Section B Planning and Implementation Part 3 Physical Planning Initiatives

CHAPTER 12
The Coastal Zone

The Coastal Zone

chapter

12

12.1 Introduction
The Coastal Zone of South Johor is 64 km in length. It fronts the Straits of Johor, the waterway that separates Malaysia from Singapore. Also known to locals as the Tebrau Straits, Johor Straits, Selat Johor or Selat Tebrau, this waterway is a valuable and vulnerable resource, which needs careful management and protection. The Straits of Johor has an international boundary line that denes the boundaries of the two countries. It is spanned by two man-made connections, which are The Causeway connecting Johor Bahru and Woodlands in Singapore and the Malaysia-Singapore Second Link, which links western Johor at Gelang Patah to Tuas in Singapore. As such, it is the southern gateway for international entry into Malaysia. Hence, it is the objective of this plan to ensure that land use development is controlled and that its urbanscape reects a desirable image. Consequently, the development of the coastal zone needs to be balanced with its natural landscape and integrated spatial planning will be adopted in developing the coastal zone.

Figure 12.1: The Coastal Zone of SJER

SOUTH JOHOR ECONOMIC REGION (SJER)

Source : SJER CDP 2025

12.3 Goals
The coastal zone of SJER has many interesting natural features, encompassing areas of mangrove forest. It also features the famous protected Dugong species, which resides near the mudats off Sungai Pulai river estuary, supported by availability of sea grass . It is also fast becoming an area of rapid growth, with ports and waterfront development projects emerging along the coastal area. Thus the need to protect the environment and to manage the pace of development within this zone is paramount. The main goals of CDP with regard to the coastal areas are as follows: COASTAL ZONE GOAL Enhance coastal area development by protecting its natural environment and ensuring urban development complies with the highest environmental standards in achieving a balanced and sustainable environment.

12.2 Denition
The coastal zone for SJER encompasses the waters of Johor Straits within Malaysian boundary and a 3km inland zone along the coastline of Johor Straits, which also lies within the SEC. It extends all the way into Pontian and Kota Tinggi where the Johor Straits waterway leads into two open waters which are the Straits of Malacca on the west) and the South China Sea (on the east). Protection and control of this area is therefore of utmost importance, given potential cross-border issues.

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SECTION B

PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

Currently, only 20.74% (9005.27 hectares) of the total coastal zone are built-up areas used for residential, commercial, industrial, institution, road/rail and infrastructure purposes, while another 0.6% (262.26 hectares) has been approved for development. In total, 9267.47 hectares (21.34%) of land within the coastal zone comprises of built up areas and the balance of 78.66% is currently undeveloped. Table 12.1: Land Use Structure of Coastal Zone Landuse Area (Ha) 11,405.44 2,610.02 616.33 13,691.69 2,475.34 272.24 1,442.89 2,296.01 410.38 2,108.41 5,837.22 262.26 43,428.23

In light of this, SJER advocates protecting natural resources within the coastal areas to the extent possible. However, it cannot discount the fact that shipping and port activities are key to the economic growth of the area. In addition, there is likely to be signicant development pressure for power, housing and commerce. However with proper planning and controls, a balance between the competing demands of economic advancement and environmental preservation can be achieved. A. Activities and Natural Assets In The Waterfront Zone Economic activity in the coastal areas has accelerated in recent years. This includes the expansion of urban areas, industrial activities, infrastructure development as well as the development of tourism facilities. As a consequence, about one-third of the coastline comprise of built up areas with another one-third committed for development. B. Existing Use and Activities For the purpose of this report, the coastal zone maps are illustrated in two sub-zones, the east and west coastal zone. This is due to the length of the area and the inability to display the maps in a more readable format. The total area of the dened coastal area is 43,428.23 hectares. The area within the coastal zone has been put to various uses, some of which are not compatible with each other and may be detrimental to the natural environment. However, a substantial portion of the coastal zone remains a green area, including forests, water bodies and agricultural areas. Figure 12.2: Indicative Key Plan for Sub-Zone

