Proceedings of PVP2006-ICPVT-11 2006 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Division Conference July 23-27, 2006, Vancoucer, BC,

Canada

PVP2006-94038
Control Mechanisms of Stress Redistribution Locus in Structures
Naoto KASAHARA Japan Atomic Energy Agency 4002 Narita, Oarai, Higashi Ibaraki-gun, Ibaraki, 311-1393, Japan,
kasahara.naoto@jaea.go.jp

lchiro FURUHASHI CRC Solutions, Ltd. 4002 Narita, Oarai, Higashi Ibaraki-gun, Ibaraki, 311-1393, Japan,
furuhashi.ichiro@jaea.go.jp

ABSTRACT Dependency of results of structural analysis on constitutive equations obstructs the application of inelastic analysis methods to design, To overcome this difficulty, a realistic inelastic analysis approach assisted by the stress redistribution locus (SRL) has been proposed for the purpose of design application. The basis of this approach is the existence of an unique SRL in each structure. The final goal of this study is to assure the uniqueness of SRL. To clarify control mechanisms of SRLs in structures, elastic-plastic and elastic-creep behaviors of fundamental structures are analyzed. The first model is a stepped bar model subjected to a tension load. The second one is a stepped beam model subjected to a bending load. It is revealed that the elastic cores control SRLs in structures, therefore that SRLs are independent of constitutive equations. Structures with large elastic cores have steep SRLs because elastic cores constrict strain. When elastic cores are reduced, SRLs gradually change from steep to gentle as the constraint becomes weaker. Under bending load, elastic cores shrink to the neutral axis in the same way. Therefore, many structure mainly subjected to bending load have similar SRLs.

I. INTRODUCTION

In high temperature components such as fast breeder reactors, creep-fatigue damage by cyclic thermal stresses becomes one of main failure modes. Especially, a consideration is paid to structural discontinuities, since elastic-plastic creep strain concentration causes their strength degradation [I]. For evaluation of creep-fatigue damages of high temperature components, conventional design rules adopts simplified inelastic analysis methods with a help of conservative strain concentration factors [2], and their rationalization is required from an economical reason. Recently, the Elevated Temperature Design (ETD) Committee of High Pressure Institute of Japan has found an existence of a unique stress redistribution locus (SRL) which is independent from constitutive equations in each structure [3]. Furthermore, many structures were found to have similar SRLs(41. By utilizing these characteristics, a simplified inelastic analysis method based on SRLs was proposed [5][6]. This method predicts elastic-plastic strain and stress relaxation locus from a surface stress computed by elastic FEM analysis. Figure 1 is a relationship between the normalized
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aloe and strain

E / E,

, where a, and

E,

are computed by elastic FEM analysis. On this chart, the cross point of the stress-strain curve with the SRL gives the elastic-plastic solution. Moreover, the SRL from the elastic plastic solution is a stress relaxation locus. This method is valid, when SRL is given. The objective of this study is to clarify control mechanisms of SRLs in structures and the reason why many structures have similar SRLs.

Ramberg-Osgood type (n=5), the strain behavior was calculated for temperatures increasing to 217 degrees (1/3~,,J, to 383 degrees (2/3amaJand to 550 degrees ,, a ) ( while the temperature of the edge of the skirt was kept at 50 degrees. All of above analysis cases are shown in Table 1. Inelastic FEM analysis results are plotted in Fig.3 by using the normalized stress
E /E,

olo, and strain

FEM

. SRLs which were derived from the

analyses with various constitutive equations and load levels become almost the same locus. The ETD Committee investigated SRLs of various kinds of structures by inelastic FEM analyses. The obtained results[4] indicate that many structures have similar SRLs and they can be bounded by a hyperbolic curve ( mod. Neuber's law) expressed by

. . . .

;
1

: . :

SRL

Fig.1 Simplified inelastic analysis method by utilizing the SRL on the normalized stress-strain chart

2. EXISTENCE OF AN UNIQUE STRESS REDISTRIBUTION LOCUS (SRL)

Through many cases of inelastic FEM analyses performed by the ETD Committee, various structures were found to have an unique SRL. For example, the SRL for a Y-piece [3] is shown in Fig.2. Load conditions were assumed to be quasi-static thermal transients by heating the inner surface of the cylinder to 550 degrees while the skirt edge was kept at 50 degrees. The material was assumed to be 304SS and various types of constitutive equations were applied to investigate their sensitivity to SRLs. The adopted elastic-plastic and creep equations are listed in Table 1. First, the sensitivity to load level was investigated. With the fixed constitutive equation of the

