Unit 2 - Nouns

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Proper Nouns - Proper Noun is the name of a particular person or place. Proper nouns always begin with a capital letter. Examples : Mark, London, India Common Nouns - Common Noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the group. Common nouns begin with a capital letter only if it is the first word of the sentence. Examples : Girl, Boy, City, Tiger Collective Nouns - Collective Nouns are those nouns that denote a group of people, animals, objects, concepts or ideas as a single entity. Examples : Army of Soldiers, Class of Students, Crew of Sailors, Band of Musicians Abstract Nouns - Abstract Noun is the name of a quality, action or state. You cannot see, hear, smell or taste an abstract noun. Examples : Kindness, Loyalty, Childhood, Sickness, Laughter Count nouns name anything that can be counted (e.g. four books, two continents, a few dishes, a dozen buildings). Non-count nouns (or mass nouns) name something that can't be counted (water, air, energy, blood) Nouns can be in the subjective, possessive, and objective case. The word case defines the role of the noun in the sentence. English derives in some ways from Anglo-Saxon and one of the things the language has is a special form of genitive case, the way that we show that something belongs to something else. Examples are "the teacher's table", "the boy's book", "the lady's lamp", "the dog's dinner" and these all have an apostrophe in them Plurals are formed by adding -s, except in the following cases: When a word ends in -ch, -s, -sh, -ss or -x the plural is formed by adding -es, eg.: benches, gases, dishes, crosses, taxes When a word ends in -y preceded by a consonant the plural form is -ies, eg.: parties, bodies, policies When a word ends in -y preceded by a vowel the plural is formed by adding -s, eg.: trays, joys, keys When a word ends in -o the more common plural ending is -oes, eg.: tomatoes, potatoes, zeroes, heroes In less familiar words or when the final -o preceded by a vowel the plural ending is -os, eg.: avocados, armadillos, studios, cameos When a word ends in -f the plural is formed either by adding -s, eg.: beliefs, cuffs, whiffs or by changing the -f to -v and adding -es, eg.: wives, thieves, loves. Some words may take both forms, eg.: scarfs - scarves, wharfs wharves When a word ends in -ex or -ix the more formal plural ending is -ices. In more general contexts -es is used, e.g.: appendices / appendixes, indices / indexes When a word form Latin ends in -is the plural form is -es, e.g.: crises, analyses When a word form Latin ends in -us the plural form is -i, e.g.: nuclei, syllabi, radii With compound words (like court-martial) it is usually the most important part which is pluralized, e.g.: courts-martial, lord-justices, mothers-in-law In certain cases the plural form of a word is the same as the singular, e.g.: deer, sheep, grouse and in some words both forms end in -s, e.g.: measles, corps, mews There are two main types of plural which take either singular of plural verbs: - words like media and data. These are in common use as singular nouns although, strictly, this is incorrect - words ending in -ics. Generally, these are treated as plural when the word relates to an individual person or thing e.g.: his mathematics are poor, the hall's acoustics are good and as singular when it is regarded more strictly as a science e.g.: mathematics is an important subject.

The word politics comes from the Greek word (politikos), meaning amongst others "of, for, or relating to citizens Aristotles Politics is the earliest known document in which the politics is dealt with as a specific branch of practical science Politics, in its broadest sense, refers to the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. It is the art or science of running governmental or state affairs, including behavior within civil governments, but also applies to institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the corporate, academic, and religious segments of society Political ideology is a certain ethical set of ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, or a large group that explains how society should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used Political science, the study of politics, examines the acquisition and application of power Global politics refers to politics that is conducted at a global rather than a national or regional level Authority a term widely used to describe the rightful use of political power, or legitimate power Bureaucracy (birokracija) - Rule of officials Democracy (demokracija) - Rule of the people Oligarchy (oligarhija) - Rule of the few Patriarchy (patrijarhalni sistem) - Rule of men (literally, rule of the father) Plutocracy (plutokracija ili novana aristokracija) - rule of the rich Theocracy (teokracija ili sveenika vladavina) - Literally rule of God, in practice rule of priests or religious leaders