Forest Water Bodies Open Space Agriculture Residential Commercial Industry Institution Infrastructure and Utilities Road and rail Vacant land Others (Committed development) TOTAL AREA
Source: SJER CDP 2025

The existence of three major ports, which are the Port of Tanjung Pelepas, Pasir Gudang Port and Tanjung Langsat Port, has resulted in a proliferation of industrial activities, as well as activities associated with shipping including shipyards and boat repairs, and harbour services. There has been an associated increase in the number of people living along the coastal zone. Tanjung Bin, which is the largest coal red power plant project in Malaysia, is also located along the coastal zone of Pontian. The

East Zone

RM7.8 billion project is sprawled over 41 hectares of land, and upon completion the power plant will generate 2,100MW of electricity. The Danga Bay and the Kota Air, Tebraus integrated township developments are among the new, predominantly residential waterfront developments fronting the Straits of Johor and overlooking Singapore. Nusajaya will also have a new waterfront once its marina development is completed.

West Zone

Source: SJER CDP 2025

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THE COASTAL AREA CHAPTER 12 | PART 3

Waterfront activities in Johor Bahru city also include commercial and residential activities. Much of the coastline also has a scenic road that makes the waterfront areas accessible to the public and gives a sense of openness for the city. The development is concentrated on the coastal areas and it is mainly from Johor Bahru city centre towards Pasir Gudang and Tanjung Langsat. By contrast, the western zone comprises mainly of mangrove, agriculture and small settlement areas, although it also includes the Port of Tanjung Pelepas. However, with the emergence of the new Johor State Administrative Centre in Nusajaya and Danga Bay, there is increasing development pressure on the western part of the coastal area and if unabated this will accelerate conversion of natural resource areas into urban land. C. Natural Assets In The Coastal Zone The waterfront of South Johor has diverse natural assets which include the mangrove swamps and rivers found along the coastal zone. 230.79 sq.km. of mangrove is found along the coastal zone and these mangrove areas protect the shoreline from erosion. As the Straits of Johor is a short stretch of water, tidal effects from the two open waters of the South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca have substantial effect on the shoreline. Much of the mangrove area is being degraded and encroached upon by committed development, especially in the Nusajaya, Danga Bay and Tebrau areas. However, it is important to preserve some of these mangrove areas especially those of the RAMSAR, Pendas and Kim-Kim. There are many rivers that ow into the Straits of Johor and these rivers and their tributaries play a major environmental role as well as a role in enhancing the aesthetics of the urbanscape of SJER. Due to rapid urban development, most of the rivers are affected by pollution. It is important to ensure that these rivers are clean. An integrated river basin management plan has to be put in place in order to ensure good water quality, which is important for preserving the environment within the coastal zone.

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SECTION B

PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

Figure 12.3: Existing Land Use of the West Coastal Zone

Gelang Patah

Sungai Pulai

Tanjung Pelepas Port

Second Link

Kukup

Tanjung Bin

Tanjung Piai

Legend
Vilages Planned House Commercial Industry Community Hall Government Use Religious Reserve Education Reserve Security & Emergency Facilities Health Facilities Cemeteries Airport Army Camp Palace Port Infrastructure & Utility Highway/ Road/ Rail Reserved Parking Sea Port Infrastructure & Utility Mangrove Forest RAMSAR Zone River/ Pond Agriculture

Source: SJER CDP 2025

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THE COASTAL AREA CHAPTER 12 | PART 3

Figure 12.4: Existing Land Use of the East Coastal Zone

Tebrau

Johor Bahru City Stulang

Selat Johor

Tanjung Langsat Pasir Gudang

Legend
Vilages Planned House Commercial Industry Community Hall Government Use Religious Reserve Education Reserve Security & Emergency Facilities Health Facilities Cemeteries Airport Army Camp Palace Port Infrastructure & Utility Highway/ Road/ Rail Reserved Parking

Sea Port Infrastructure & Utility Mangrove Forest RAMSAR Zone River/ Pond Agriculture

