International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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ISSN 0976 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), pp. 94-107 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.html Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.1861 (Calculated by GISI)
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EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRES ON THE STRENGTH AND BEHAVIOUR OF SELF COMPACTING RUBBERISED CONCRETE
N.Ganesan*, Bharati Raj, A.P.Shashikala & Nandini S.Nair Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India-673601 *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail Id: ganesan@nitc.ac.in Contact of other authors: bharatiraj83@gmail.com, apska@nitc.ac.in , nandinisadasivannair8@gmail.com ABSTRACT The concepts of sustainability and sustainable development are receiving greater attention nowadays as the causes of global warming and climatic change are discussed in various forums. Since, concrete is the most widely used construction material on earth, sustainable technologies for concrete construction allow for reduced cost, conservation of resources, utilization of waste materials and the development of eco-friendly durable concrete. Considering the above aspects, a cementitious composite known as Self Compacting Rubberised Concrete (SCRC) was developed by adding scrap rubber to Self Compacting Concrete (SCC). The investigations on the engineering properties of SCRC revealed that there is a systematic reduction in compressive, tensile and flexural strength of SCC on addition of scrap rubber. In order to improve the foresaid engineering properties of SCRC, steel fibres were added to the composite and the properties of Steel Fibre Reinforced Self Compacting Rubberised Concrete (SFRSCRC) were evaluated. Also, a general regression equation correlating various engineering properties of the composite was developed. Keywords: brittleness, compressive strength, elasticity, flexural strength, rubber, self compacting concrete, steel fibres 1. Introduction The problem of waste accumulation exists worldwide, specifically in the densely populated areas. Most of the non-degradable waste materials are left as stockpiles, used as landfill material or illegally dumped in selected areas. Large quantities of this waste cannot be eliminated. However, the environmental impact can be reduced by making more sustainable use of this waste [1]. Researches into new and innovative uses of waste materials are continuously advancing. These research efforts try to match societys need for safe and economic disposal of waste materials. The disposal of used tyres is a major environmental problem causing environmental hazards throughout the world. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify alternative outlets for

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

these tyres, with the emphasis on recycling the waste tyres. The reuse of waste tyre rubber in the production of concrete, where tyre rubber can be used as a partial replacement to natural aggregates is an emerging field in this context. The use of rubber aggregates saves natural resources and dumping spaces, and helps to maintain a clean environment. Hence, over the past few years, various researches have been focused on the use of waste tyres in different shapes and sizes in concrete [2]. Preliminary studies show that workable Rubberised Portland Cement Concrete (Rubcrete) mixtures can be made provided that appropriate percentages of tyre rubber are used in such mixtures [3]. The development of Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) with the unique property of flowing under its own weight by Okamura (1988) [4,5] was with the prime aim of solving the problem of honeycombing and giving better finishes to structures [6], especially where congestion of reinforcement occurs. One of the innovations in Self Compacting Concrete technology was the replacement of aggregates using waste materials like rice husk ash, marble dust, recycled aggregates, silica dust, scrap rubber, glass aggregates, etc to produce sustainable concretes due to their superior structural performance, environmental friendliness and low impact on energy utilization [7]. The possibility of developing SCC incorporating rubber aggregates was a novel approach to combine the advantages of both SCC and Rubberised concrete. Self Compacting Rubberised Concrete (SCRC) requires slightly higher amount of super plasticizer than conventional SCC having the same water/powder ratios to attain the required selfcompacting properties [8]. Even though this seemed to be a promising technology in controlling the microstructure of concrete to obtain more versatile and innovative mechanical behavior, very few studies have been carried out so far on Self Compacting Rubberised Concrete [3, 8-11]. Studies have revealed that the addition of steel fibres improves the engineering properties of concrete like ductility, post crack resistance, energy absorption capacity etc. Inclusion of steel fibres imparts pseudo-ductility to brittle concrete with a significant increase in the tensile strain capacity which increases the flexural strength, cracking resistance and toughness characteristics [12, 13]. These properties are highly required for the structures in the present scenario of frequently occurring earthquakes. However, no attempts have been made so far to evaluate the effect of addition of steel fibres to Self Compacting Rubberised Concrete. This paper focuses on the feasibility of adding steel fibres to Self Compacting Rubberised Concrete. An attempt has been made to critically examine the engineering properties of SFRSCRC mixtures, such as self compactability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and brittleness index. 2.1 Material The materials used in this study include: (i) Ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS: 12269-1987[13] (ii) Fly ash with a normal consistency of 45% obtained from Neyveli Lignite Power Plant and conforms to Type F as per ASTM C618 [14] (iii) River sand passing through 4.75mm IS sieve conforming to grading zone II of IS: 383-1970 [15] having specific gravity of 2.54 (iv) Coarse aggregate with a maximum size of 12mm and having a specific gravity of 2.77 (v) Shredded scrap rubber with a maximum size of 4.75mm (vi) Crimped steel fibres having 0.45mm diameter and aspect ratio of 66

