Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis

Dr. Christos Drakos University of Florida

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis Cause of Stresses in Rigid Pavements Curling Load Friction 1. Curling Stresses Where is the tension zone?

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.1 Curling Because of Temperature

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.2 Curling Because of Moisture

1.3 Curling Because of Shrinkage

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.4 Curling Stress of Infinite Plate
T+T

X = Y =

t T 2

Assume linear t = coefficient of thermal expansion

Bending occurs in both X & Y directions, solution must be superimposed

X due to curling in X-direction:

X = E t T 2(1 2 )

X due to curling in Y-direction:

X = E t T 2(1 2 )

Sum of both directions:

X =

E t T 2(1 )

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.5 Bending Stress of Finite Slab Y
LY

X =
X

C XE t T C Y E t T + 2(1 2 ) 2(1 2 )

X =

LX

t T (CX + CY ) 2(1 2 )

CX & CY = correction factors for finite slab

Correction factors depend on LX/l & LY/l

Eh3 l= 2 12 (1 )k
1/4

= radius of relative stiffness h = slab thickness k = modulus of subgrade reaction

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis Correction Factor Chart

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.5 Bending Stress of Finite Slab (cont) Maximum Interior Stress @ Center of Slab
E t T (C X + C Y ) 2(1 2 ) E t T (C Y + C X ) Y = 2(1 2 ) X =

Edge Stress @ Midspan

E t T C 2

may be x or y, depending on whether C is taken as Cx or Cy

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.6 Temperature Curling Example

X Y

25 12

k=200 pci t=5x10-6 /oF t=20oF Ec=4,000,000 psi =0.15

Calculate Stresses

i.

Radius of Relative Stiffness:

1/4
1/4

Eh3 l= 2 12 (1 )k

(4 10 6 )83 l= 2 12 (1 (0.15) )(200)

= 30.57 in

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis

ii. Maximum Interior Stress @ Center of Slab

E t T (C X + C Y ) 2(1 2 ) E t T Y = (C Y + C X ) 2(1 2 ) X =
Have to calculate CX & CY first!

CX=1.07

CY=0.63

LX 300 = = 9.81 l 30.57 LY 144 = = 4.71 l 30.57

LY/l

LX/l

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.6 Temperature Curling Example (cont)
Xint =
Xint =

E t T (C X + C Y ) 2(1 2 )
(4 10 6 )(5 10 6 )20 (1.07 + 0.15(0.63)) = 238.26psi 2(1 0.152 )

Yint =
Yint =

E t T (C Y + C X ) 2(1 2 )
(4 10 6 )(5 10 6 )20 (0.63 + 0.15(1.07)) = 161.74psi 2(1 0.152 )

Xint > Yint Was that expected? Why?

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.6 Temperature Curling Example (cont)
iii. Edge Stress @ Midspan
Since the critical stress is associated with the longest dimension, omit Y

X =

E t T CX 2 (4 10 6 )(5 10 6 )20 X = 1.07 = 214psi 2

Concrete Tensile Strength10% fc 400 psi So, a wheel load stress of only 186 psi (400-214) will exceed the tensile stress when thermal and load stresses are combined

25 Slabs are almost always reinforced

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.7 Combined Stresses Curling stresses are high, but usually not considered in the thickness design for the following reasons: Joints and steel relieve and take care of curling stresses (as long as the cracks are held together by reinforcement and are still able to transfer load they will not affect performance) Curling stresses add to load stresses during the day and subtract to load stresses during the night Fatigue principle is based on # of repetitions; curling effect limited compared to load repetitions

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2. Loading Stresses Three ways of determining & : Closed form solutions (Westergaard single-wheel) Influence charts (Picket & Ray, 1951 multiple-wheel) Finite Element (FE) solutions 2.1 Closed-form solutions Westergaard theory 2.1.1 Assumptions All forces on the surface of the plate are perpendicular to the surface Slab has uniform cross-section and constant thickness Shear deformations are small Slab length is infinite Slab placed on subgrade consist of discrete springs

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2.1.2 Limitations Only corner loading/edge loading or mid-slab deformation and stresses can be calculated No discontinuities or voids beneath the slab Developed for single wheel loads
Corner

Interior Edge

Where is the tension zone?

