1.

Flue Gas is the gas exiting to the atmosphere via a flue, which is a pipe or channel for conveying exhaust gases from a fireplace, oven, furnace, boiler or steam generator. Quite often, the flue gas refers to the combustion exhaust gas produced at power plants. Its composition depends on what is being burned, but it will usually consist of mostly nitrogen (typically more than two-thirds) derived from the combustion air, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor as well as excess oxygen (also derived from the combustion air). It further contains a small percentage of a number of pollutants, such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides. 2. Components of Flue Gas Nitrogen (N2) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Oxygen (O2) Carbon monoxide (CO) Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Hydrocarbons (CXHY) Soot (smoke)

3. Methods of Analyzing Flue Gas Concentration The term concentration describes the amount of a substance, expressed as mass, volume, or number of particles in a unit volume of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance e.g. alcohol in beer or oxygen in air. Different units are in use to describe concentration in gases: Mass concentration Concentration expressed in terms of mass of substance per unit volume [g substance/m3 gas volume] Volume concentration Concentration expressed in terms of gaseous volume of substance per unit volume [cm3 substance/m3 gas volume] Part concentration Concentration expressed as number of particles of substance per a certain number of particle In flue gas analysis both the terms mass concentration and part concentration are common and used in parallel. The mass unit is gram (and mg, g, see table 15) and the most popular expression for part concentration is ppm (parts per million). "ppm" means "x number of parts in a million parts". ppm is usually used for low concentrations; larger concentrations are expressed in "percent" (%)

Consequently the concentration of a gaseous pollutant is expressed either using (or mg or g etc.) with reference to a definite gas volume, usually cubic metres (m3), e.g. 200 mg/m3 or using ppm without any reference, e.g. 140 ppm 4. Methods of Removing Pollutants from Flue Gases As stringent environmental regulations regarding SO2 emissions have been enacted in many countries, SO2 is now being removed from flue gases by a variety of methods. The below is among the common methods used:

Wet scrubbing using a slurry of alkaline sorbent, usually limestone or lime, or

seawater to scrub gases

Spray-dry scrubbing using similar sorbent slurries; Wet sulfuric acid process recovering sulfur in the form of commercial

quality sulfuric acid;

SNOX Flue gas desulfurization removes sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and

particulates from flue gases;

Dry sorbent injection systems.

For a typical coal-fired power station, flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) will remove 95 percent or more of the SO2 in the flue gases. 5. Treating Flue Gases Flue gas treatment with powder activated carbon The incineration of waste such as Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), hazardous industrial waste, medical waste and sewerage sludge results in the formation of a flue gas containing a range of pollutants. Most of these pollutants can be removed by conventional treatment methods such as scrubbing, bag filters and Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP). However, dioxins and heavy metals such as mercury and cadmium are not normally removed to low enough concentrations by conventional treatment. The dosing of Powder Activated Carbon is an effective technology to remove these substances to the low limits required by legislation. Chemviron Carbon has two standard products, PULSORB FG4 and FG5.

PULSORB FG products are a range of steam activated powder activated carbons from coal and coconut precursors used for the removal of dioxins and mercury in the following types of incineration facilities: Municipal Solid Waste Industrial and hazardous waste Medical waste Sewerage sludge PULSORB can also be used for the treatment of gases in metal process industries. Both products are available in big bags, sacks or in bulk. PULSORB carbons have several properties, which explain their superior performance in most types of flue gas treatment systems: The most simple and effective method to meet stringent regulations of 0.1ng/Nm TEQ for dioxins and 0.05mg/Nm for mercury. High adsorption capacity for dioxins and mercury, giving lower carbon consumption with reduced operating cost. Low capital cost. Can be incorporated into an existing flue gas treatment system very quickly Optimal mesh size that ensures a rapid rate of adsorption

UNIVERSISTY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA PAMPLONA LAS PINAS CITY

RAW GRADE

RAMOS, MONCHITO T. BSME IV GROUP #1

DATE PERFORMED: SEPTEMBER 26, 2012 DATE SUBMITTED: SEPTEMBER 28, 2012

ENGR. MANUEL P. ROMERO INSRUCTOR