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E. ODOR CONTROL SYSTEM .............................................................................................................................. 11 F. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ................................................................................................................................ 13 G. EQUIPMENT........................................................................................................................................................ 14 J. OPERATION COST.............................................................................................................................................. 17
A. DESIGN BASIC 1. Water demand 24 villas (2 beds/villa) x 1 m3/villa.day1 71 room building x 800l/room.day Restaurant 200 guests x 35 l/guest.day2 Other services (spa, gym, shops, etc.) Washing = 24 m3/day = 57 m3/day = 7 m3/day = 10 m3/day = 80 m3/day
Maximum water consumption is about 180 m3/day. 2. Wastewater flowrate In general, wastewater flowrate can be assumed as total water demand. Therefore, wastewater flow for designing the STP is 180 m3/day. 3. Treatment process The treatment process includes the following steps: - Pre-treatment by septic tank and equalization tank. - Biological treatment with denitrification process. - Biological and mechanical sludge treatment process.
1 2
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B. EFFLUENT STANDARD The selection of wastewater treatment processes is based on: Quality of the influent The Vietnamese Standards of domestic wastewater (TCVN 6772 - 2000, level I) Table 1. Effluent standards for domestic uses
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Parameter pH BOD Suspended solid Settable solid Total solid Sulfur (H2S) Nitrate (NO3-) Oil and grease Phosphate (PO43-) Total coliform Unit Value Level Level III IV 59 59 40 50 60 100 0,5 0,5 500 500 3.0 4.0 40 50 20 20 10 10 5000 5000
Source: www.nea.gov.vn C. OPERATION TIME Operation time: - 24 hours/day. - 7 days per week.
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2. STP Description The Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is proposed to treat wastewater which generates from facilities of the resort. Wastewater from villas and hotel building is collected to the STP by the separate sewer system. Wastewater from restaurant kitchen containing high oil and grease is pretreated by oil trap before entering the sewer. In STP, wastewater at first flows to septic tank which includes three chambers: (i) anaerobic chamber, (ii) settling chamber and, (iii) anaerobic filtration chamber. In septic tank, settleable solids in the incoming wastewater settle and form a sludge layer at the bottom of tank. Greases and other light materials float to the surface where a scum layer is formed as floating materials accumulate. Settled and skimmed wastewater flows from the clear space between the scum and sludge layer to the downstream treatment facilities. The organic material retained in the bottom of the tank undergoes facultative and anaerobic decomposition and is converted to more stable compounds and gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). After coming out the septic tank, wastewater flows pass over fine screening bar in order to protect pumps, valves, pipe lines and other appurtenances from damage or clogging by rags and large objects and then wastewater flows to equalization tank. The equalization tank is used to overcome the operational problems caused by flow rate variations, to improve the performance of the downstream processes, and to reduce the size and the cost of downstream facilities. Besides, the equalization tank has the function to reduce an amount of BOD/COD in waste water. In equalization tank there are two submersible pumps are installed to transfer wastewater to the anoxic and aerobic processes There are five chambers in anoxic and aerobic processes, the first chamber is anoxic No.1 chamber, the second chamber is aeration chamber, the third chamber is anoxic No.2 chamber, the fourth chamber is oxic chamber and finally is the clarifier chamber. The anoxic and aerobic processes are used to remove BOD and ammonia. BOD is converted to CO2 and NH3 by equation (1). Organic matter + C5H7NO2 + O2 + nutrients products (1) CO2 + NH3 + C5H7NO2(new cells) +other
Various forms of nitrogen can deplete dissolved oxygen levels in receiving waters, exhibit toxicity toward aquatic life, affect chlorine disinfection efficiency, present public health hazards, and affect the suitability of waste water reuse. To treat nitrogen in water, nitrification and denitrification are applied.