Fig.2 Y-piece structure subjected to thermal load

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Table 1 Elastic-plastic and creep constitutive equations

Case C3 C5 C7 CBL C5-1/3 C5-213 Plastic

3. ANALYSIS OF STEPPED BAR MODEL

UNDER
Analysis Type Elastic-Creep Elastic-Creep Elastic-Creep Elastic-Creeo

DISPLACEMENT-CONTROLLED

I
1

I Constitutive Equation l ~ o w e r
Norton's Law ( * l ) Norton's Law (*I) Norton's Law (*I) Blackburn (*2\ Norton's Law (*I) Norton's Law (*I) /m=3 m=5 m=7

TENSION LOAD
In order to understand the mechanisms

m=5 m=5

controlling SRLs, a stepped bar model under a displacement-controlled tension load as shown in Fig.5 was analyzed, where Ej is Young's modulus,

Elastic-Creep(l/3am,) Elastic-Creep(2/3am,)

Elastic-Plastic

I Ramberg-Osgood (*3) ln=5

Aj the

section area, Li the

length (,=A ,2

corresponding to two serial bars of the model), and

P is the tension load, u is the displacement at the

end, o is the stress,
E

is the strain, and suffix

E represents the elastic condition, EP the

elastic-plastic condition, suffix 0 the elastic limit. Component structures are usually composed of elastic (low stress) and inelastic areas (high stress), since design codes do not allow entire inelastic deformation of components. The thin bar in the model (bar 1) represents a high stress and low stiffness part, and the thick bar (bar 2) corresponds to a low stress and high stiffness one in structures. The stepped bar model explains the fundamental mechanisms of stress

redistribution between elastic and inelastic area in Fig.3 Similar SRLs constitutive equations of Y-piece with various structures.

Cylinder

Fig.5 Stepped bar model displacement-controlledtension load

under

Main interest is focused on SRL of the bar1 of

0

0.5

1. 5

2.5

the model (inelastic part). Besides SRL, the Load Reduction Locus (LRL) of the bar 1 of the model is

r/ss

Fig.4 SRLs of various structures approximation by a hyperbolic curve[4]

and

an

also studied for better understanding of the phenomena.

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When displacement Usis enforced, at the end of the bar 2, load P and displacement U can be solved on the load-displacement diagram (Fig.6). In the case that both bars are in the elastic condition, point E gives the solution as

pE = EuA u u E =-- us , 4 1+c,

,CT

=-El4

4 Ed,

(2)
Fig.6 Load-displacement diagram under tension load

If only the bar 1 deforms by creep, its LRL is independent of creep strain equations and follows the load-displacement line of the bar 2 (from point

(LRL) In the case of tension load, stress o is proportional to load P, and strain E is proportional to displacement U. Therefore, SRL becomes the same profile as LRL. The above results shows that the stiffness of the bar 2 controls the SRL of the bar 1. Both LRL and SRL are independent of constitutive equations and load (evels. If stiffness of an elastic part is constant, its SRL becomes straight.
4. ANALYSIS OF STEPPED BEAM MODEL

E to the starting point 2 on LRL) in Fig.6.

where s is a parameter to describe the progress of loading and s=O is the starting point of stress relaxation and s=l means the end of relaxation. When only the bar 1 deforms by plasticity, its LRL is also independent of constitutive equations and the solutions exist on the load-displacement line of the bar 2 on Fig.6. For example, the following constitutive equation is assumed.

UNDER

DISPLACEMENT-CONTROLLED

BENDING LOAD

For further understanding of stress redistribution mechanisms, a stepped beam model under a displacement-controlled analyzed. The stepped beam model is shown in Fig.7,
, where I is the moment of inertia of area, hi the

bending

load

was

distance from the neutral axis (j=1,2 corresponding to two serial beams of the model), and M is the Cross points between the material stress-strain curve of the bar 1 and the load-displacement line of the bar 2 give elastic-plastic solutions as bending moment,

6 is the angular displacement

at the end. Suffix E represents the elastic condition, EP the elastic-plastic condition, and suffix 0 the elastic limit.

