Chapter 1:

Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 2
The objective of this course is to extend thermodynamic
analysis through study of the modes of heat transfer and
through development of relations to calculate heat transfer
rates.
What is heat transfer?
Heat transfer (or heat) is thermal energy in transit
due to a temperature difference.
How is heat transferred?
Whenever there exists a temperature difference in a
medium or between media, heat transfer must occur.
Why is it important?
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 3
How is heat transferred?
Different types of heat transfer processes are called
modes.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 4
Conduction: heat transfer in a stationary
medium, which may be a solid or a fluid (gas
or liquid), when a temperature gradient exists.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 5
Convection: heat transfer that will occur
between a surface and a moving fluid when
they are at different temperatures.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 6
Radiation: Energy that is emitted by matter due
to changes in the electron configurations of its
atoms or molecules and is transported as
electromagnetic waves (or photons).
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 7
Conduction and convection require the presence of
temperature variations in a material medium.
Although radiation originates from matter, its
transport does not require a material medium and
occurs most efficiently in a vacuum.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 8
Conduction Heat transfer
Conduction may be viewed as the transfer of energy
from the more energetic to the less energetic particles
of a substance due to interactions between the
particles.
Conduction
Atomic
&
Molecular activity
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 9
depends on:
c Geometry (A)
d Thickness (Ax)
e Material
f Temperature difference.
x
q
The rate equation for heat conduction
is known as Fourier's law.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 10
Fouriers law of heat conduction (1-D)
Where
K = the thermal conductivity of the material (W/m.K)
A = Cross sectional area
dT/dx = Temperature gradient
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 11
The heat flux
the heat transfer rate in the x-direction per unit area
perpendicular to the direction of transfer.
It is proportional to the temperature gradient, dT/dx, in this
direction
The minus sign heat is transferred in the direction
of decreasing temperature.
''
x
q
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 12
Under the steadystate conditions, where the
temperature distribution is linear, the
temperature gradient may be expressed as
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 13
Example 1-1 (Cengel 1-5)
The roof of an electrically heated home is 6 m long, 8 m
wide and 0.25 m thick, and is made of flat layer of
concrete whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.8 W/m.C.
On a certain winter night, the temperature of the inner
and the outer surfaces of the roof are measured to be
about 15C and 4C, respectively, for a period of 10
hours. Determine:
a) The rate of heat loss through the roof that night.
b) The cost of that heat loss to the home owner if
the cost of electricity is $0.08/kWh.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 14
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 15
Convection: Heat transfer process that is
executed by the flow of fluid.
Comprised of two mechanisms:
energy is transferred due to random molecular
motion (diffusion)
energy is also transferred by the bulk, or
macroscopic, motion of the fluid.
Convection Heat transfer
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 16
Fluid-surface interaction hydrodynamic (or
velocity) boundary layer.
Different surface and flow temperatures thermal
boundary layer
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 17
Sensible heat (sensible energy): The energy
that is being transferred due to the combined
effects of conduction and bulk fluid motion.
Latent heat (latent energy): The energy that is
associated with a phase change between the
liquid and vapor states of the fluid.
Boiling
Condensation
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 18
Classification of Convection heat transfer?
Forced convection: when the flow is caused by
external means, such as by a fan, a pump, or
atmospheric winds.
Free (or natural) convection: the flow is induced
by buoyancy forces, which arise from density
differences caused by temperature variations in the
fluid.
Mixed (combined) forced and natural convection
may exist.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 19
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 20
Newtons law of cooling
Any study of convection ultimately reduces to a
study of the means by which h may be determined.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 21
Example 1-2 (cengel 1-8)
A 2-m long, 0.3-cm diameter electrical wire extends
across a room at 15C. Heat is generated in the wire as
a result of resistance heating and the surface
temperature of the wire is measured to be 152C in
steady operation. Also, the voltage drop and electric
current through the wire are measured to be 60 V and
1.5 A, respectively. Disregarding any heat transfer by
radiation, determine the convection heat transfer
coefficient for heat transfer between the outer surface of
the wire and the air in the room.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 22
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 23
Thermal radiation: energy emitted by matter that is at
a finite temperature.
Radiation Heat transfer
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 24
May occur from solids, liquids and gases.
Transported by electromagnetic waves (or
alternatively, photons).
Very fast (Speed of light)
Do not require the presence of a material
medium. In fact, radiation transfer occurs most
efficiently in a vacuum.
The rate at which energy is released per unit
area (W/m
2
) is termed the surface emissive
power E.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 25
The maximum rate of radiation that can be
emitted from a surface is prescribed by the
Stefan-Boltzmann law:
o = Stefan-Boltzman Constant
= 5.67 10
-8
W/m
2
K
4
Black body (ideal thermal radiation)
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 26
The heat flux emitted by a real surface
c = emissivity of the surface 0 s c s 1
= How efficiently a surface emits energy
relative to a black body
c depends strongly on the surface material and finish.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 27
Irradiation, G
The rate at which radiation is incident on a unit area of the
surface called irradiation G.
Absorptivity, o
The fraction of the radiation energy incident on a surface
that is absorbed by the surface.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 28
The rate at which radiant energy is absorbed
per unit surface area
If o < 1 and the surface is opaque (nontransparent)
portions of the irradiation are reflected.
If the surface is semitransparent, portions of the irradiation
may also be transmitted.
Absorbed and emitted radiation increase and reduce,
respectively, the thermal energy of matter (internal energy).
Reflected and transmitted radiation have no effect on the
thermal energy of matter (internal energy).
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 29
Heat transfer at a gas/surface interface