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And, ammonia is oxidized to nitrite (NO2-N) and nitrite is oxidized to nitrate ((NO3-N) and then N2
+ NH 4 + 1.83O2 + 1.98 HCO3 0.021C5 H 7 O2 + 0.98 NO3 + 1.041H 2O + 1.88 H 2 CO3
NO3 NO2 NO N 2 O N 2
The term nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonium (NH4+) first to the nitrite (NO2-) then to the nitrate (NO3-) form. The conversion of ammonium to nitrite is caused by Nitrosomonas bacteria: 2 NH4+ + 3 O2 Nitrosomon as 2 NO2- + 4 H+ + 2 H2O The nitrite in turn are oxidized by the bacteria Nitrobacter according to the following: 2 NO2- + O2 Nitrobacte r 2 NO3 The overall nitrification reaction is as follow: NH4+ + 2 O2 Bacteria NO3- + 2H+ + H2O The term denitrification is biological process is used to remove nitrate and nitrite forms of nitrogen in water. The produced nitrate nitrogen in the nitrification process is converted to a gaseous form of nitrogen. Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Achromobacter, and Bacillus are pricipal nitrate reducing bacteria that accomplish denitrification. Using methanol as the carbon source, the energy reaction is represented as follows: 6 NO3- + 2 CH3OH 6 NO2- + 2 CO2 + 4 H2O 6 NO2- + 3 CH3OH 3 N2 + 3 CO2 + 3 H2O + 6 OH- + 3 O2 The overall energy reaction: 3 NO3- + 14 CH3OH + CO2 + 3 H+ 3 C5H7O2N + 19 H2O In the anoxic tank 1, the denitrification is conducted. As mentioned above, the removal of nitrogen gas can be accomplished biologically under anoxic conditions. The last product of this process is nitrogen gas. This gas is produced as buddle attached with sludge particles and can be removed by mixing The wastewater is pumped to the aeration tank 1 for decomposing an amount of BOD in the waste water under oxic conditions. In this tank, the aerobic bacteria use organic contaminants as influent substances to form simpler compounds.
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For the complete transformation of nitrogen in waste water, the anoxic tank 2 is necessary. The using of this tank has two reasons: (i) change ammonia and various organic nitrogen forms into nitrate and, (ii) elimination the residual nitrate to nitrogen gas. After nitrogen treatment, wastewater is flowed into the other oxic tank for decomposing all residual BOD. The biomass informed by activated sludge is separated by clarifier. The function of the sedimentation tank is to separate the activated-sludge solids from the mixed liquor. The sludge in the inlet wastewater is precipitated to the bottom of the clarifier by gravity. The sludge layer thickens during the operation process of wastewater treatment plant. It is collected continuously by scraper. The outlet water after separation from sludge flows through effluent trough surround top of four walls tank. The effluent trough is designed as V-notch shape to ensure that the outlet water from clarifier does not contain a large amount of biological sludge. The disinfection process is used to sterilize water before the utilization. Disinfection tank is provided by a Sodium Hypochlorite dosing system downstream of the clarifier. A contact tank of 20 minutes minimum retention is provided. This contact tank will achieve a chlorine residual of 1 ml before reuse. This chlorine residuals function is maintaining the microorganism inactivation activities of sterilizing chemical.