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When the angular displacement

0
on

is

Beam 1

Beam 2

enforced at the end of beam 2 , moment M and displacement B can be solved the
0.=0,+0,

moment-angular displacement diagram as in Fig. 8. There is an analogy between a tension load and a bending moment. In the case that both beams of the model are in the elastic condition, the point E gives the solution as Fig.7 Stepped beam model displacement-controlled bending load under
--.. - .-

'-=..1

ME = E U - 4 ,CB = -- (6) EIIl L 2 Ll 1 +c, 4 E2I2

EIB

If only the beam 1 deforms by creep, its LRL is independent of creep strain equations and follows the load-displacement line of the beam 2 (from the point E to the starting point 2 on LRL) in Fig.8. Fig.8 Moment-angular displacement diagram under bending moment (LRL) In the case of bending moment, the relationship between stress o and moment M is different from the one of tension load. Stress distributes across the beam section and the maximum stress occurs on the surface of the beams. Moment M is calculated from stress distribution as

When the beam 1 deforms plastically with the constitutive equation independent of
(4),

its

LRL

is also and

constitutive

equations

solutions exist on the load-displacement line of the beam 2 on Fig.8. Its absolute value can be calculated by

where, b is the width of the beam. In the case of elastic solution, stress profile becomes linear and the surface stress is given by

In order to analyze SRL of the surface stress of the beam, Norton's type creep equation is assumed as

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When n=l, stress distribution becomes linear and stress o is proportional to moment M as in equation(l0). Therefore, SRL become the same profile as LRL.

In the case of n>l , stress profile gradually changes to nonlinear shape as in Fig.9, since creep deformation occurs from high stress area near the surface. In the case of n = m , stress profile becomes bi-linear as seen in Fig.9. When the area of creep deformation is limited as

Ah/21yIh/2
by

( 0 < A < 1 ) (Fig.9),

Fig.9 Stress redistribution in the beam cross section under displacement-controlled bending load

Surface stress and its relation of s with A are given

Calculated SRL by the above equations on the surface is plotted on the stress-strain diagram (Fig.10). Elastic-plastic solution of angular displacement was given by equation (8). It can be converted to surface strain and surface stress is derived from surface strain. The obtained SRLs under the elastic-plastic condition exist between the upper bound (n=l) and the lower bound ( n = m ) of creep. The solution for the elastic-perfectly plastic condition (m=m)is

Fig.10 Stress-strain diagram under bending load (SRL) The above results clarify that beams in bending have two kinds of stress redistribution mechanisms. The one is the redistribution between the beam 1 and the beam 2. The stiffness of the beam 2 controls the LRL of the beam 1, according to this mechanism. The other is the redistribution in the beam cross section. The area around the neutral axis remains in the elastic condition. This elastic part is called an elastic core. The stiffness of the elastic core controls the relationship between the SRL of the surface stress and the LRL of the beam. The elastic core region usually changes with the progress of creep and plastic deformation. Therefore, the SRL has a curved profile, even though the LRL is straight. Here, the stiffness of elastic core is independent of constitutive equations. When the moment M is given, a region of elastic core is determined by the ratio between Copyright 2006 by ASME

that is coincident with the lower bound ( n = m ) of the creep solution when the surface stress relaxes to
0 0.

The elastic-plastic SRL(EP,m) with variable m and

o,, be utilized to evaluate the relation between can

the stress distribution in the cross section and the bending moment.

the actual stress and the elastically calculated stress on the surface as in Fig.9. These characteristics make SRL insensitive to constitutive equations and load levels normalized by elastically calculated stress. It means that elastic cores in structures controls the SRL of inelastic parts. Therefore, SRL is insensitive to constitutive equations. The elastic cores change according to the progress of creep and plastic deformation. SRL takes on a curved profile. When smoothed structures are subjected to bending moment, elastic cores reduce from the surface to the neutral axis according to the normalized stress on the surface in the same way. Therefore SRL is insensitive to constitutive equations as well as normalized stress and become similar profile among smoothed structures subjected to bending moment. 5.
APPROXIMATION OF SRLs BY A

curves indicates stress levels with multiplier of yield stress (for example
0,

= 20, means stress level

is twice as the yield stress). From the comparison of the above curves, the hyperbolic curve with Cp=l.6 can bound SRL with q=3.0, when stress level is lower than twice of yield stress. This stress condition is guaranteed by shakedown criteria of structural design rules. There is a possibility that the hyperbolic curve with Cp=l.6can be applied to general structures as the unique design curve. Remaining problems are clarification of stress redistribution mechanism and applicability of SRL concept to structures with local stress concentration.

