveordestructivedirection.Onthepositiveside,them minuspersoncanbesociallypositivebybeingasupporterofsomeoneinabadsituationasa motherwouldbeforachildinbadcircumstances.However,theminuspersonexpectsthat theonehelpedwillreturnloveinreturn.Thisdoesnotalwayshappen.Andthemminus personhasahightoleranceforfrustrationandbasicallyapessimisticoutlooktoward obtainingpleasureandlovefromothersandtheenvironment.Onthenegativeside,mminus canappearinthosesuchasjuveniledelinquentsandothercriminalsandantisocialpeople whoexperiencedfrustrationintheearlyoralperiodandnowtakeouttheirrevenge throughdestructivewaysonpeopleandtheenvironment.Thesemminuspersonshave givenuponanyhopeofgettingoralpleasuresandsupportfrompeoplearoundthem.

tosing,toplayawindinstrument[onethatonemustblowinto],tosound(singer, windinstrumentalist) tocommunicate,togiveinformation,totransmit,tomakeknown,toorient,toinform (giverofinformation,advisor,consultant,teacher,journalist,andacommunicatorfor thequestioner,thestudent,thecustomer) tospeakartistically,torecite,todisclaim(actor,reciter,dramatist,andwriter,using speechandlanguageandarticulation)

 Thedeniedfactor

Achtnich:InterpretationsforNegativem thenative,original factorneed language, speaking, contactneeds nourishment impulse thedefensedirected against contactreadiness, pleasureinspeaking theworkingoutof thedefenseis areactionformation inhibitionin speaking, contactinhibition hateroflifeattitude, emaciation [anorexia], disturbancesin digestivetrack

O[m]Orality OR[m] Speaking, communication ON[m] Nourishment

nourishmentneeds

Inthenexttablearethecompletedefenseandthereversionforthemneedopposite oneanother: Minus Factor O[m] Completedefense Absentinthetesteearefriendliness andthewishforsocialcontact.One willnotworkunderpeopleand seeksoccupationsinwhichone worksallalone.WhenON[m+]is deniedstrongly,thereexists eventuallythedangerinthe directionofalcoholismsimilartothe onewhoavoidssuchoccupationsin whichthesedangersarehidden. Reversion Thepicturewithoasasecondary factoralwaysshowstheneedsfor speakingandcontactwithothers. Thusthesedirectionsaresoughtand affirmed.Herethedifference betweenapicturewithO[primary factor]ando[secondaryfactor]can beclarified. [Note:Everypictureinthe AchtnichsOccupationtesthasa primaryandasecondaryfactor.]

Them0Factor (m=mania) Wheneverthereisazeroornomorethanoneplusoroneminusanopenreaction forafactorthatmeansthattheneedofthefactorisbeingsatisfiedinsomemannerwhether initsoriginalnativeforminthiscaseoralityorinanoccupation,achoiceofsomekind,a symptom,aninterest,andotherwaysbothpositiveandnegative. SusanDeriemphasizesthatthereisanexaggerationhere.Unlikemplusthatwishes toclingandtoderivepleasurefromonepersonoractivity,theopenmgoestotheextremeof havingasmanypersonsandactivitiesaspossible.Theresafreneticqualityofrushingfrom onepersontoanother.Ontheoutside,thisopenmpersonischarming,abonvivant,aparty

typeperson,aseekerafterpleasurestofillupeverymoment. Relationshipsareshallow. Gamblerswouldbetheoneswhochallengefateandcantstopfromplaying. SusanDerinotesthattheopenmcanbefoundinwriters,publicspeakers,and actors.Butonecannotdeterminebytheopenmexactlyhowtheoralbehaviorwillmanifest itself. Theaggressivenessofthisopenmpersoninpursuitofpleasureandsupportderives fromthesecondoralstagecalledthesadisticoralorcannibalisticstage. SusanDerihasanexcellentsummarychartonthedifferencesbetweenthedfactor andthemfactorrelationshipsandattribute[IntroductiontotheSzondiTest:Theoryand Practice,1949,p.135]: (m)factorORALITY (d)factorANALITY Objectswantedforthepleasuretobe Objectswantedforthesakeofowning derivedfromthem;forthesupportthey them;toaccumulatethemandto cangive,forclingingtothem. controlthem. Essentiallypassiverelationtotheobject. Relatedtothehfactorialobject relationship. Impatienceandrestlessnessinregardto reachingagoalobject. Ability to give love and emotional support to the love object (through identificationwiththegivingmotherand through identification with the person whoneedsloveandsupport). Morepossibilityforsublimationwithout resortingtothedefensemechanismof reactionformation(noexaggerated. anticathexisneededinsublimatingoral impulses). Activemanipulativerelationtothe object.Relatedtothesfactorialobject relationship. Perseveranceandpersistenceinregard toreachingagoal. Tendencytooverwhelmloveobject withmaterialgifts.