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3. STP specifications 180m 3 / day = 9m 3 / h Design flowrate Q = 20h / day Peak flow: 64 m3/h Capacity: 180 m3/day a. Grease trap Grease trap is located near the restaurant to remove oil and grease in kitchen wastewater. Table 2. Specification of Grease trap
No. 1 2 3 4 5 Parameter Design flowrate Q Hydraulic retention time (HRT) Volume Vworking Vtotal Dimension L x W x Hworking L x W x Htotal Material Unit m3/hour Hour m3 m3 m m Value 4 2 8 10 2x 2 x 2.0 2 x 2 x 2.5 Reinforce concrete
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j. Treated water storage tank Table 11. Specification of Treated water storage tank
No. 1 2 3 4 5 Parameter Design flowrate Q Hydraulic retention time (HRT) Volume Vworking Vtotal Dimension L x W x Hworking L x W x Htotal Material Unit m3/hour Hour m3 m3 m m Value 9 6 54 48 7.9 x 2.4 x 4.0 7.9 x 2.4 x 4.5 Reinforce concrete
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o Manufacture: Shun-Huei, Taiwan, Accessories: electric control panel, handrail, washing pump, compressor, recycle system, polymer solution tank, mixer, electric wire
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E. ODOR CONTROL SYSTEM All tanks have internal vent holes through the tank walls above water level and are vented into the same line to allow the excess air in the STP to absorber to remove odor before discharged. The odor control system consists of three parts: (1) deodorization column, (2) exhaust fan and, (3) chemical mixing tank. The chemical mixing tank contains NaOCl 10% solution for absorption process. The exhaust fan collects contaminated air from tanks and houses of the STP into the absorber. The air from these tanks has many components with various ratios, such as: CH4, H2S, CO2, H2O Polluted air stream enters the absorber from the bottom and passes upward through a wetted plastic packed bed. This packed bed in the odor control system has two functions: (i) lengthening the contact time between polluted air and deodorized solution, thus, the deodorization efficiency will be higher and, (ii) widespread distribution the solution from the top of the absorber. To treat foul gases in the inlet air stream, NaOCl is used as deodorized chemical. The liquid - NaOCl 10% solution enters the top of the column and is uniformly distributed over the column packing through spray nozzles.
Figure 2. Odor control system Sodium hypochloride is a pale greenish liquid also known as soda bleach or liquid bleach. As a powerful oxidative qualities and slight alkalinity, NaOCl is used to mitigate odor problems in wastewater collection and treatment facilities. NaOCl oxidizes pollutants in the air inlet stream to simpler compounds that have less uncomfortable smell. For example, with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - one of the most common causes of foul odor in wastewater, NaOCl oxidizes it into the last form sulfate ion H2SO4 as the following reaction:
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H2S + 4 NaOCl
4 NaCl + H2SO4
In this deodorization system, the NaOCl concentration is 10%. NaOCl is contained in chemical tank for stabilization concentration. When the odor treatment system works, NaOCl solution is pumped into the absorber and distributed by sprayers from top as droplets. After contacting and reacting with contaminated gases in the inlet air, the solution is collected at the bottom of the absorber. Then, it is circulated into the chemical tank for the next treatment circle. The outlet gas after treatment that is odorless goes to the atmosphere from the top of the absorber.