' '

' '
conv
abs
q
G
E
q
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 30
Energy outflow due to emission
( )
if .
s
T T

=
( )
emissiv : Surface 0 ity 1 c c s s
blackbody : Emissive power of a (the perfect emit r) te
b
E
( )
2
Emissive powe : r W/m E
( )
-8 2 4
: Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.6710 W/m K o
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 31
Energy absorption due to irradiation
( )
if .
s
T T

=
2
: incident Absorbed radiatio (W ) n /m
abs
G
( )
absorpti : Surfa vity ce 0 1 o o s s
( )
2
Irradiation : W/m G
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 32
Radiation exchange between a small surface at T
s
and
a much larger, isothermal surface, T
sur
that
completely surrounds the smaller one,
The irradiation may be approximated by emission from a
blackbody at T
sur
, in which case
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 33
Assuming o=c (a gray surface), the net rate of
radiation heat transfer from the surface, expressed per
unit area of the surface, is
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 34
Sometimes, it is convenient to express the net
radiation heat exchange in the form:
where
h
r
the radiation heat transfer coefficient
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 35
Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms
A medium may involve two simultaneous heat
transfer mechanisms (convection fluids &
radiation)
We cannot have conduction & convection
Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 36
Example 1-3
Two infinite black plates at 800 and 300C
exchange heat by radiation. Calculate the heat
transfer per unit area.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 37
Example 1-4 (Holman)
A horizontal steel pipe having a diameter of 5-
cm is maintained at a temperature of 50C in a
large room where the air and wall temperatures
are 20C. The surface emissivity of the steel
may be taken as 0.8, while the estimate heat
transfer coefficient for free convection with this
geometry and air is 6.5 W/m
2
.C. Calculate the
total heat lost by the pipe per unit length.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 38
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 39
Thermodynamics
Concerned with the heat interaction and the vital role it
plays in the first and second laws.
Do not consider the mechanisms that provide for heat
exchange nor the methods that exist for computing the rate
of heat exchange.
Concerned with equilibrium states of matter (an
equilibrium state necessarily rules out the existence of a
temperature gradient.)
Does not acknowledge that heat transfer is inherently a
nonequilibrium process.
Relationship to Thermodynamics
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 40
Heat transfer
Seeks to quantify the rate at which heat transfer
occurs in terms of the degree of thermal
nonequilibrium.
Relationship to Thermodynamics
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 41
The Conservation of Energy Requirements
Control Volume Energy Balance
Control volume a region of space bounded by a control
surface through which energy and matter (mass) may pass.
generation energy Thermal E
g

stored energy total in the change of Rate E

st

surface control ough the nsport thr energy tra of Rate E , E

out in


Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 42
E
in
, E
out
surface phenomenon
E
g
, E
st
volumetric phenomenon
E
g
is associated with conversion from some other
energy form (chemical, electrical, electromagnetic,
or nuclear) to thermal energy.
E
st
changes within the control volume may be due to
changes in the internal, kinetic, and/or potential
energies of its contents.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 43
Sensible: accounts for the translational,
rotational, and/or vibrational motion of the
atoms/molecules comprising the matter.
Latent: which relates to intermolecular forces
influencing phase change between solid,
liquid, and vapor states.
Chemical: which accounts for energy stored in
the chemical bonds between atoms.
Nuclear: which accounts for binding forces in
the nucleus.
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 44
Sensible Internal Energy, (CO
2
)
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 45
At an Instant (t)
Over a Time Interval (At)
Control Volume Energy Balance
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 46
Surface Energy Balance
No E
g
& E
st
Chapter 1: Introduction ME 421 Heat Transfer . 47
READ 7(;7
1-3-3 APPLICATION OF THE CONSERVATION
LAWS: METHODOLOGY
1-4 ANALYSIS OF HEAT TRANSFER
PROBLEMS: METHODOLOGY
1-5 RELEVENCE OF HEAT TRANSFER
1-6 UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
End Of
Chapter 1