Source: SJER CDP 2025

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SECTION B

PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

Figure 12.5: Protection Areas

12.4 Protection and Development Zones

The coastal areas have historically played a signicant role in SJERs early history due to their importance to trade and transportation. They remain important until today, supporting sheries, port activities as well as settlements. Development is expected to be focused in the coastal zone and this is reected in the CDP since much of the infrastructure development is focused there. Thus, the challenge lies in ensuring that the pace of development is balanced with the needs for environmental protection, to ensure that SJER can meet its aspirations of becoming a world-class sustainable conurbation. KEY DIRECTION: CZ 1: Balanced development with environmental protection within the Coastal Zone to achieve a world-class sustainable conurbation

Johor Bahru City Sungai Pulai Gelang Patah

Pasir Gudang

Port of Tanjung Pelepas

Source: SJER CDP 2025

Two main zones has been identied, the coastal protection zone and the coastal development zone. Any development in this zone should take great care to ensure that the environmental standards are met. A. The Coastal Protection Areas The protection zones along the coastal area are those areas that have been designated as preserved mangrove areas. They also include the four main rivers in SJER which are water intake points and whose catchment areas need to be protected. The designated protection areas identied are considered to be the coastal land core areas; the areas closest to the waterfront and it comprise of: Table 12.2: Protection Areas Designated Mangrove Areas RAMSAR Sites Pendas Mangrove Park Kim-Kim Mangrove Park
Source: SJER CDP 2025

B. Planning Controls The SJER CDP Proposal Map, where the coastal zone has been dened, provides planning controls within these protection areas. Three other overlay planning zones will also help to control development of the coastal areas and these are the Environmental Protection Zone (which most of the mangrove and rivers are dened under), Aquaculture Zone (particularly the Sungai Pulai and Sungai Johor areas which falls within the coastal zone) and Water Catchment Zone (the catchment areas for the rivers fall within coastal areas and beyond). Table 12.3: Three Other Overlay Planning Zones

Designated Rivers Sungai Johor Sungai Pulai Sungai Skudai Sungai Tebrau

Coastal Zone

Environmental Protection Zone Aquaculture Zone

The coastal zone for SJER comprises of the Johor Straits, within Malaysian boundary, and a 3km inland zone along the coastline of Johor Straits that also lies within the SEC. Overlay of areas are identied to require further environmental control by virtue of their identication as Environmental Sensitive Areas (see Chapter on Natural Environment) Areas within the Sungai Pulai and Sungai Johor river which have been identied for aquaculture and cage-culture activities. Such activities should not disturb the mangrove forest within these two rivers.

Source: SJER CDP 2025

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THE COASTAL AREA CHAPTER 12 | PART 3

Environmental Protection Zone (EPZ) KEY DIRECTION: CZ 2: To dene and manage the Environmental Protection Zone as a coastal land buffer area. For the designated mangrove areas, a 500m Environmental Protection Zone (EPZ) is imposed around the mangrove forest. This will act as a buffer to prevent encroachment into the mangrove forest reserves. Village settlements and small agriculture activities are permitted in these areas, subject to control so as not to damage and encroach upon the designated mangrove areas. Table 12.4: Designated Mangrove Areas and EPZ Designated Mangrove Areas RAMSAR World Heritage Park (Sungai Pulai Mangrove Forest, Tanjung Piai and Pulau Kukup) Pendas Mangrove Park Kim-Kim Mangrove Park Sungai Johor Mangrove Forest Sungai Lebam Mangrove Forest
Source: SJER CDP 2025

Aquaculture Zone (AZ) KEY DIRECTION: CZ 3: To allow and promote sustainable aquaculture activities in Sungai Johor and Sungai Pulai Two rivers have been identied as the Aquaculture Zone (AZ) which are Sungai Pulai and Sungai Johor. Aquaculture activities are only allowed within the waterways of the rivers and are conned to cage-cultures. Lightweight structures such as boardwalks and jetties may be built on stilts to link the mainland to the waterways of the rivers. Aquaculture activities in Sungai Pulai are expected to be less intensive than in Sungai Johor where the riverine area is larger and there are less mangrove forests. The Sungai Johor AZ will support the production of marine aquaculture sh for which Johor accounts for 40% (2003) of national production. 500 m all around 500 m all around 500 m all around 500 m all around A marine park has been identied in Sungai Johor and will include facilities such as laboratories, lightweight structured jetties, oating homes, small operations ofces and cold rooms. The Economic and Social Aspect Report 2006 indicates that a total of 46,300 metric tonnes of production is targeted on these two sites which would make these major aquaculture industry areas. Thus, care must be taken to ensure that these aquaculture activities do not affect the surrounding mangrove forest which are breeding grounds for the shing industry. The catchment area of these two rivers, which are currently of Class II standard (DOE, 2004), need to be preserved. Figure 12.7: Location plan of AZ

