COM PLEX NUM BERS (NO CALCULATORS): The questions will be based on the operations of complex numbers including

simplifying complex number expressions, absolute value, roots of complex numbers, modulus (absolute value, magnitude), reciprocals, and roots of polynomial functions with real or complex coefficients. DeMoives Theorem will only appear in the Team Round. Complex numbers are fun because you are combining a real number with an imaginary number. Complex numbers are written in the form a + bi where a is a real number and bi is an imaginary number. Imaginary numbers are those that arent real, of course. They all center their existence around the definition i = i= 1 i 2 = ( 1 )2 = -1 . Note the following pattern: 1

i 3 = i 2(i) = - i i 4 = i 2 * i 2 = -1(-1) = 1 and the pattern just cycles through those 4 values: i, -1, - i , 1, i, ...

So, to simplify i to any power, you divide the exponent by 4 and look at the remainder to decide which of the 4 values it equals. A remainder of 0 means that the value is 1. A remainder of 1 means it equals i. A remainder of 2 means it equals -1. A remainder of 3 means it equals -i. The variable z is often used to represent a complex number in a + bi form. A bar written above the variable means the conjugate of that value: z = a + bi , then z = a bi. They behave in the manner of common variables. You add, subtract, multiply and divide them as though i was a variable rather than an imaginary number. You just need to tidy up after performing the operation since i 2 = -1 and since i = (it cant be in the denominator of a fraction since it is a radical). 1 To find the modulus (the absolute value of a complex number), you do a variation on the Pythagorean Theorem: |a + bi | = a2 + b 2 Examples of division: 3 4i = 1.5 2i Multiply top and bottom by i to get rid of i in the bottom 2i i resulting in 1.5i 2i 2= 1.5i 2(-1) = -1.5i 2 -1 Multiply top and bottom by the complex conjugate of the denominator and FOIL. 4 + i . 5 + 2i = 20 + 13i + 2i 2 = 20 + 13i 2 = 18 + 13i 5 2i 5 + 2i 25 4i 2 25 + 4 29 Complex numbers will often appear as roots to polynomials. They are generated when you take the square root of a negative value (think quadratic formula) and always travel in pairs called complex conjugates. If a + bi is a root then a bi is also a root. To write a quadratic equation from its roots, you work with a quadratic written in the form: x2 + bx + c = 0 a a b = -(sum of the solutions) and c = (the product of the solutions) a a Example: Find the quadratic equation for which 2 3i is a root. If 2 3i is a root, then 2 + 3i also is one. Therefore, b = -(2 3i + 2 + 3i) = -4 and c = (2 3i)(2 + 3i) = 4 9i 2 = 4 + 9 = 13 a a So, the quadratic equation is x2 4x + 13 = 0.

i2

To find the square root of a complex number, find the complex number that results in the original value when it is squared. Example: Find the square root of -7 + 24i. -7 + 24i = (a + bi)2 = a2 + 2abi + b2i 2 = a2 + 2abi b2 = a2 b2 + 2abi So, -7 = a2 b2 (the real part) and 24= 2ab (the coefficient of the imaginary part). Its a system that cries out to be solved. 2 12 12 7 = b 2 a= 7b 2 = 144 b 4 b 4 7b 2 144 = 0 b b Factoring: (b2 16)(b2 + 9) = 0 Using the ZPP, b2 16 = 0 2 Factoring b 16 = 0, (b 4)(b +4) = 0 Therefore, b = 4 or b = -4 For b = 4, a = 12 or b2 + 9 = 0 Since b must be a real number, we can ignore b2 + 9 = 0.

4 = 3. For b = -4, a = -3

So we have 3 + 4i (or 3 4i, if solving an equation and you need both values.)

DeMoives Theorem is used in finding the power of a complex number in polar form:

[ r(cos + i sin )]n = r n ( cos(n ) + i sin(n ))

that means a lot to you, eh?

This works for n as any rational number. Bet

The TI 83s and 84s have complex mode as an option, so in the team round, you might get an opportunity to use it.