CCNA & Basic Networking

{Basics Q & A {Switching

?What is unicast and how does it work (1 Unicast is a one-to-one transmission method. A single frame is sent from the ** source to a destination on a network. When this frame is received by the switch, the frame is sent on to the network, and the network passes the frame to its destination .from the source to a specific destination on a network ?What is multicast and how does it work (2 Multicast is a one-to-many transmission method. A single frame is sent from the ** source to multiple destinations on a network using a multicast address. When this frame is received by the switch, the frame is sent on to the network and the network .passes the frame to its intended destination group ?What is broadcast and how does it work :3 Broadcast is a one-to-all transmission method. A single frame is sent from the ** source to a destination on a network using a multicast address. When this frame is received by the switch, the frame is sent on to the network. The network passes the frame to all nodes in the destination network from the source to an unknown destination on a network using a broadcast address. When the switch receives this frame, the frame is sent on to all the networks, and the networks pass the frame on to .all the nodes. If it reaches a router, the broadcast frame is dropped ?What is fragmentation :4 Fragmentation in a network is the breaking down of a data packet into smaller ** .pieces to accommodate the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the network ?What is MTU? What's the MTU for traditional Ethernet:5 MTU is the acronym for maximum transmission unit and is the largest frame size ** that can be transmitted over a network. Messages longer than the MTU must be divided into smaller frames. The network layer (Layer 3) protocol determines the MTU from the data link layer (Layer 2) protocol and fragments the messages into the appropriate frame size, making the frames available to the lower layer for .transmission without further fragmentation. The MTU for Ethernet is 1518 bytes ?What is a MAC address :6 A MAC address is the physical address of a network device and is 48 bits (6 bytes) ** .long. MAC addresses are also known as physical addresses or hardware addresses What is the difference between a runt and a giant, specific to traditional (7 ?Ethernet

In Ethernet a runt is a frame that is less than 64 bytes in length, and a giant is a ** frame that is greater than 1518 bytes in length. Giants are frames that are greater than .the MTU used, which might not always be 1518 bytes ?What is the difference between store-and-forward and cut-through switching :8 Cut-through switching examines just the frame header, determining the output ** switch port through which the frame will be forwarded. Store-and-forward examines the entire frame, header and data payload, for errors. If the frame is error free, it is forwarded out its destination switch port interface. If the frame has errors, the switch drops the frame from its buffers. This is also known as discarding the frame to the bit .bucket ?What is the difference between Layer 2 switching and Layer 3 switching :9 Layer 2 switches make their forwarding decisions based on the Layer 2 (data link) * * address, such as the MAC address. Layer 3 switches make their forwarding decisions .based on the Layer 3 (network) address ?What is the difference between Layer 3 switching and routing :10 The difference between Layer 3 switching and routing is that Layer 3 switches ** have hardware to pass data traffic as fast as Layer 2 switches. However, Layer 3 switches make decisions regarding how to transmit traffic at Layer 3 in the same way as a router. A Layer 3 switch cannot use WAN circuits or use routing protocols; a router is still required for these functions

?What is the definition of a network :1 A network is a system of lines or channels that cross or interconnect, or a group or ** system of electrical components and connecting circuitry designed to function in a .specific manner ?What are network models :2 Network models provide the guiding principles behind the development of ** .network standards ?What is a network standard, and why are there network standards :3 Network standards define the rules of network communication and are like laws ** .that must be followed for different equipment vendors to work together ?What is a proprietary feature :4 If a vendor implements a feature that does not adhere to any network standards, it ** .is called a proprietary feature ?What are the three data transmission modes, and how do they operate :5 Simplex mode, half-duplex mode, and full-duplex mode. Simplex mode is one- ** way communication only. Half-duplex mode is two-way communication, but not at .the same time. Full-duplex mode is simultaneous two-way communication .List the major characteristics of a LAN :6 The primary characteristic of a LAN is its geographic coverage. LANs are found in ** a small geographic area where there is a short distance between connected computers, as in small offices or on each floor of a larger office building. LANs enable the sharing of office resources, such as file servers for file sharing among users or print .servers for shared printers .List the major characteristics of a MAN :7 MANs are found in a metropolitan, or citywide, geographic area, interconnecting ** two or more office buildings in a broader geographic region than a LAN would .support, but not so broad that a WAN would be required .List the major characteristics of a WAN :8 WANS are found in broad geographic areas, often spanning states and countries, ** .and are used to connect LANs and WANs together ?What are the three parts of a frame? What is a function of each part :9 Header, data (or payload), trailer. The header is the beginning of the frame, ** significant in that the frame's source and destination are found in the frame header. The payload is the data part of the frame, the user's information. The trailer identifies .the end of the frame

?What function in a network does cabling provide :10 .Cabling provides the physical interconnection between network devices and nodes ** .List some examples of user data :11 Examples of user data include e-mail, web-browsing traffic, word-processed ** .documents, spreadsheets, database updates ?What is the best definition of network topology :12 Network topology refers to the physical or logical geometric arrangement of ** .interconnected network devices ?What is the best definition of network protocol :13 A network protocol is the communication rules and formats followed by all ** .interconnected devices on a network requiring communication with one another ?What is the definition of network media :14 Network media refers to the physical component of a network. Communication ** signals traverse network media from source to destination. Some examples of network .media are copper and fiber-optic cabling ?What is a network origination point :15 A network connection has two ends: the origination and termination points. The ** origination point is the source of the datathe location from which the data is being .sent ?What is a network termination point :16 A network connection has two ends: the origination and termination points. The ** termination point is the destination of the datathe location to which the data is being .sent