C1= C2= C3= C4= C5= C6=

Moreneedforresortingtoreac tionformationinordertoovercome theoriginallyaggressiveattitude towardobjects;hence,thecompulsive qualityof"anal"typeoflove. SixteenCombinationsfortheContactVector [SeeSzondi,Moser,andWebbbookfordetailedanalyses.] [ExtractfromL.Szondi,ExperimentalDiagnosticsofDrives,EnglishtranslationbyGertrude Aull] 00 0+ 0 0+/ 0 + Childish,pleasureseekingrelationshiptotheworld;curiosity Maturerelationshiptotheworld;fearoflossoftheobject Unhappytiestotheworld;hypomanicreaction Unhappystateoflivinginadualunionrelationship Conservatism,loyalty,analcharacter Incestuousloveandhatred,extremeadherencetoanidea

Unrealisticadherencetoalostobject Incestuousadherencetothelostobject Unfaithfulrelationship Simultaneoustiestotwoobjects;biobjectivity Searchforanewobjectafterlossoftheold;depression Searchforanewobjectafterseparationfromtheold Problematic,phobictie +/+ Biobjectivity,searchforanewobjectinspiteofadherenceto theold C15= +/ Unrealisticadherencetotheoldobject,simultaneoussearch foranewobject C16= +/+/ Contactdilemmas,simultaneousloyaltyanddisloyalty Szondi:TransformationoftheApparentFormsofDriveFactors: PersonalityVicissitudesRelatedtotheEightDriveNeeds DriveVectors C Contact(orCircular)Drive DriveFactors d m (Depression) (Mania) Needtoappropriate,tosearch(Anal) Needtoclingdependently Thefactor(d)posesthequestionof (Oral) preservingwhatonepossesses(d)orto Thefactor(m)showshowthesubjectreacts movetowardsanotherobject(d). totheneedtoclingtotheobjects,to withdrawpleasureandsupportfromit. DrivesRelatedto: [Lotsoftheseideas TheRelationshiptotheOther arefrom insofarasitpassesthroughthemediationofthelostobject pathoanalysis.] Szondithinksthatallpsyche,allhumansubjectivity,isformedstartingfromamore orlessmythicalorimaginaryphasewherethesubjectbecauseofhisinitialimbecilityand totalignorancefindshimselfatonewiththepersonwhofeedshim;atthisstagethis personcanonlybeanotherbeingforusonly.ThisisaDualUnion.[k0p]Whenonehas separatedfromtheancientdualpartner,onewillmeetthispartnerasanobject.Butthere isalwaysthelongingforthemythicalunion.Separationfromthedualunionisalways feltasalossandarejection.Objectlovewillalwaysbemarkedbyuncertaintyand precariousnessbecausehehastorecognizethelimitstothislove,whereastherewereno limitsinthedualunionlove. Thecontact(orCircular)vectorreflectsthewayinwhichasubjectstandsintheworld, howhemaintainshimself,withoutbeingcarriedawaybythesensationsthathe experiences.Itistheinsertionoftheindividualintohissurroundings.Itistherelation withtheothersthatisatstake.Itindicatestherelationoftheindividualtotheworld.It concernsthequalityoftherelation:oral(m)oranal(d). Itisthevectorofenvironment,sensations(mood)inconnectionwiththeworld around.

C7= C8= C9= C10= C11= C12= C13= C14=

+/ +0 ++ ++/ + +/0

OtherDescriptions

Phylogenetic, animalistic Freudian:Early childhoodpregenital Partialdrives Psychic Characteristics