EPZ Requirements 500 m all around

For other mangrove areas, which are non-designated mangrove reserves, a minimum buffer of 100m is required. Table 12.5: Non-Designated Mangrove Areas and EPZ Designated Mangrove Areas Sungai Melayu Sungai Perepat Sungai Busong
Source: SJER CDP 2025

EPZ Requirements 100 m all around 100 m all around 100 m all around

Figure 12.6: The RAMSAR and 500m EPZ

Sungai Johor Johor Bahru City Sungai Pulai

Port of Tanjung Pelepas

Gelang Patah

Pasir Gudang

500 m Environmental Protection Zone

Aquaculture Zone

Source: SJER CDP 2025

Source: SJER CDP 2025

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SECTION B

PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

Figure 12.8: Examples of activities allowed in Mangrove Areas

C. Use and Activities within Coastal Protection Area (CPA) Careful planning and controls on development have to be imposed on the coastal protection areas. Generally, no development is allowed within the coastal protection areas which comprise of the designated mangrove areas and the ve main rivers. Table 12.6: Activities allowed in the CPAs Planning Zone Designated Mangrove Areas and Other Mangrove areas within Coastal area Activities Allowed No development or agriculture allowed. Sustainable logging and low impact nature tourism may be permitted; subject to local constraints. However, facilities for visitors such as boardwalks, lookout towers, visitors centres can be built. Passive Recreational activities Aqua-culture activities Conditions Nil

River Areas

Jetty and Boardwalks Mangrove Passive Recreational Environmental activities Protection Zone (500m and 150m buffer areas)

River EPZs

Eco-Agriculture activities only. Eco-Resort Low Density/Low Impact Resort Homes Eco-friendly chalets Resort Facilities

Does not have impact on the river eco-system. Cage-culture activities only. Comply with environmental standards and planning guidelines for eco-zone. Preferably on pontoon or oating structures. Does not have impact on the mangrove ecosystem. Only in areas identied for passive development. Comply with the environmental standards and planning guidelines for eco-zone. Use of herbicide is not allowed for these agriculture activities. Comply with environmental standards and planning guidelines for eco-zone.

Source: SJER CDP 2025

Source: SJER CDP 2025

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THE COASTAL AREA CHAPTER 12 | PART 3