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F. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL The solid waste in Con Dao Resort should be separated into two main types (a) biodegradable waste including wasted food, vegetables, sludge from the STP and garden waste (b) nonbiodegradable wastes such as plastics, paper, plastic bottles and cans. Due to the fact that Con Dao has no sanitary landfill, all the solid waste must be reasonably treated on-site. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste shall be handled in two different ways. The biodegradable waste will be degraded in a anaerobic digester and the compost will be used as fertilizer for garden in the resort or selling to local farmers. The non-biodegradable waste will be separated into the following types: papers, plastic bags, plastic bottles, glasses and metal cans. Packaging machine will be used for compaction each waste. The compacted waste packages will be stored in the ware house and transported to the recycling facilities in the inland or Con Dao Island. The solid waste generation rate is about 1 kg/guest.day (chosen of generation rate based on Table 13) Thus, the maximum solid waste quantity is about: (24 villas+ 71 hotel rooms) x 2 guest/unit x 1 kg/guest.day = 190 kg/day. Assume solid waste contains 50% biodegradable waste. Therefore, the quantity of waste to be digested is approximately 100 kg/day. Sludge from the CSTP is around 180 kg/day. Total solid waste is 280 kg/day. Table 13 Municipal solid water generation in Viet Nam, 2003
Generation rate (kg/person.day) 0.7 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.3 % organic 55
60-55
Source: Urban data by consulting data group survey 2004.Rural data calculated using studies by NEA (2000) and Agriculture University No.1(2003)
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Sludge pump
Packaging
Ware house
Recycling facilities
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G. EQUIPMENT
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Description Macerator Submersible sludge pumps Submersible pump Submersible mixer Drive and mixer Air blowers Return flow pump Drive and mixer Location TK-101A TK-101A/B TK-102 TK-102 TK-201 TK-202 TK-202 TK-203 Tag number M-101 P-101A/B P-102A/B SM-102 M-201 A/B BL-202A/B P-202A/B M-203 A/B Brand Specification Quantity 1 2 2 2
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT Tsurumi Japan Tsurumi Japan Tsurumi Japan Sumitomo-japan Anlet Japan Ebara Italy Sumitomo-japan 0.75 KW, 3-ph.380V/50Hz 1.5 kW, 3-ph.380V/50Hz , Q = 10 3 m /h, H = 8m 0.4 kW, 2.8m3/min 0.75 kW, 380V/3phase/50Hz , Output Torque: 98.5 Nm, Output Speed: 58 RPM. Mixer and shaft: SUS 304 5.1 kW, Model: BE80E, 4.04m3/min, 50kPa, ANLET Roots type 0.75kW ,Q = 5 m3/h, H = 8m 0.75 kW, 380V/3phase/50Hz , Output Torque: 98.5 Nm, Output Speed: 58 RPM. Mixer and shaft: SUS 304 0.039 rpm, 0.2 kW SUS 304 1.1kW, Q = 8 m3/h, H = 10m 0.15kW, Q= 0-> 50l/h, H =10psi 0.75 kW, 380V/3phase/50Hz , Output Torque: 98.5 Nm, Output Speed: 58 RPM PE, V=200 L 0.4 kW, 2.8m /min
3
2
2 2
2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Gear motor of sludge scraper Sludge scraper Return sludge pump Chlorine dosing pump Chemical mixer: drive and mixer Chlorine tank Treated water pump Submersible mixer Air Diaphragm Pump
Sumitomo-japan Vietnam Ebara Italy Blue White-USA Sumitomo-japan Vietnam Tsurumi Japan Sandpiper - USA
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18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Fiter belt press Air compressor Polymer dosing pump Air Diaphragm Pump Polymer tank Deordorization column Air Diaphragm Pumps NaOCl tank Fan for Deodorization column Pick up hoods Sludge pump Grinder Mixer
TK-401 TK-401 TK-401 TK-401 TK-401 DC-500 DC-500 DC-500 DC-500 FP-401 TK-600 TK-600 TK-600
Shun Huei Puma - Taiwan Blue White-USA Sandpiper - USA Vietnam Vietnam Sandpiper - USA Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1
SOLID WASTE PROCESSING SP-600A/B Ebara Italy G-600 M-600 Vietnam Sumitomo-japan
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I. CONSTRUCTION WORKS
