[Page i] A G Polnarev.

Extragalactic Astrophysics (ASTM-052), Content, 2008

A G Polnarev

EXTRAGALACTIC ASTROPHYSICS (ASTM-052), 2008

CONTENT

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Lecture 1. [Chapter 1 by P Clegg]

Introduction

1. Extragalactic Astrophysics 2. The Discovery of Galaxies .... 2.1 The Form of the Galaxy .... 2.2 The Problem of the Nebulae .... 2.3 Interpretation of Hubbles Law 3. Clusters of Galaxies

1 1 1 2 3 4

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[Page ii] A G Polnarev. Extragalactic Astrophysics (ASTM-052), Content, 2008

Lecture 2. [Chapter 2 by P Clegg]

General properties of galaxies 1. Introduction 2. Morphological Classication .... 2.1 Hubbles Classication .... 2.2 Elliptical Galaxies .... 2.3 Spiral Galaxies .... 2.4 Lenticular Galaxies .... 2.5 Irregular Galaxies .... 2.6 Dwarf Galaxies .... 2.7 Peculiar and Interacting Galaxies 3. Photometry of Galaxies 3.1 Surface Photometry 3.2 Use of Magnitudes ...... 3.2.1 Denition of Magnitude ...... 3.2.2 Surface Brightness ...... 3.2.3 Magnitude Systems ...... 3.2.4 Colours ...... 3.2.5 The Magnitudes of Galaxies .... 3.3 Photometry of Elliptical Galaxies .... 3.4 Photometry of Spiral Galaxies .... 3.5 Colours of Galaxies 4. Masses of Galaxies .... 4.1 Introduction .... 4.2 Photometric Methods ...... 4.2.1 Mass-Luminosity Ratios for Stars ...... 4.2.1 Stellar Mass-Function .... 4.3 Spectroscopic Methods ...... 4.3.1 Physical Basis ...... 4.3.2 The Virial Theorem ...... 4.3.3 Masses of Elliptical Galaxies ...... 4.3.4 Masses of Spiral Galaxies .... 4.4 Mass-Luminosity Ratios for Galaxies 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 14 16 examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable not examinable not examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable examinable not examinable not examinable examinable examinable

[Page iii] A G Polnarev. Extragalactic Astrophysics (ASTM-052), Content, 2008

Lecture 3. [Chapter 3 by P Clegg]

Dynamics of Galaxies

1. Introduction 1 2. Stellar Dynamics 1 .... 2.1 Independence of Stellar Motion 1 .... 2.2 Stellar Collisions 1 ...... 2.2.1 Mean-Free Path and Collision time 1 ...... 2.2.2 Direct Physical Collisions 1 ...... 2.2.3 Gravitational Collisions 2 ...... 2.2.4 Strong Gravitational Interactions 3 3. Gas Dynamics 4 .... 3.1 Simple Treatment 4 ...... 3.1.1 Collective Motion 4 ...... 3.1.2 The Free-Fall Time 4 ...... 3.1.3 The Jeans Criterion 5 .... 3.2 Hydrodynamics of the Gas 5 ...... 3.2.1 The Equation of Continuity 5 ...... 3.2.2 The Euler Equation 6 ...... 3.2.3 The Poisson Equation 7 ...... 3.2.4 The Equation of State 7 ...... 3.2.5 Perturbations and ..............Linearization of the Equations 7 ...... 3.2.6 The Dispersion Relation 8 ...... 3.2.7 Jeans Condensation Revisited 9 ...... 3.2.8 The Time-Scale of Collapse 9 ...... 3.2.9 Shock Waves 10

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[Page iv] A G Polnarev. Extragalactic Astrophysics (ASTM-052), Content, 2008