D. The Coastal Development Zone (CDZ) The Coastal Development Zones comprise of areas other than the environmental protection zone and aquaculture zone. These are areas which can be developed or areas that are already built-up. The main objective is to ensure major development along waterfront areas are planned to protect both the urban qualities (urban prole) and the natural landscape of the area. Key Direction: CZ 4: New Development along the waterfront development shall adapt to the coastal landscape of the area. This implies that development projects within the coastal area need to take into consideration the natural elements within the area. New development along the coastal area should be conned to the uses allowed in the CDP. Tourism or leisure based activities are the most appropriate uses along the coastal areas. However, other uses that can capitalise on the location, while adhering to environmental standards, should not be denied. Economic Opportunities The coastal area of SJER is an important area of economic activity; it is expected to generate many opportunities to support the growing population base as this has been emphasised in the Economic Report of SJER. Three project initiatives that have direct impact to the coastal areas are:Table 12.7: Economic Project Initiatives Initiative L 1 Initiative F 8 Initiative T 5 Enhance Role of PTP as the Maritime Hub Development of Marine Aquaculture Park Development of Waterways Into A Maritime Corridor As mentioned in the above section, aquaculture activities in Sungai Pulai and Sungai Johor are encouraged to support the marine aquaculture industry. Under the Ninth Malaysia Plan, the Fisheries Department has targeted to reach the production output of 46,300 metric tones of sh by 2010 which will lead to a demand for sh fry and sh feed. Tourism is a major economic sector for the country and SJER has many opportunities to expand its tourism industry. The coastal areas provide signicant potential for tourism as a result of the attractions of scenic coastal views while natural resource areas can encourage eco-tourism activities. The waters of SJER create opportunities for marine sports such as yachting. All three of these major initiatives will spur urban development. However, they are also dependent on a healthy eco-system, hence, the need to protect the future of the coastal environment. Planning Control Careful planning control needs to be exercised over the coastal areas to guide the development of the waterfront areas. To ensure a balanced development, the coastal area has been divided into several sections and the planning guidelines in the table below will be used to guide developments in this area. Table 12.8: Planning Controls for Development along Coastal Area Section Use and Activities Allowed A Pulau Kukup-Sungai Pulai No Development Zone except for Tanjung Bin and PTP. Sungai Pulai Waterways Aquaculture activities only All guidelines as mentioned in Coastal Protection Zone applies i.e. for Mangrove and River areas. B Sungai Pulai-2nd Crossing Free Access Zone with 100m buffer from coastal waterfront C 2nd Crossing- Sungai Pendas Forest Reserve Medium density residential with 100m buffer from coastal waterfront Regional Park at Pendas No development or agriculture allowed. Sustainable logging and low impact nature tourism may be permitted subject to local constraints.

Source: Economics Report SJER, 2006, RMA

The Port of Tanjung Pelepas or PTP is not only an important transhipment port but a focal point for logistics activities. It is further enhancing its role as a maritime hub and is expanding its services to support all forms of marine activities. The existence of the port has encouraged many enterprises to be sited there and hence, creates opportunities for a Free Zone to be established.

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SECTION B

PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

Section Use and Activities Allowed J Pasir Gudang Port Activities K Kim-Kim Regional Park No development or agriculture allowed. Sustainable logging and low impact nature tourism may be permitted subject to local constraints. L Sungai Johor Mangrove Reserves Environmental Protection Area Aquaculture activities only All guidelines as mentioned in Coastal Protection Zone apply i.e. for Mangrove and River areas.
Source: SJER CDP 2025

Section Use and Activities Allowed D Nusajaya CPA Waterfront development E Nusajaya CPA Kg Sungai Melayu Facing Selat Johor Waterfront Development Along Sungai Melayu Urban development with 100m buffer from waterfront F Sungai Melayu Sungai Danga Medium density Medium high density residential with 100m buffer from coastal waterfront G Danga Bay Sg Skudai Waterfront Development H Sungai Skudai Johor Bahru City Centre Waterfront development I Permas Jaya Kota Puteri Medium density Medium high density residential with 100m buffer from coastal waterfront Figure 12.9: Coastal Zone

Sungai Johor

Sungai Melayu Nusajaya Sungai Pulai Pendas Mangrove Regional Park Second Link Kukup

Johor Bahru City Centre Danga Bay Pasir Gudang

Sungai Kim Kim

Source: SJER CDP 2025

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THE COASTAL AREA CHAPTER 12 | PART 3

Figure 12.10: Major Developments along Coastal Zone

1. RAMSAR Site 2. Tanjung Pelepas Port 3. Free Trade Zone 4. Second Link Free Access Zone 5. Pendas Mangrove Regional Park 6. Nusajaya Waterfront 7. Cyber Park Source: SJER CDP 2025

8. Danga Bay River Development 9. Pantai Lido - Public Zone 10. Johor Bahru Waterfront 11. Johor Bahru Access Free Zone 12. Stulang Park 13. Tebrau Bay River Development 14. Permas Jaya Waterfront

15. Bandar Kota Puteri Waterfront 16. Pasir Gudang Port 17. Pasir Putih Waterfront 18. Sungai Kim - Kim Regional Park 19. Tanjung Langsat Technology Park & Port 20. Aqua Culture Service Centre 21. Sungai Johor Mangrove Park