No. 1 2 3 Item Grease trap Septic tank Equalization tank Quantity 1 1 1 Specifications - HRT: 2h - Material: reinforced concrete - HRT: 24h - Material: reinforced concrete - Hydraulic retention time (HRT): 9.5 h. - Material: reinforced concrete - HRT: 2.33h - Material: reinforced concrete - HRT: 6.22 hours. - Material: reinforced concrete - HRT: 3.11 hours - Material: reinforced concrete - HRT: 2.64 hours - Overflow rate: 17 m3/m2.h. - Material: reinforced concrete - HRT: 1.77 hours - Material: reinforced concrete - HRT: 6 hours - Material: reinforced concrete - HRT: 1days - Material: reinforced concrete - Material: reinforced concrete And bricks Dimension - L x W x Htl= 2mx2mx2.5m - L x W x Htl = 15mx4mx4.0m - L x W x Htl = 6.2mx3.8mx4.5m - L x W x Htl = 3.8mx1.7mx4.5m - L x W x Htl = 4.2mx3.8mx4.5m - L x W x Htl = 3.8mx2.3mx4.5m - L x W x Htl = 3.8mx3.8mx4.5m - L x W x Htl = 4.2mx2.4mx2.5m - L x W x Htl = 7.9mx2.4mx4.5m - L x W x Htl = 8.1mx5.5x5.1m - L x W x Htl = 6.5m*5.5m*3.4m Volume, (Vtl) m3 10 246 106
4 5
2 1
29 72
6 7
1 1
31.5 65
8 9 10 11
Disinfection tank Treated wastewater storage tank Anaerobic sludge digester Control house
1 1 1 1
25.2 86 227
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No. 1 2 3 4
Equipment
Code
Specification 0.75 KW, 3ph.380V/50Hz 1.5 kW, 3-ph.380V/50Hz ( run in shifts), Q = 10 m3/h, H = 8m 0.4 kW, 2.8m3/min 0.75 kW, 380V/3phase/50Hz , Output Torque: 98.5 Nm, Output Speed: 58 RPM 5.1 kW, Model: BE80E, 4.04m3/min, 50kPa, ANLET Roots type 0.75kW , ( run in shifts), Q = 5 m3/h, H = 8m 0.75 kW, 380V/3phase/50Hz , Output Torque: 98.5 Nm, Output Speed: 58 RPM. Mixer and shaft: SUS 304 0.039 rpm, 0.2 kW 1.1kW, ( run in shifts), Q = 8 m3/h, H = 10m 0.15kW, ( run in shifts), Q= 0-> 50l/h, H =35m 0.75 kW, 380V/3phase/50Hz , Output Torque: 98.5 Nm,
Quantity 2 1 2 1
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT Submersible sludge P-100A/B pumps Submersible pump Submersible mixer Drive and mixer P-102A/B SM-102 M-201A/B BL202A/B P-202A/B
5 6
2 2
5.1 0.75
24 8
122.4 6
M-203 A/B
Sumitomo-japan
0.75
8 9 10 11
Gear motor of sludge scraper Return sludge pump ChlorineDosing pump Chemical mixer: drive and mixer
1 2 2 1
24 8 8 8
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12 13 14
1.1 kW, ( run in shifts), Q = 8m3/h, H = 20m 0.4 kW, 2.8m3/min 0.15kW, ( run in shifts), Q= 0-> 50l/h, H =35m 0.4kW, 380V/3phase/50Hz, Disposal capacity: 3080kg-D.S/hr, Fiter cloth width: 800mm 5.25kW, 8kg/cm2, 75l/ph, 160l
2 1 2
8 8 8
15
Fiter press
SP-401
Shun Huei
0.4
1.6
16
Air compressor
CR-401
Puma - Taiwan
5.25
4 Total
21 225.8
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Assuming electric tariff: 1,000 VND/kWh 225,80 kWh/day x 1,000 VND/kWh = 225,800 VND b. Chemical consumption rate
N0 1 2 Chemical Chlorine Polymer Total Consumption 1,2 kg 500 gram Unit price 30,000/kg 70,000/kg Total 36,000 35,000 71,000
c.
Labor cost
Salary: 50,000 VND/worker.day x 2 workers = 100,000 VND/day Total cost (Total A): 225,800 + 71,000 + 100,000 = 396,800 VND/day Operation cost for 1 m3 treated wastewater: 396,800/180 = 2,200 VND /m3 2. Odor control system (B) a. Electric consumption rate
Motor capacity (kW) 5.25 Operation time (hr/day) 8 Power consumption (kWh/day) 42
No. 1 2
Specification 5.25kW
Quantity 1
Total
42
b. Chemical consumption
N0 1 Chemical NaOCl Total Consumption 3 kg Unit price 15,000/kg Total 45,000 45,000
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Assuming electric tariff is: 1,000 VND/ kWh 27 kW.h/day x 1000 VND/kWh =27,000 VND Total cost ( Total C): 27,000 VND/day b. Chemical consumption
N0 1 Chemical C-polymer Total Consumption 1 kg Unit price 30,000/kg Total 30,000 30,000
Total C = 27,000 + 30,000 = 57,000 VND Total operation cost = Total A + Total B + Total C = 225,800 VND/day + 87,000 VND/day + 57,000 VND/day = 369,800 VND/day
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