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

2.2 Mix design for Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) The mix design based on the method proposed by Nan et.al [16] which, gives an indication of the target strength after 28 days of curing, was carried out for obtaining concrete compressive strengths of 20, 30, 40 and 50MPa. The water powder ratio (w/p) was varied so as to obtain SCC mixes of various strengths and the mixes were checked for self compactability as per the EFNARC [17] acceptance criteria for SCC. Naphthalene based super plasticiser Structuro 201 and viscosity modifying admixture (VMA) Calcium Sulphate dihydrate were added to impart better workability and viscosity to the mix in order to avoid segregation. Table 1 gives the details of the mix proportions of SCC. 2.3 Self Compacting Rubberised Concrete (SCRC) Fine rubber was obtained by crushing the worn out tyres accumulated in the rubber waste industry and sieved to get rubber particles with a maximum size of 4.75mm. The specific gravity of fine rubber, thus obtained, was 1.14. In Self Compacting Rubberised Concrete (SCRC), the fine aggregate was partially replaced by fine rubber and the percentage volume of replacement (Rr) was 15%. When fine aggregate was replaced with fine rubber, the mix was found to be less workable and hence, the quantity of super plasticiser was increased, so that the mixes satisfy the acceptance criteria of SCC. The viscosity modifying admixture was also added at the rate of 0.01% of the water content for imparting better workability and viscosity to the mixes and to avoid segregation. The details of the constituents of the mix are given in Table.1. The self compactability of the mixes was checked by Flow test, V-funnel test and L-Box test. Cube specimens of 150mm size were cast for the SCC and SCRC mixes and tested for the 7 and 28 day compressive strengths. The fresh and hardened properties of the mixes are given in Table.2.

Table 1 Mix proportion for SCC & SCRC

Rr (%) Cement (kg/m3) Fly ash (kg/m3) Fine Agg. (kg/m3) 887.00 753.95 887.00 753.95 887.00 753.95 887.00 753.95 Coarse Agg. (kg/m3) 710 710 710 710 710 710 710 710 Scrap Rubber (kg/m3) 133.05 133.05 133.05 133.05 Super plasticiser (% of powder content) 0.50 0.58 1.00 1.26 1.30 1.39 1.60 1.66 VMA (kg/m3) Water (kg/m3)

Designation

w/p

SCC 20 SCRC 20 SCC 30 SCRC 30 SCC 40 SCRC 40 SCC 50 SCRC 50

0 15 0 15 0 15 0 15

196 196 267 267 339 339 410 410

211 211 161 161 130 130 112 112

0.098 0.134 0.542 0.533

0.50 0.51 0.49 0.50 0.44 0.44 0.37 0.38

202.00 207.57 209.00 214.00 205.00 206.36 193.00 198.36

Table 2 Self compactability of SCC and SCRC mixes Compressive Strength Flow V-funnel L-box (MPa) Designation (mm) time (s) (mm) 7-days 28-days SCC 20 754 7.0 0.86 13.91 27.56

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SCRC 20 SCC 30 SCRC 30 SCC 40 SCRC 40 SCC 50 SCRC 50