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SECTION B

PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

12.5 Johor Bahru Coastal Development

The Johor Bahru coastal area presents an excellent prime waterfront development opportunity. The development would not only create an attractive new feature for the city but would also provide the opportunity to create new public spaces for the benet of the growing population. 100 acres of parks and open spaces would be created, in addition to another 180 acres of land for mixed use development and infrastructure which have already been created. The opportunity to reshape the coastal area will result in a new and vibrant waterfront that will link Johor Bahru City Centre to Danga Bay development. The Johor Bahru Coastal development will reclaim 250 metres of land to create a new shoreline.
MIXED USE 9.68 ac MIXED USE 8.12 ac OPEN SPACE MIXED USE 5.79 ac MIXED USE 11.17 ac

Figure 12.11: Johor Bahru Waterfront Development

MIXED USE 15.42 ac

MIXED USE 8.60 ac OPEN SPACE 51.71 ac MIXED USE 4.95 ac

Mixed Use Parks Existing Building (Lot 1) Promenade

LANDUSE MIXED USE OPEN SPACE INFRASTRUCTURE TOTAL ACREAGE 161.11 118.78 88.63 368.52

MIXED USE 9.51 ac MIXED USE 9.70 ac MIXED USE 10.97 ac

MIXED USE 13.07 ac

MIXED USE 12.40 ac

MIXED USE 3.98 ac MIXED USE 4.99 ac MIXED USE 2.45 ac OPEN SPACE 4.70 ac

MIXED USE 10.64 ac

MIXED USE 2.46 ac OPEN SPACE 4.86 ac

Source: SJER CDP 2025

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THE COASTAL AREA CHAPTER 12 | PART 3 12.6 Proposed Nusajaya Free Access Zone (FAZ)
Another area which has great potential is the proposed Nusajaya Free Access Zone (FAZ). The land is located just off the western part of the second crossing and it is 1029 acres in size, which allows for it to be developed as an integrated FAZ. The objectives of the FAZ are as follows: FAZ will help enhance the linkages between SJER and Singapore; FAZ, if extended to PTP could further enhance the position of the Port of Tanjung Pelepas;

Table 12.9: Development Components in FAZ LAND USE Commercial Commercial Centre Ofce Parks Sub Total Open Space Parks Golf Course Promenade Canal Sub Total Infrastructure Road Sub Total GRAND TOTAL
Source: SJER CDP 2025

ACREAGE 243.63 206.35 449.98 135.79 239.74 20.35 62.87 458.75 120.78 120.78 1029.51

% 23.66 20.04 43.71 13.19 23.28 1.98 6.11 44.56 11.73 11.73 100.00

Subject to approval by SJA and other authorities, the FAZ will create a seamless work and living environment between Johor and Singapore. A golf course has also been proposed as part of the recreational facilities for its population. This will be enhanced further by shopping, food and entertainment facilities. Among the proposals of the proposed FAZ is that it will be a 24-hour city, the FAZ will have no limitations on duration of stay and access will be permitted at all hours. A smart card system will be developed to facilitate movement in and out of the area, and to entice Singaporeans to live in the FAZ and travel to work in Singapore. Most of the properties here will be on lease. Global businesses will be encouraged, although business licenses shall be limited to Malaysians. Direct access to the proposed FAZ from neighbouring areas is envisaged to be strictly controlled. For example, a 30m bund would be created, and a canal of 30m in length will be built all along this bund for retention as well as security purposes.

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SECTION B

PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

Figure 12.12: Proposed Nusajaya FAZ Development Components

Source: SJER CDP 2025

Figure 12.13: FAZ Development Concepts

OFFICE PARK 45.87 ac COMMERCIAL 44.48 ac PARK 53.91 ac

COMMERCIAL 42.59 ac

COMMERCIAL 9.54 ac PARK 24.03 ac

OFFICE PARK 160.48 ac

GOLF COURSE 239.74 ac COMMERCIAL 46.31 ac Source: SJER CDP 2025 COMMERCIAL 52.48 ac PARK 57.85 ac