d+:tendencytoacquisitiontothe disadvantageofothers,searchfornew objects,disloyalty d:tendencytoselfdenialforthesakeofall people,loyalty,anality(analerotic, retention). Togoonasearchafternourishinglove objects Anality Analerotic anxious,resentment,illfeeling,constant pessimism anxiousclingingtoanyone complainingwithvarieddefensesof situation disdainforlife thinkingofdeath unfitorincapableinaction,decision, resolutionsandwork inhibited,holdingback scrupulousness,formal,fussy, complicatedness,selfdisparagement, readinesstoweep,sentimentality holdingontooldobjects constantdeploringaboutobjectsand valuables,whichhavebeenlostinreality orinpathologicalfantasy endlesscomplaining unproductive,incapabletodiscussthings, renouncingoneselfandtheworld almoststiff,nearlyanxiouslamentations narrowmindedness risingconscientious,selfcritic,self accusation,selftorment Anality:constipation,noteating,not speaking,saving,economical,greed, constantreadinesstocriticize

m+:tendencytoclingtotheoldobject (thing,person);orality,hedonism. m:tendencytoseparate,toloneliness

Clingingtothemother,ontothetree,etc. Orality Oralerotic

carefreecheerfulness,constantoptimism, goodheartedness,warmhumanity fraternization,smalltownworldliness, enjoyment manyactivities,variedevents closetolife,enjoymentoflife hedonism constantlyseekingafternewsourcesof enjoyment energy,greatworkandlifecapability desireforundertakings goodrealitysense,realism,materialism easeinacquiringmoney frivolity,carelessness,squanderingmoney, makingdebts,bearingoflifesproblems withlightnessandgoodhumor exaggeratedfreenessandnotbeingbound inobjectrelationships:ease,facility, weakness inconsistency,inconsiderate,instinctuality, irrationalism,unsteadiness goodnature,senseofhumor,facetiousness, readinesstolaugh talkativeness,giftforspeaking abilitytoconvince,readinesstodebate, hastiness,quickangerwithquickfading versatility unrest broadmindedness constantlymakingplans,richestofallinto, freedomfromremorse lackofselfcriticism irresponsibility beingreligiouswithoutholdingtoformor rituals Orality:eating,drinking,suckingon candies,smoking,readinesstousetongue,

I.Pathologic, extreme,and negative manifestations: (a)Drivedisorders

(b)Delinquency

(c)Suicide II.Physiologic, normalsocialized manifestations: (1)Drivesymptoms (2)Maturity,Adult

(3).(a)Socialization (b)Character

1.Depression 2.Melancholia 3.Agitateddepressiveneurasthenia 4.unsteadiness 5.Fetishism 6.simpleoutofhumorneuroses, depressivecycloid 7.Dispositiontodiabetes Asimplemixedform:catatoniaformof melancholia Manicdepressivepsychoses:changing manicanddepressiveconditions Mixedformofparanoidquarrelling depressions,mostlywithsenileillfeeling (resentment),suspicion,anxietyabout goingtoruin Violationsagainstproperty,theft(mostly withinthefamilyascompensationforthe lostlove),instability Sedatives(drugs) 1.Searchingforobjects(d+) 2.Acquisitiveness 3.Appropriateness 4.Rivalry 5.Analtendencies (a)Acquisitionimpulse,changingimpulse (d+) (b)impulsetocling,perservencetendency, collectingneed(d) (a)d+:acquisitionsense,eternalseeking, inquisitive,curious,innovationseeking, untrue,disloyal,pleasureinsquandering, wasting,liberality,generosity,immoderate, extravagant,unsteadiness (b)d:true,loyal,faithfulness,pleasurein savingandcollecting,covetousness, avarice,stinginess,remunerationjoy, conservatism,pleasureincriticizing, melancholy,perseveranceimpulse

kissing,eventuallyoralsexuality 1.Mania, 2.Hypomania,simplybeinghappy, euphoria 3.Agitatedhypomanicneurasthenia 4.Alcoholism,addiction 5.Nymphomania,satyriasis 6.Predispositiontodiabetes,bladder illnesses,formationofstones(gallorhard stones,etc) Afrequentformofillnessisinflative paranoidmania

Swindling,fraud,bigamy,dipsomania, imposter Alcoholpoisoning 1.Clingingtoaspecificperson,family, religion,socialgroup,race,nation 2.Oraltendencies 3.Closeadherencetoacquiredobjects