740 750 735 735 720 723 710

9.0 8.0 10.0 9.0 11.0 10.5 11.5

0.84 0.86 0.84 0.87 0.85 0.89 0.87

10.17 25.60 15.55 30.00 20.85 37.50 26.26

19.56 37.50 29.90 53.50 40.10 62.00 50.50

2.4 Steel Fibre Reinforced Self Compacting Rubberised Concrete (SFRSCRC) Steel Fibre Reinforced Self Compacting Rubberised Concrete (SFRSCRC) was obtained by adding crimped steel fibres having diameter 0.45mm, length 30mm (aspect ratio 66) and ultimate tensile strength of 800MPa at volume fractions (Vf) of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1% to the SCRC mixes. Table.3 shows the mix proportions for the SFRSCRC mixes. Table 3 Mix proportion for SFRSCRC
Design Strength (MPa) Vf (%) 0.25 20 0.50 0.75 1 0.25 30 0.50 0.75 1 0.25 40 0.50 0.75 1 0.25 50 0.50 0.75 1 Cement (kg/m3) 196 196 196 196 267 267 267 267 339 339 339 339 410 410 410 410 Fly ash (kg/m3) 211 211 211 211 161 161 161 161 130 130 130 130 112 112 112 112 Fine Agg. (kg/m3) 753.95 753.95 753.95 753.95 753.95 753.95 753.95 753.95 753.95 753.95 753.95 753.95 753.95 753.95 753.95 753.95 Coarse Agg. (kg/m3) 710 710 710 710 710 710 710 710 710 710 710 710 710 710 710 710 Scrap Rubber (kg/m3) 133.05 133.05 133.05 133.05 133.05 133.05 133.05 133.05 133.05 133.05 133.05 133.05 133.05 133.05 133.05 133.05 Steel fibres (kg/m3) 19.625 39.250 58.875 78.500 19.625 39.250 58.875 78.500 19.625 39.250 58.875 78.500 19.625 39.250 58.875 78.500 Super plasticizer (% of powder content) 0.58 0.60 0.61 0.65 1.30 1.31 1.36 1.40 1.40 1.43 1.45 1.49 1.70 1.74 1.75 1.79 VMA (kg/m3) 0.098 0.098 0.098 0.098 0.134 0.134 0.134 0.134 0.542 0.542 0.542 0.542 0.533 0.533 0.533 0.533 w/p Water (kg/m3) 207.57 207.57 207.57 207.57 214.00 214.00 214.00 214.00 206.36 206.36 206.36 206.36 198.36 198.36 198.36 198.36

0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38

The following specimens were cast and tested for each mix to obtain the engineering properties. (i) 6 cube specimens of 150mm size to determine the unit weight and 28 day compressive strength (ii) 18 cylindrical specimens of 150mm and 300mm height for the split tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and brittleness index

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(iii) 6 prisms of 100 x 100 x 500mm for the modulus of rupture 3. Test Results and Discussions 3.1 Engineering properties of SCRC [19] The weights of SCC and SCRC cube specimens were obtained and the density was determined. From Fig.1, it can be seen that the average density of SCRC was 14% , the lesser than that of conventional concrete and self compacting concrete. The density of lightweight concrete can vary between 1200 to 2000kg/m3 compared to the normal ightweight density range of 2300 to 2500kg/m3. Hence, the self compacting concrete with fine rubber replacements of 15% of the fine aggregate volume can be considered equivalent to lightweight concrete.
2500

Density (kg/m3)

2000 1500 1000 500 0

Mix Details

Fig 1 Density of SCC and SCRC specimens

Compressive Strength (MPa)
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Mix Details

Fig 2 Compressive strength of SCC and SCRC specimens The compressive strength of SCC and SCRC cube specimens are shown in Fig.2. It may be seen that, a decrease in compressive strength is observed for self compacting rubberised composites in comparison with the control specimens. The average reduction in compressive strength was found to be 23% for a rubber content of 15%. One of the possible reasons for this compressive strength reduction may be the weak

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July December (2012), IAEME July-

interface or the transition zone of the rubberised mortar and the conventional coarse aggregates. These weak interfaces will act as the originators of micro cracks which eventually grow to macro size leading to failure under compression. ventually Split tensile strength test was carried out on cylindrical specimens placed horizontally between the loading surfaces of the compression testing machine. The load was applied until failure of the cylinder along the vertical diameter was observed. The results of split tensile strength are given in Fig.3. Although the variation of split tensile nsile Fig. . strength of SCRC is similar to that of the compressive strength, the rate of reduction in split tensile strength is very much lower when compared to the compressive strength ile mainly due to the ease with which the cracks can propagate under tensile loads. An average reduction of 12 to 16% was observed in the split strength for SCRC specimens. The decrease in split strength of SCRC could be attributed to the same factors that reduced the compressive strength.
Split Tensile Strength (MPa)
5 4 3 2 1 0