COMMERCIAL 17.04 ac COMMERCIAL 15.67 ac

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THE COASTAL AREA CHAPTER 12 | PART 3

Public Access In the coastal zone, public access to the coast shall be secured and designated to ensure free access for the general public. Thus, for all new developments, a public right of way in a form of a pedestrian promenade is proposed. Figure 12.14: Integration of Promenade along the Coastline Edges Development works on the edges of the coastal areas are important. Two types of edges will be proposed along the coastal zone; soft edges and hard edges. Figure 12.16: Edges: Green represents soft edges; Orange represents
hard edge

Source: SJER CDP 2025

Visualisation The visual projection of the coastal zone development is important as the area is the gateway of Malaysia. Iconic buildings can be located along the coastline to enhance the skyline of Southern Johor. Figure 12.15: Iconic Buildings along the Coastline
Source: SJER CDP 2025

Soft edges are green and blend in with the natural landscape. The natural protection and eco-zone areas are of natural soft edges with existing vegetation, while some urban areas with low impact development will also be of soft edges though it is subject to treatment to prevent erosion. Figure 12.17: Examples of soft edges with existing vegetation

EXISTING EDGE GRADIENT

300mm THICKNESS ROCK PROTECTION (NORMINAL 130MM dia.) WITH EARTH INFILL FOR PLANT GROWTH

Source: SJER CDP 2025

SUPPLEMENTARY ROCK PROTECTION WITH EARTH INFILL & REPLANTING

EXISTING AQUATIC GROWTH

ORIGINAL BEACH

Source: SJER CDP 2025

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SECTION B

PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

Hard edges are suitable for coastlines with commercial or higher impact development though protection of the seawall should not be harsh. Instead, it must integrate well with durable materials such as river stones and good quality timber work. Figure 12.19: Examples of hard edges with treatments along developments

Figure 12.18: Examples of soft edges with treatments along development

MAKE GOOD LOCALLY EXCAVATED MATERIAL PROTECTION EXTENDS 500 BEYON BREAK POINT

PROMENADE (20M WIDE) BOLLARD FEATURE CAPPING

CONCRETE RETANING WALL

REDUCE WATER LEVEL OR CONSTRUCT TEMPORARY BUND, EXCAVATE SLOPE TO REDUCE LEVEL AND INSTALL

CONCRETE PILING

PROMENADE (20M WIDE)

TOPSOIL

SITE BOULDERS

EXISTING EDGE GRADIENT

MORTAR BEDDING

300mm THICKNESS ROCK PROTECTION (NORMINAL 130MM dia.)

SUBSOIL BACKFILL STONE FACING ANGLED AND STAGGERED GABION ROCK PROTECTION GEOTEXTILE

Source: SJER CDP 2025

Source: SJER CDP 2025

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THE COASTAL AREA CHAPTER 12 | PART 3

Ambiance Marinas and jetties are synonymous with the coastline. These types of structures can help to enhance the commercial areas along coastlines and support the use of water taxis. For residential developments, it is recommended that the buildings are built fronting the river. Figure 12.20: Examples of marina and jetty along the Coastline Coastline water quality The quality of water along the coast needs to be maintained . Gross pollution trap and similar natural devices will be located in rivers to ensure garbage and mud are trapped before being discharged into coastal waters. In addition, a waterway is also proposed at the existing causeway to improve water ow along the coastline. Figure 12.21: Improve water ow at the existing Causeway

Source: SJER CDP 2025

12.7 Environmental Impact Assessment

The Coastal Zone is considered to be an Environmental Sensitive Area (ESA) and the environmental impact of new development projects or major changes to existing projects must undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). KEY DIRECTION CZ 5: The need to conduct and obtain approvals for an Environmental Impact Assessment on any development within the Coastal Zone The Environmental Quality Act (EQA) has identied 19 prescribed activities that require Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) to be carried out and submitted for approvals of activities. However, based on the Act, the need for EIA for ESAs appear to have been left out. Thus, Source: SJER CDP 2025 in the CDP, it is proposed that EIA is required for development projects within the coastal zone for whatever scale of activity, given that the sensitivity of the coastal zone and the international obligations that SJER has over this area.

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