Corner: Tension @ the top Interior & Edge: Tension @ the bottom

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2.1.3 Corner Loading

0.6 3P a 2 1 h2 l a 2 P c = 2 1.1 0.88 l kl

c =

Where: k = modulus of subgrade reaction l = radius of relative stiffness a = load contact radius P = load

2.1.4 Interior Loading

i = i = 0.316P l 4 log + 1.069 h2 b P 8kl 2
b=a
when a1.724h

b = 1.6a2 + h2 0.675h when a<1.724h

2 a 1 a 1+ ln 0.673 2l 2 l

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2.1.5 Edge Loading

e = e = 0.803P a l 4 log a + 0.666 l 0.034 2 h 0.431P a 1 0.82 l 2 kl

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2.1.6 Dual Tires Pd = single tire load Pd = P/2
Assume that:

Pd 0.5227q

Then, area of the equivalent circle:

a2 = 2 0.5227L2 + (S d 0.6L )L 0.8521 Pd S d Pd a= + 0.5227q q

1/2

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2.1.7 Dual Tire Example

P=10000 lb q=88.42 psi k=100pci Sd=14 Ec=4,000,000 psi h=10
14

Calculate stresses. i.
a=

Effective Radius:

What do we need first?

1/2

0.8521(5000) (14) (5000) + (88.42) 0.5227(88.42)

a = 7.85in

ii.

Radius of Relative Stiffness:

1/4

Eh3 l= 2 12 (1 )k

(4 10 6 )10 3 l= 2 12 (1 (0.15) )(100)

1/4

= 42.97in

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2.1.7 Dual Tire Example (cont)
iii. Corner Stress:

3P a 2 c = 2 1 h l

0.6

3(10,000) 7.85 2 1 c = 10 2 42.97

0.6

= 166.82psi

iv. Interior Stress:

i =

0.316P l 4 log b + 1.069 2 h

a<1.724h

b = 1.6a2 + h2 0.675h

b = 1.6(7.85) 2 + 10 2 0.675(10) = 7.34in

i = 0.316(10,000) 42.97 4log 7.34 + 1.069 = 130.8psi 10 2

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2.1.7 Dual Tire Example (cont)
v.
e =

Edge Stress:
0.803P a l 4 log a + 0.666 l 0.034 2 h

e =

0.803(10,000) 42.97 7.85 4log 7.85 + 0.666 42.97 0.034 2 10

e = 244psi

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 3. Friction Stresses Friction between concrete slab and its foundations induces internal tensile stresses in the concrete. If the slab is reinforced, these stresses are eventually carried by the steel reinforcement.
L What happens to PCC w/ T? L/2
t f

Stresses by subgrade reaction: h

FX = 0 ;

t h 1 = N

Where: c=Unit weight of PCC fa=Average friction between slab & foundation

L t h 1 = fa c h 1 2

t =

fa cL 2

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis Steel Stresses: Reinforcing steel Tie bars Dowels

3.1 Reinforcement Wire fabric or bar mats used to control cracking Do NOT increase structural capacity Increase joint spacing (slab length)
L/2
t f

L t h 1 = fa c h 1 2
t h 1 = A s fs

As =

fa cLh 2fs

Where: As = Area of required steel per unit width fs = Allowable stress in steel

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis

Longitudinal

3.1.1 Welded Wire Fabric What does (6 x 12 W8 x W6) mean?

Spacing 6 6 6 Size

Orientation

Transverse

12 12

Wire Reinforcement Institute Guidelines:

Minimum wires W4 or D4 (because wires are subjected to bending and tension) Minimum spacing 4in (allow for PCC placement and vibration) Maximum 12x24 Wire fabric should have end and side laps: Fabric should extend to about 2in but no more than 6in from the slab edges
Longitudinal: 30*Diam. but no less than 12 Transverse: 20*Diam. but no less than 6

A=0.06 in2 A=0.08 in2

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis Recommended Spacing: 6x12

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 3.2 Tie Bars Placed along the longitudinal joint to tie the 2 slabs together
L

As =

L = distance from the longitudinal joint to the free edge where no tie bar exists Length of tie bars L

fa cL'h fs

t=

1 fs d 2

= allowable bond stress d = bar diameter

Spacing of tie bars Area of bar reinforcem ent Spacing = Area of Steel required (A s ) Many Agencies use the standard tie bar design to simplify construction Tie Bars: d = 0.5 ; L = 36 ; Spaced @ 30-40 apart

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 4. Joint Opening

Where: = Joint opening t = Coefficient of thermal contraction = Drying shrinkage coefficient L = Slab length C = adjustment factor for subgrade friction Stabilized = 0.65 Granular = 0.80

= CL( t T + )
0.05 OR use dowels

2 0.25 to reduce potential for bearing failure

moment arm increases w/ increasing 2

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 4.1 Joint Opening Example

t = 5 10 6 /oF = 0.5 10 4 in/in

= CL( t T + )
0.05 OR use dowels

L = 40 ft T = 60 oF C = 0.8

= 0.8 (40 12 ) 5 10 -6 60 + 0.5 10 4 = 0.13

Dowels required

((