Mix Details

Fig 3 Split Tensile strength of SCC and SCRC specimens

Modulus of Rupture (MPa)
5 4 3 2 1 0

Mix Details

Fig 4 Modulus of rupture of SCC and SCRC specimens Modulus of rupture (extreme fibre stress in bending) was found out by testing prisms d under third-point loading. The flexural strength of the specimen was observed to be in point the range of 2.8 to 4.4N/mm2 for self compacting rubberised concrete as indicated in ed Fig.4. The variation in modulus of rupture of Rubberised SCC is almost similar to that .

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July December (2012), IAEME July-

of its split tensile strength. The strength in flexure increased with increase in the compressive strength of concrete, but at a very slow rate. It can be seen from Fig.5 that the elastic modulus increased with decrease in water at waterpowder ratio, but, followed a decreasing pattern when scrap rubber was added. The elastic modulus of SCRC was found to be lesser than the control specimens by 19%. This reduction in the elastic modulus could be due to the reduced compressive strength modulus of the composite encountered owing to the relatively low specific gravity and modulus of rubber particles.
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa)
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Mix Details

Fig 5 Modulus of elasticity of SCC and SCRC specimens

2.5

Brittleness Index

2 1.5 1 0.5 0

Mix Details

Fig 6 Brittleness Index of SCC and SCRC specimens Brittleness Index of a concrete specimen in compression is defined as the ratio of 80 100% of the elastic deformation energy to irreversible deformation energy corresponding to the pre peak point of the stress-strain curve [20]. The standard stress ]. cylindrical specimens were loaded up to 80% of the ultimate load carrying capacity, unloaded and then reloaded under compression. The brittleness index was calculated based on the stress-strain hysteresis loops thus obtained and are indicated in Fig.6. strain ob d Fig. Lower values of brittleness index indicate higher ductile deformation of the material.

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

The addition of scrap rubber in concrete reduces the brittleness index values and improves the ductility of concrete, thus, enabling a transition from a brittle material to a ductile one. This is due to the better energy absorption capacity of rubber, which leads to plastic deformations at the time of fracture. The concrete ductility was enhanced by about 31% for SCRC specimens. 3.2 Fresh properties of SFRSCRC Table.4 shows the variation of self compactability of SFRSCRC mixes with increase in the volume fraction of steel fibre. From the table, it may be noted that the increase in fibre content caused a gradual reduction of about 7% in the values of slump flow when compared to SCRC, irrespective of the strength of concrete. Beyond a fibre volume fraction of 0.5%, the deformability of the mix in terms of the flow value was found to decrease rapidly. The V-funnel time for SFRSCRC was almost same as that of SCRC up to 0.5% volume fraction of steel fibres. Beyond 0.5%, the V-funnel time was 11% higher than SCRC which sheds light on the enhanced apparent viscosity (resistance to flow) of SFRSCRC. However, all the reported values were within the desirable limits. The L-box values recorded from the test are given in the table, which indicates that the passing ability ratio increased with increase in concrete strength while it followed a decreasing trend with increasing fibre content, irrespective of the compressive strength. Table 4 Variation of self compactability with steel fibres Design Strength (MPa) Vf (%) 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50 Flow value (mm) 680 678 684 688 675 667 665 660 655 653 678 664 650 680 668 656 V-Funnel time (sec) 9 9 11 11 10 11 12 10 11 12 11 12 13 11 12 13 L-box value (mm) 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.82 0.80 0.78

3.3 Hardened properties of SFRSCRC 3.3.1 Density The weight of SFRSCRC cube specimens was measured and the density was determined. The variation of density with the increasing fibre volume is given in Fig.7. It was found that the density of the specimens increased with increase in fibre content. The density of SFRSCRC is seen to fall in the range of 2000 to 2188kg/m3. Even though the density was slightly higher for SFRSCRC specimens than SCRC, it was lesser when compared to the density of SCC and conventional concrete which ranges between 2300 to 2500 kg/m3.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July December (2012), IAEME July2300 2200

Density (kg/m3)

2100 2000 SCRC 20 1900 1800 1700 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 SCRC 30 SCRC 40 SCRC 50