(4)Occupation, Professionalfield: Paroxysmal

a)makingsafeimpulsefortheacquired object:orality;impulse,thus,toacceptand tobeconfirmedasoneis(m+) (b)separationimpulse(m) (a)m+:clingingimpulse,securityimpulse, enjoymentpleasure,pleasureimpulse, serenity,cheerfulness,goodnature, capriciousness,anxietyaboutlosingthe object (b)m:loneliness,separationorisolated, deserted,neglected,hasty,snatching, unrealbindingtotheworld,inclinationto addiction,unsteadiness,grabeverything andpleasuresinceoneseesnovaluein anything(mania) Contactprofessions,Depressionprofessions Contactprofessions,Maniaprofessions (Anal) (Oral)

occupationfield (a)ChiefDriveNeed

Objectandvalueorworthseeking Hangingontothecollectedobjects Smell (a)realworth:gold,money,arttreasures (b)literatureandartworks (c)entrails,bowels Tocollect,togatheroneaftertheother,to dress,toattire,toornament,topreserve (a)bank,theatreoffice,antiquedealing, antiqueshop,museum (b)watercloset,bathroom,sewer painter,housepainter banker,pawnbroker,lenderemployee refugecollector,garbagecollector,street sweeper,toiletcleaner,bowelsandleather worker chemistpurifier journalist collectors:stampcollector,antiquecollector, magazines,market,pawnshopdealer auctioneer,drycleaner,painter, exterminator,furrier 1.Selfdenialforthesakeofthecommon good 2.Loyalty Nationaleconomy,economichumanist asphysician:bowelsspecialist,Artdealer, critic antiquedealer,museumemployee,art collector painterofpictures

(b)Chiefsense, realityperception (c)Professional object

Objectneed.Clingingandseekingobjects andrespectivelythrowingthemaway. taste Everythingthatcanbethesourceoforal pleasure

(d)(1)Professional means(2) professionalactivity (e)Professional placeorlocation (f)occupation solutions: Occupation, Professionalfield Socializationina profession, occupation

(a)speechorgan:movementofthemouth andtongue (b)colormixing,costs(expenses,charges) Publichouse,inn,restaurant,bar

III.SociallyPositive manifestations: DriveSymptoms Sublimation Occupations

Cook, innkeeper,coffeehouseemployee,bar tendermixer,winetaster Music:horninstruments,jazz Film,musicschool,concertoffice supervisor Waiter,bartender,cook, jazzband,musician,buyer, linguist,speechteacher,linguist,salesman landlord Broker,salesman,purchaser Separationfromaspecificperson,family, religion,socialgroup,race,ornationfor thesakeofthecommongood Sublimation:SpeechartsandArtingeneral Politician,orator,artist,speechteacher, dentist,dentalsurgeon Moneymaking:banker,stockbroker, directoroffirmsandbusinesses, entrepreneur Representativeinparliament,union representative,delegate Artisticactivities:singer,organizerofart exhibits,artdealer,leaderofaconcert bureau,directorofamusicschool,lyric poet,etc.

Resources EnglishWorks: Deri,Susan,IntroductiontotheSzondiTest:TheoryandPractice,1949[Deriwasa Szondiworkerandhasexcellentinterpretationsofhistest.] Hughes,AlbertE.,YourFateinYourHandwriting:Howtoanalyzeyourself,1978 [ThisbooksgivesgraphologicalanddescriptionsoftheeightfactorsofSzondi.] Hughes,RichardA.,CainsLament:AChristianMoralPsychology,2001[Hassome goodmaterialonSzondisthinkingbutnotasgoodastheAncestorbook.] ,ReturnoftheAncestor,1992[ThisgivesagoodsurveyofSzondisthinking withoutbeingtootechnical.Ascholarlyapproach.] ,TheRadiantShockofDeath,1995[Thisexplorestheconnectionbetweenthe paroxysmalexperienceandparanoiatodeath,usingtheideasofSzondi.Excellent explorationandveryreadable.] Johnston,ArthurC.,SzondiTest:ItsInterpretationandGraphologicalIndicators, [selfpublished],2006 ,TalkonShameandShamelessness,[ThisisatalkIgaveseveralyearsago.Itisan expositionoftheSzondihy+(shamelessness)andhy(shame)factors.LonWurmser,whom Iusedalot,wasafollowerofSzondiandwroteaboutcriminalsandtheirtraitsshownbythe Szonditest.] Mlon,Jean,CourseonSzondi,1998(translatedfromFrenchtoEnglishbyArthurC. Johnston,2005)[ThisisanexcellentbookonSzondisideasindepth.Mlonrepresents pathoanalysis,acombinationofpsychoanalysisandSzondisideaswithoutanyuseofhis genetheory.AvailableonTheSzondiForum:http://www.szondiforum.org.] Schneider,CarlD.,Shame,Exposure,andPrivacy,1977[Anotherbookonhy+and hy.] Sonnemann,Ulrich,HandwritingAnalysisAsaPsychodiagnosticTool,1964[The bestinterpretationsofLudwigKlagesworkinEnglish.Thisisanexcellentbookinevery wayexceptitsreadability.] Szondi,Leopold,ExperimentalDiagnosticsofDrives,translatedbyGertrudeAull, 1952[Somechartsusedinthetalkcamefromthistranslatedwork.] Szondi,Lipot;Moser,Ulrich;Webb,MarvinW.,TheSzondiTestinDiagnosis, PrognosisandTreatment,1959[AtechnicaldiscussionoftheSzonditest.] Tulloch,Alex,SzondisTheoryofPersonalityinHandwriting,1994[ISBN09137001] [ThisbookliterallytranslatedsectionsfromthetwoFrenchbooksGraphologieetTestde Szondi.Welldoneoverall.]