HYPERBOLIC CURVE FOR DESIGN USE

The

stepped

beam

model

under

displacement-controlledbending load can be utilized to investigate SRLs for actual components without structural discontinuities, because the main stress of components is a bending type. The biggest unknown factor is the stiffness ratio CB. For considering this factor, the elastic follow-up factor q is introduced, where q is the design factor in the Elevated Temperature Structural Design Guide for fast breeder reactors [5]. This value for components are usually less than 3.0 and has a relation with CBas Fig.11 Comparison of SRLs for stepped beam models with a hyperbolic curve

6. CONCLUSIONS Through the theoretical analyses for a stepped bar and a stepped beam models, respectively under displacement-controlled tension and bending loads, the control mechanisms of Load Reduction Locus (LRL) and Stress Redistribution Locus (SRL) of the bar 1 1 the beam 1 (inelastic part) were clarified as follows

When changing q values from 1.5 to 3.0, SRLs vary as in Fig.1I . This results shows the insensitivity of SRL to the q value during early stage of SRL. This stage is mainly controlled by the stress distribution in the cross section. The hyperbolic curve that approximates SRL of actual components (Fig.4) is overplotted on Fig.11 (Cp=l.6). In the figure non-dimensional stress-strain
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In the case of the stepped bar model in tension, both LRL and SRL are controlled by the elastic bar and is independent of constitutive equations and load levels.

In the case of the stepped beam model in bending, LRL is controlled by the elastic beam, while SRL is controlled by both the elastic beam and elastic core around a neutral axis of the beam.

studied. ACKOWLEDGEMENT This study was carried out as a part of the activities of the ETD Committee of High Pressure Institute of Japan chaired by Prof. Osamu Watanabe of Tsukuba University. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the members of ETD, especially Mr. Takashi Shimakawa of Kawasaki Plant Systems Company and Dr.Teramae of Tokyo Electric Power Company. REFERENCES [ I ] Dhalla,A.K. et al.,'Simplified Methods, in Recommended Practice in Elevated Temperature Design: A Compendium of Breeder Reactor Experiences, Vol.ll - Preliminary Design and Simplified Methodsl,WRC Bulletin 362, WRC, New York, (1991) [2] Marriott, D.L. et al.,'Simplified Analysis Methods for Elevated Temperature Life Assessment', Technology for 90 s, Chapter1O,ASME,(1994) [3] Kasahara,N., Strain concentration at structural discontinuities and its prediction based on characteristics of compliance change in structures, JSME, Int.J.,Series A, Vo1.44, No.3, pp3541361, (2001) [4] Takashi Shimakawa, Osamu Watanabe, Naoto Kasahara, Kenichi Kobayashi, Masaaki Takizawa, and Seiji Asada, Creep-fatigue evaluation based on stress redistribution locus (SRL) method, JPVRC, Symposium2002, pp87/95,(2002) [S] TakashiShimakawa, Kenichi Kobayashi and Masaaki Takizawa, Proposal of An Simplified Estimation Scheme for Inelastic Strain Behavior Based on Stress Redistribution Locus Concept, ICPVT-10,(2003) [6] Naoto Kasahara Takashi Shimakawa and Masanori Ando, Inelastic Analysis Method for Design assisted by Stress Redistribution Locus, ICPVT-10 ~ ~ 1 3 1 1 1 3(2003) 7,

Since elastic core usually changes with the progress of creep and plastic deformation, SRL of the stepped beam model in bending has a curved profile.

- A region of elastic core is determined by the

ratio between the actual stress and the elastically calculated stress, and SRL of the stepped beam model in bending is insensitive to constitutive equations and normalized load level by elastically calculated stress. The above results can lead to the following consideration for control mechanisms of SRL in general structures.

Since elastic cores in structures controls the SRL of inelastic parts, SRL is insensitive to constitutive equations.

SRL has generally curved profile, because elastic core changes according to progress of creep and plastic deformation.

- SRL is insensitive to constitutive equations and

normalized stress and become similar profile among smoothed structures subjected to bending moment, because elastic cores reduce from the surface to the neutral axis according to the normalized stress on the surface in the same way.

From the parametric study on the stepped beam model under displacement-controlled bending with a wide range of elastic follow-up parameter, SRLs of smooth structures under bending loads can be bounded by a hyperbolic curve on the stress-strain diagram. Obtained results in this study support the effectiveness of the SRL method proposed by the ETD Committee. In the next step, applicability of the SRL method to structures with local stress concentration will be

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