Fibre content

Fig 7 Variation of density with fibre content 3.3.2 Compressive Strength The variation of compressive strength with volume fraction of fibres is given in Fig.8 fra Fig.8. An increase in compressive strength can be observed for SFRSCRC specimens up to a volume fraction of 0.75%. At higher values of Vf, i.e., at 1%, in fact reduction in . compressive strength was noted. The reduction in compressive strength due to the addition of scrap rubber was countered by the enhanced binding property in the presence of fibres. The average increase in the compressive strength for all grades was around 3.6%, 9.5% and 6.6% for fibre contents of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% respectively. 0.5 For a volume fraction of 1%, the compressive strength was found to decrease by an average of 16%. This decrease in the strength may be attributed to the increase of entrapped air content when fibres are added. The fibre content slightly increases the added compressive strength if it does not change the air content, while the presence of air content leads to a decrease in the compressive strength. According to Aitcin and Lessard [21], an increase of 1% in the air content in High Performance Con , Concrete can reduce the compressive strength by 4%. The compressive strength was found to be most acceptable for volume fraction of 0.5%.
Compressive Strength (MPa)
60 50 40 30 20 SCRC 40 10 0 0 0.25 0.5 Fibre content 0.75 1 SCRC 50 SCRC 20 SCRC 30

Fig 8 Variation of compressive strength with fibre content

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

3.3.3 Split Tensile Strength The variation of split tensile strength with fibre content is shown in Fig.9. The split tensile strength was found to increase with increase in fibre volume fraction. The average increase in split tensile strengths for all grades was found to be around 1.2%, 4.7% 3.1% and 1.5% for fibre contents of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1% respectively.
Split Tensile Strength (MPa) 5 4.5 4 3.5 SCRC 20 3 2.5 2 0 0.25 0.5 Fibre content 0.75 1 SCRC 30 SCRC 40 SCRC 50

Fig 9 Variation of split tensile strength with fibre content 3.3.4 Modulus of Rupture Fig.10 shows the variation of flexural strength with fibre volume fraction. It can be seen that the flexural strength increased with increase in fibre volume fraction for all grades of concrete. The average increase in modulus of rupture for all grades was found to be around 3.2%, 4.9%, 3.3% and 1.7% for fibre contents of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1% respectively. The flexural strength was found to increase with increasing fibre content, despite the decrease in compressive strength. This increase in the rupture modulus may be attributed to the improvement of fibre-matrix interfacial bond.
5 Modulus of ruptue (MPa) 4.5 4 3.5 3 SCRC 40 2.5 2 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 SCRC 50 SCRC 20 SCRC 30

Fibre content

Fig 10 Variation of modulus of rupture with fibre content 3.3.5 Modulus of Elasticity Modulus of elasticity is the most important parameter that represents the elastic properties of concrete and depends mainly on the property of the paste and the
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stiffness of the aggregates used. It can be seen from Fig.11 that the elastic modulus increased with decrease in water-powder ratio, and also followed an increasing pattern with higher fibre volume fractions. The elastic modulus of SFRSCRC was found to be about 10% higher than that of SCRC. This increase in modulus of elasticity may be due to the high modulus of elasticity of steel fibres. The bridging action of steel fibres prevents the micro cracks from joining and thus arrests the sudden loss of strength.
35 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 30 25 20 15 10 5 SCRC 50 0 0 0.25 0.5 Fibre content 0.75 1 SCRC 20 SCRC 30 SCRC 40

Fig 11 Variation of modulus of elasticity with fibre content 3.3.6 Brittleness Index From the variation of brittleness index with fibre content shown in Fig.12, it can be noted that the brittleness index of SFRSCRC is about 4% less when compared to SCRC. The decrease in brittleness index was notable at fibre volume fraction of 0.5%. When compared to the SCC specimens, SFRSCRC showed an average decrease of 26% in brittleness index, which highlights the more ductile nature of rubberised composites with steel fibres.
1.8 Brittleness Index 1.6 1.4 1.2 SCRC 20 1 0.8 0.6 0 0.25 0.5 Fibre content 0.75 1 SCRC 30 SCRC 40 SCRC 50