Wurmser,Lon,TheMaskofShame,1981[Thisexploresthehy+andhyfactors withoutmentioningthem.] ForeignWorks: Achtnich,Martin,DerBerufsbilderTest[OccupationsPicturesTest],1979,Hans Huber[ExcellentforrealinsightsintoSzondisideasasappliedtooccupations.Translations intoEnglishbyArthurC.Johnstonareincludedinthispresentwork.] Beeli,Armin,PsychotherapiePrognosemitHilfederExperimentellen Triebdiagnostik,1965,VerlagHansHuber Grmiger,Ines,LehrbuchderSchicksalspskychologischen:Graphologie,2001[self published][ThisbookappliesSzondisideastothewhole(Gestalt)andtheparticularsof handwriting.] Lefebure,Fanchette,GilleMaisani,JeanCharles,GraphologieetTestdeSzondi: Tomb1:leMoi,3rded.,1990;Tomb2:dynamiquedespulsions,2nded.,1990];[Theauthors gavetheSzonditesttohundredsofpeopleandobtainedwritingsamplesatthesametimeto findthegraphologicalindicatorsoftheSzondifactors.] Schneider,E.,DerSzondiVersuch,1952,VerlagHansHuber Szondi,Leopold,DieTriebentmischten,1980,VerlagHansHuber ,FreiheitundZwangimSchicksaldesEinzelnen,2nded.,1977,VerlagHansHuber ,KainGestaltendesBosen,1969,VerlagHansHuber ,LehrbuchderExperimentellenTriebdiagnostik,BandI,1972,VerlagHansHuber [Uptodateinformationfromthisbookwastranslatedandgiveninthechartsonthefour vectors.] ,MosesAntwortaufKain,1973,VerlagHansHuber ,Schicksalsanalyse:WahlinLieb,Freudschaft,Beruf,KrankheitundTod,3rded., 1965,Schwabe&Co.[Lotsofinformationgiveninthechartsonthefourvectorswere translatedbyArthurC.Johnstonfromthisbook.] ,SchicksalsanalytischeTherapie,1963,VerlagHansHuber ,SzondiTest:ExperimentelleTriebdiagnostik,TestBand,VerlagHansHuber,1981 ,Triebpathologie:ElementederExaktenTriebpsychologieundTriebpsychiatrie, 1952,VerlagHansHuber WorldWideWebAddresses: BritishAcademyofGraphology: http://www.graphology.co.uk/scriptor/Theory.htm/[ThisisthepageforAlexTullochs book.AlsofromhereyoucangotoScriptorPublishersbooksforaninterestinglistofbooks ongraphology.] SzondiInstitute:http://www.szondi.ch/[ThisistheofficialsitefortheSzondi Institute.] WebsiteforallkindsofarticlesandinformationonSzondiandhistest: http://www.szondiforum.org.ThissiteiseditedbyLeoBerlips,alongtimesupporterof Szondisandhisfollowersideasandworks.[ClickonArticles(ForeignLanguagesand English)forabundantinformationonSzondiandhistest.ParticularlygetEgoVector2,3,4. ThissiteisnowputtingupSusanDerisworkandEnglishtranslationsofimportantFrench andGermanauthorsinEnglish.ThisistheplacetogoontheWeb. http://home.tiscali.be/vucromaisthewebsiteofpathoanalysisandhasmany valuablearticlesandinformationonSzondiandpsychoanalysis.Thissiteisopeningnew possibilitiesforSzondisideaswiththeexclusionofthoseonthegenetheory.