4. Dynamics of Spiral Discs .... 4.1 Overall Description .... 4.2 Co-ordinate System .... 4.3 Motion Perpendicular to the Plane of the Disc ...... 4.3.1 Equations of Motion ...... 4.4 Motion of Stars in the Plane of the Disc ...... 4.4.1 Circular Motion ...... 4.4.2 Epicyclic Motion ...... 4.4.3 Resonant Orbits .... 4.5 Spiral Structure ...... 4.5.1 Introduction ...... 4.5.2 The Winding Problem ...... 4.5.3 The Physical Mechanism Sustaining Spiral Arms ...... 4.5.4 Density-Wave Theory ...... 4.5.5 The Linearized ...... 4.5.6 The Dispersion Relation ...... 4.5.7 The Eects of and on the Stars ...... 4.5.8 The Speed of a Spiral Pattern ...... 4.5.9 Testing the Theory

12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 15 15 15 15 16 17 18 18 20 20 20

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[Page v] A G Polnarev. Extragalactic Astrophysics (ASTM-052), Content, 2008

Lecture 4. [Chapter 4 by P Clegg]

Active Galaxies

1. Introduction 2.Properties of Active Galaxies .... 2.1 Overview .... 2.2 Seyfert Galaxies .... 2.3 Quasars and BL Lacertae Objects .... 2.4 Radio Galaxies 3. Models of Active Galactic Nuclei .... 3.1 The Source of Energy in AGN ...... 3.1.1 Nuclear or Gravitational Power? ...... 3.1.2 Accretion Power ...... 3.1.3 The Eddington Limit .... 3.2 Characteristic Temperatures .... 3.3 Accretion Discs ...... 3.3.1 Structure of the Disc ...... 3.3.2 Conservation of Mass ...... 3.3.3 Conservation of Angular Momentum ...... 3.3.4 Conservation of Energy ...... 3.3.5 Viscosity in the Disc ...... 3.3.6 Spectrum Radiated by Disc

1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 10

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[Page vi] A G Polnarev. Extragalactic Astrophysics (ASTM-052), Content, 2008

4. Models of Radio Sources 12 not examinable .... 4.1 Synchrotron Radiation 12 not examinable ...... 4.1.1 The Frequency of Synchrotron Radiation 12 not examinable ...... 4.1.2 The Power emitted by a Relativistic electron 12 not examinable ...... 4.1.3 The Synchrotron Spectrum 12 not examinable ...... 4.1.4 Lifetime of Relativistic Electrons 13 not examinable .... 4.2 Models of the Radio Lobes 13 not examinable ...... 4.2.1 The Energy in the Lobes 13 not examinable ...... 4.2.2 The Supply of Energy to the Lobes 15 not examinable ...... 4.2.3 Motion of the Jets and Lobes 16 not examinable ........ 4.2.3.1 Superluminal Velocity in Jets 16 not examinable ........ 4.2.3.2 Velocity of the Lobes 17 not examinable ...... 4.2.4 Connement of the radio Lobes 18 not examinable ........ 4.2.4.1 Diameter-Separation Ratio 18 not examinable ........ 4.2.4.2 Inertial Connement 19 not examinable ........ 4.2.4.3 Ram-Pressure Connement 19 not examinable ........ 4.2.4.4 Thermal Connement 20 not examinable ........ 4.2.4.5 Summary and Conclusions 20 not examinable .... 4.3 The Particle Energy Spectrum 20 not examinable ...... 4.3.1 The Need for an Acceleration Mechanism 20 not examinable ...... 4.3.2 Stochastic Acceleration 20 not examinable ........ 4.3.2.1 General Scheme 20 not examinable ........ 4.3.2.2 Elastic Collisions between Particles 20 not examinable ........ 4.3.2.3 Growth of Energy 21 not examinable ........ 4.3.2.4 Loss-rate 22 not examinable ........ 4.3.2.5 Resultant Energy Distribution 22 not examinable ...... 4.3.3 Shock Acceleration 22 not examinable ........ 4.3.3.1 Energy-Gain 22 not examinable ........ 4.3.3.2 Loss-rate 23 not examinable ........ 4.3.3.3 Resultant Energy Distribution 23 not examinable

[Page vi] A G Polnarev. Extragalactic Astrophysics (ASTM-052), Content, 2008

Lecture 5. Supermassive Binary Black holes as the Sources of Gravitational Waves

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Lecture 6. Observational evidence of Supermassive Black holes

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