Fig 12 Variation of brittleness index with fibre content

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4. Correlation of engineering properties of SFRSCRC with the compressive strength The split tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and the brittleness index of Steel Fibre Reinforced Self Compacting Rubberised Concrete could be expressed in terms of its compressive strength. A correlation equation of the general form: = (1) has been formulated for all the engineering properties, where represents the compressive strength of the mix and is a constant. Y represents the engineering property of SFRSCRC. The equations have correlation coefficients of 80% as shown in Fig.13. From the figures, it could be noted that as the compressive strength increases, the engineering properties of Steel Fibre Reinforced Rubberised Composites increases at a slow rate.
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa)

35
Split Tensile Strength (MPa)

5 4 3 2 1 0 0 20 40 60 Compressive Strength (MPa) 0 20 40 60 Compressive Strength (MPa) STS = 0.67* (CS)0.5 R = 0.850

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 E = 4.0* R = 0.839 (CS)0.5

(a) Modulus of Elasticity (E)

Modulus of rupture (MPa)

(b) Split Tensile Strength (STS)

2 Brittleness Index 1.5 1 0.5 0 BI= 0.3* (CS)0.5 R = 0.810 0 20 40 60 Compressive Strength (MPa)

5 4 3 2 1 0 0 20 40 60 Compressive Strength (MPa) MR = 0.7* (CS)0.5 R = 0.924

(c) Modulus of Rupture (MR) (d) Brittleness Index (BI) Fig 13 Correlation of engineering properties of SFRSCRC with compressive strength 5. CONCLUSIONS The critical investigation on the engineering properties of Steel Fibre Reinforced Self Compacting Rubberised Concrete has paved way to realising the potentials of this material for special application in the construction industry such as in seismic resistant structures. The following conclusions were arrived at:
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

1. Even though SFRSCRC was found to have density slightly greater than SCRC, it could be considered as a lightweight material owing to its reduced density in comparison to conventional SCC as well as normal concrete. This property would prove advantageous for seismic resistant structures. 2. The addition of steel fibres to SCRC up to a volume fraction of 0.5% has been found to have a beneficial effect on the strength and modulus of elasticity of SCRC mixes. The compressive strength of SCRC was increased by about 10% for a fibre volume fraction of 0.5%. 3. Addition of scrap rubber results in reduction of elastic modulus of concrete, which could be rectified to a certain extent by the addition of fibres. In comparison to SCRC, the modulus of elasticity of SFRSCRC was found to improve by an average of 10%, which could be attributed to the high modulus of elasticity of steel fibres. 4. The brittleness index of SFRSCRC is very low compared to SCC mixes with and without rubber. This low brittle nature of SFRSCRC could be exploited well by using it in congested areas like beam column joints, which are to be designed as ductile sections under seismic conditions. All the engineering properties of SFRSCRC could be predicted from its 28-day compressive strength with an effective correlation of 80% by means of regression equations. It can be observed that all the evaluated properties are lying on the positive side for SFRSCRC in comparison with Self Compacting Rubberised Concrete mixes. Hence, it can be concluded that SFRSCRC offers numerous desirable characteristics like improved strength, enhanced ductility, etc. for various structural applications. Thus, SFRSCRC is having remarkable potentials to be considered as a sustainable functional material for the construction industry. REFERENCES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Malek, B., Iqbal, M., Ibrahim, A., Use of selected waste materials in concrete mixes, Waste Management 27 (2007) pp.18701876. Gregory Marvin Garrick B.S., Analysis and testing of waste tyre fibre modified concrete, MS Thesis, Louisiana State University, May 2005. Topu, .B., Bilir, T., Experimental investigation of some fresh and hardened properties of rubberised self-compacting concrete, Materials and Design 30 (2009) pp.30563065 Okamura H., Self-Compacting High-Performance Concrete, Concrete International, V. 19, No. 7, July 1, 1997, pp. 50-54. Okamura H., and Ouchi M., Self Compacting Concrete, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, V. 1, No.1, April 2003, pp 5-15. Gettu R., Shareef S.N., and Ernest K.J.D., "Evaluation of the robustness of SCC", Indian Concrete Journal, V. 83, No. 6, 2009, pp. 13-19. Elahi, A., Basheer, P.A.M., Nanukuttan, S.V., and Khan, Q.U.Z., Mechanical and durability properties of high performance concretes containing supplementary cementitious materials, Construction and Building Materials, V. 24, Issue 3, March 2010, pp. 292-299

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8. 9.

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19.

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