Unit 2 - What is Politics and its role in today's world

Glossary of useful political terms Conflict to come into disagreement, to be contradictory or in opposition konflikt, sukob Consensus (or agreement) general agreement or concord; harmony konsensus, dogovor, sporazum Civil society the arena outside of the family, the state, and the market where people associate to advance common interests civilno/graansko drutvo state the condition of a person or thing stanje The State an organized political community, living under a government drava Politician a person who is active in party politics politiar Political party an organization seeking to gain political power partija, stranka (to) govern to rule over by right of authority vladati Government the political direction and control exercised over the actions of the members, citizens, or inhabitants of communities, societies, and states javna uprava, drava, vlada, vlast Political ideology sets of basic beliefs about the political, economic, social and cultural affairs held by the majority of people within as society politika ideologija Political science a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government, and politics politike nauke Global politics the discipline that studies the political and economical patterns of the world globalna (svjetska) politika

Unit 3 - Pronouns
- A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns. The noun that the pronoun replaces or refers to is called antecedent. Example: The report has been written, but it still must be typed. TYPES OF PRONOUNS PERSONAL PRONOUNS - the most common kind. Personal pronouns are divided into three groups: Group: 1. First person (the person speaking) 2. Second person (the person spoken to) 3. Third person (the person or thing spoken about) SINGULAR I, me you he - him, she - her, it PLURAL we, us you they, them

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS - derived from a personal pronoun, used to denote possession. Examine the following chart: PERSONAL PRONOUNS I You He She It We They POSSESSIVE my your his her its our their PRONOUNS mine yours his hers its ours theirs

Examples: - The van over there is ours. - Mine is more expensive than yours.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS - formed by adding -self or selves to certain personal or possessive pronouns. Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself. Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves. Example: Jason makes himself breakfast every morning.

Unit 3 Peace and Security Studies

Security studies refer to an academic sub-field of the wider discipline of International Relations. It covers the degree of protection necessary to safeguard a nation, union of nations, persons or person against danger, damage, loss, and crime. Peace studies is an interdisciplinary academic field that draws on political science, sociology, history, anthropology, theology, psychology, philosophy, and other fields to: understand the causes of armed conflict; develop ways to prevent and resolve war, genocide, terrorism, gross violations of human rights; and build peaceful and just systems and societies. Security and Peace Studies is a social science field that identifies and analyses violent and nonviolent behaviors, as well as the structural mechanisms attending conflicts (including social conflicts), with a view towards understanding those processes which lead to a more desirable human condition.

 Conflict resolution is conceptualized as the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict. Humanitarian aid is material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to humanitarian crises including natural disaster and man-made disaster. Some of the most important humanitarian organizations include: Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF), the Red Cross, the Red Crescent, Unicef, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), etc. The United Nations was founded in 1945 after World War II, and it is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is the world's largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization. Its mandate includes issues such as arms control and the promotion of human rights, freedom of the press and fair elections. The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe. The EU has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area (which includes 22 EU and 4 non-EU states), passport controls have been abolished. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional development. A monetary union, the eurozone, was established in 1999 and is composed of 17 member states. The European Security Strategy is the policy document that guides the European Union's international security strategy. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. Glossary of useful political terms Agency an organization, company, or bureau that provides some service - agencija Assembly a group of persons gathered together, usually for a particular purpose, whether religious, political, educational or social skup, sabor, saziv Commission authority granted for a particular action or function povjerenstvo Council a body of persons specially designated or selected to act in an advisory, administrative, or legislative capacity vijee, odbor Crises a condition of instability or danger, as in social, economic, political, or international affairs kriza Development the act or process of developing; growth; progress razvoj, razvitak Diplomacy the conduct by government officials of negotiations and other relations between nations; the art or science of conducting negotiations; skill in managing negotiations, handling people, etc., so that there is little or no ill will diplomacija Mediation action in mediating between parties, as to effect an agreement or reconciliation medijacija, posredovanje, mirenje Negotiation mutual discussion and arrangement of the terms of agreement pregovaranje Peacebuilding is a term describing outside interventions that are designed to prevent the start or resumption of violent conflict within a nation by creating a sustainable peace izgradnja mira Red Crescent an international humanitarian movement for the islamic countries crveni polumjesec (to) Safeguard (doing) something that serves as a protection or defense, or that ensures safety uvati, ouvati, osigurati Treaty a formal agreement between two or more states in reference to peace, alliance, commerce, or other internationalrelations sporazum Welfare the good fortune, health, happiness, prosperity, etc., of a person, group, or organization; well-being dobrobit, blagostanje