[PPU] Semester 2 Topics-Syllabus

964
BIOLOGY
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SECONDTERM: PHYSIOLOGY Topic 7 Gas Exchange 7.1 Gaseous exchange in humans Teaching Period 12 7 Candidates should be able to: (a) outline the structure of human respiratory system, including the microscopic structure of the wall of an alveolus; (b) describe the structure of haemoglobin; (c) explain the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood; (d) explain the oxygen dissociation curves of haemoglobin, myoglobin and foetal haemoglobin; (e) explain the Bohr effect and relate it to the oxygen dissociation curve. 7.2 Breathing cycle 3 Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the control of breathing mechanism, including the role of chemoreceptor; (b) define tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and residual volume. 7.3 Gaseous exchange in plants 2 Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the structure and functions of stomata; (b) describe the mechanism of opening and closing of stomata based on potassium ion accumulation hypothesis. 8 Transport in Animals and Plants 8.1 Transport system in mammals 16 Learning Outcome

Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the structure of a mammalian heart; (b) define systole and diastole, and explain the sequence of events in a cardiac cycle including changes in pressure and volume in aorta, left atrium and left ventricle; (c) describe the initiation and regulation of heart beat;

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Topic

Teaching Period

Learning Outcome (d) explain hypertension, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction, and state their causes and preventions; (e) describe the lymphatic system in relation to the blood circulatory system; (f) determine the direction of fluid movement at the arterial and venous ends of the capillaries by calculating the differences between osmotic pressure/solute potential and hydrostatic pressure.

8.2

Transport system in vascular plants

Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the uptake of water and mineral ions from the soil by the root hairs involving water potential; (b) describe the apoplast, symplast and vacuolar pathway of water movement through the root tissues; (c) describe the root pressure, cohesion-tension theory and transpiration pull in relation to water movement from the roots to leaves; (d) explain translocation using the mass flow, electro-osmosis, cytoplasmic streaming and peristaltic waves hypotheses; (e) explain the concept of source and sink, and phloem loading and unloading in translocation according to pressure flow hypothesis.

Control and Regulation 9.1 Nervous system

22 16 Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the organisation of the nervous system in humans; (b) explain the formation of resting and action potentials; (c) describe the characteristics of nerve impulse; (d) describe the structure of synapse, and explain the role of neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and norepinephrine); (e) explain and compare the mechanisms of impulse transmission along the axon and across the synapse;

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Topic

Teaching Period (f)

Learning Outcome describe the structure of neuromuscular junction and sarcomere;

(g) explain the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions, myofibril and T tubules in muscle contraction; (h) explain the mechanism of muscle contraction according to the sliding filament hypothesis; (i) (j) compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems; explain the mechanisms of drug action on nervous system and neuromuscular junction (cocaine and curare).

9.2

Hormones

Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the mechanisms of action of steroid hormone and non-steroid hormones; (b) explain the roles of plant hormones in growth and development; (c) explain the mechanism of phytochrome action and their roles in photoperiodism and flowering; (d) outline the application of plant growth regulators (synthetic auxin, synthetic gibberellins, and synthetic ethylene) in agriculture.

10 Reproduction, Development and Growth 10.1 Sexual reproduction in humans

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Candidates should be able to: (a) outline spermatogenesis and oogenesis; (b) describe the passage and development of sperms from the testis to the oviduct for fertilisation; (c) describe the process of fertilisation and implantation; (d) describe the roles of hormones in menstrual cycle and pregnancy; (e) describe briefly the stages in embryonic development;

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Topic

Teaching Period (f)

Learning Outcome explain the roles of placenta, chorion, amniotic fluid and allantois in foetal development;

(g) explain the process of parturition. 10.2 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants 2 Candidates should be able to: (a) outline double fertilisation; (b) describe the embryonic development in seed and formation of fruit. 10.3 Seed germination 1 Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the mobilisation of nutrients after imbibition in seed germination; (b) state the external factors affecting germination. 10.4 Growth curves and patterns of growth 4 Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the types of growth curves (absolute growth curve, absolute growth rate curve and relative growth rate curve); (b) explain with examples the patterns of growth (limited growth in humans, unlimited growth in perennial plant, allometric growth in humans, isometric growth in fish and intermittent growth in insect); (c) explain the processes of ecdysis and metamorphosis in insects, and relate the role of hormones (neurosecretory hormone, juvenile hormone and ecdysone) in these processes. 11 Homeostasis 11.1 Importance of homeostasis 10 2 Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the importance of homeostasis; (b) describe the homeostatic control system in mammals; (c) explain the physiological and behavioural control in thermoregulation of endotherms.

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Topic 11.2 Liver

Teaching Period 4

Learning Outcome Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the structure of liver, and explain the roles of its components; (b) describe carbohydrate metabolism in the liver (glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis); (c) describe protein metabolism (transamination, deamination and urea formation) in the liver.

11.3 Osmoregulation in mammals

Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the process of ultrafiltration, reabsorption and secretion in the formation of urine; (b) explain the role of ADH and aldosterone, and the related hormones in regulating water, sodium and potassium ions of urine; (c) explain the regulation of pH of tissue fluid.

11.4 Osmoregulation in plants

Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the role of stomata in regulation of water loss, and explain the importance of transpiration; (b) describe the various types of plant adaptations to prevent water loss (halophytes and xerophytes).

12 Immunity 12.1 Immune system

10 3 Candidates should be able to: (a) describe human lymphatic system, and explain its function in relation to immunity; (b) describe antibody (structure and function), antigen, epitope, and the development of B and T cells; (c) describe the roles of macrophages, B cells and T cells.

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Topic 12.2 Development of immunity

Teaching Period 3

Learning Outcome Candidates should be able to: (a) explain cell-mediated and humoral immune responses; (b) outline the antigen-antibody reactions (precipitation, agglutination, neutralisation, complement fixation).

12.3 Concept of self and non-self

Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the concept of self and non-self and relate this to tissue rejection in organ transplant; (b) explain the mechanism of immune suppression (HIV infection).

12.4 Immune disorder

Candidates should be able to: (a) describe autoimmune disorder (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)).

13 Infectious Diseases 13.1 Infectious disease

13 1 Candidates should be able to: (a) explain what is meant by an infection and an infectious disease; (b) outline the types of infectious agents.

13.2 Dengue

Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the causes and symptoms of dengue; (b) explain the transmission of dengue; (c) discuss the roles of social, economical and biological factors in the prevention of dengue.

13.3 Cholera

Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the causes and symptoms of cholera; (b) explain the transmission of cholera; (c) discuss the roles of social, economical and biological factors in the prevention of cholera.

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Topic 13.4 Tuberculosis (TB)

Teaching Period 3

Learning Outcome Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the causes and symptoms of tuberculosis (TB); (b) explain the transmission of TB; (c) discuss the roles of social, economical and biological factors in the prevention of TB.

13.5 Malaria

Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the causes and symptoms of malaria; (b) explain the transmission of malaria; (c) discuss the roles of social, economical and biological factors in the prevention of malaria.

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