ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF A PROFESSIONAL NURSE Care provider- supports the client by attitudes and actions that show

concern for client's welfare and acceptance of the client as a person. The nurse is primarily concerned with the client's needs. Communicator/Helper the nurse communicates with clients, support persons and colleagues to facilitate all nursing actions. Educator the nurse promotes what is best for the client, ensures the client's need role gives emphasis on health promotion and health maintenance Counselor - the nurse helps the client to recognize and cope with stressful psychologic or social problems, to develop improved personal relationships and to promote personal growth. This role includes provide emotional, intellectual and psychologic support. Teacher - the nurse provides health teaching to effect behavior change which focuses on acquiring new knowledge or technical skills. Advocate- protect the client's rights; bridge to see all needs are met Change agent - initiates changes and assist the client make modifications in the lifestyle to promote health. This role involves identifying the problem, assessing client's motivations and capacities for change, determining alternatives, exploring the possible outcomes of the alternatives, assessing resources, determining helping roles, recognize phases of change process Leader - the nurse through the process of interpersonal influence helps the client make decisions in establishing and achieving goals to improve his well-being Manager the nurse plans, gives directions, develops staff, monitors operations, give rewards fairly and represent both staff members and administration as needed. Collaborator the nurse works in a combined effort with all those involved in care delivery, for a mutually acceptable plan to be obtained that will achieve common goals. The nurse initiates nursing actions within the health team Case manager - nurse coordinates the activities of other members of the health care team, such as nutritionists, when managing a group of client's care Researcher the nurse participates in scientific investigation and uses research findings in practice. She enhances people's ability to respond effectively to actual/ potential health problems.

Philosophy in Nursing- specifies the definition of metaparadigm concepts in each of the conceptual models of nursing. It is gained through analysis, reasoning and logical argument

CONCEPTS are the building blocks of theories. Two types: Abstract concepts indirectly observed/ intangible. It is independent of time and place. Concrete concepts directly observed or tangible. ex. pain, nurse and mother

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK THE PERSON---THE BODY----THE DISEASE (THE CORE) (THE CARE) ( THE CURE)

therapeutic use of self ---- intimate bodily care---- --- seeing the patient and family through the medical care

SCIENCE from the Latin word scientia, which means knowledge or practice in a discipline of study. It refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method.

STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD: OBSERVATION integration of knowledge by rational being GATHERING INFORMATION/DATA collecting of datas FORMING HYPOTHESIS an attempt to explain or suggest a nature of phenomenon.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION set of examinations done to solve the particular query raised through hypothesis process. CONCLUSION/THEORETICAL EXPLANATION statement explaining a set of natural phenomena or scientific query from experimental investigation.

KNOWLEDGE - Can be defined as information, skills and expertise acquired by a person through various life experiences or through formal/informal learning The abstract or workable understanding of a subject or idea. Knowledge acquirement involves several cognitive processes. These are: 1. Perception achieving understanding of sensory data 2. Association - combining 2 or more concepts/ideas to form a new concept, or for comparison 3. Learning - Acquiring experience, skills, information and values 4. Reasoning mental process of seeking conclusions through reason 5. Communication - transferring data from sender to receiver using different mediums or tools of communication

SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE: 1. Traditional knowledge - is a nursing practice which is passed down from generation to generation. 2. Authoritative knowledge is an idea by a person of authority which is perceived as true because of his/ her expertise. 3. Scientific knowledge which came from a scientific method through research. These new ideas are tested and measured systematically using objective criteria.

PHENOMENON Can be defined as sets of empirical data or experiences that can be physically observed or tangible. It is concerned with how an individual person reacts using the human senses concerning their surrounding and assessing the different behaviors and factors that affect such behaviors.

IN NURSING, PHENOMENA can be: 1. Clinical or environmental setting of nursing ex. Health center 2. Disease process ex. Lung cancer 3. Client's behavior ex. Guarding behavior at the site of pain 4. Interventions - care of the client with pain 5. Practices that are utilized in nursing theories and metaparadigm ( person, nursing, health and environment) Nursing theories are developed to: 1. Improve the quality of care rendered by nurses to their clients. 2. Be used in the different nursing fields such as education, research and practice EVOLUTION OF NURSING NURSING started in the intuitive way of caring for the sick members of the family. Roles of the women are limited as wives, mothers, daughters and sisters. They are the ones who stayed at home and took care of the family.

In ancient civilizations providing care revolves around the use of magical thinking, superstitious and religious beliefs, however, non-magical forms of service still emerged. Female slaves are usually the ones who provide physical maintenance and comfort for the sick. Their actions are usually ordered by a master, healer or priest In Egypt, people worshiped the Goddess Isis and her son Horus, as they are believed to manipulate the dreams of the sick. Code of Hammurabi in Babylonia in the year 1900 BC was the earliest documented forms of service and law governing the practice of medicine but nursing roles was not clearly define In the Old Testament of the Bible, women provide and assist in the care of children and infants in delivery. In Greece and Rome, care of the sick revolves around mythology, believing in works of Asklepios, as the Greek God and chief healer, his wife Epigone as the soother and their daughter, Hygea, as the goddess of health.

In Africa, they saw nurses as midwives, herbalists, wet nurses and caregivers for children and elderly Religion influenced practice of caring by the Parables of Christ

Christian organizations that provided Care for the Sick 1. Parabolani Brotherhood provided care during the great plague in Alexandria 2. Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, knights of Lazarus, Teutonic Knights these organizations were responsible for the development of early managerial and administrative standards in providing care in hospitals

3. Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, Alexian Brotherhood, Agustinian sisters one of the first nursing orders Camillus De Lellis considered as the patron saint of nurses. Order of Christian charity providing care for the poor, sick, dying, and prisoners 4. Sisters of Charity Established by St. Vincent de Paul in France 5. Order of Deaconesses Founded in Keisserswerth, Germany. It recognized the role of women in giving services for the sick. It also initiated the establishment of training school for nurses Nursing theories reflect particular views of a person, health, environment, nursing and other concepts that contribute to the development of a body of knowledge specific to nursing concerns SCOPE refers to the qualified level of precision of a certain theory and the accuracy of its concepts and propositions. 3 Categories that relate to the scope of a theory: 1. Grand theories - are simply known to speak about a broad range of important relationship among concepts of discipline. Ex. Nightingale's Environmental theory, Orem's Self-Care Theory of Nursing 2. Middle-range theories - least abstract level of theoretical knowledge because they include details specific to nursing practice Ex. health condition, patient population (age group) , the location of practice and the different interventions of the nurse 3. Micro- range theories -these are situation-specific and limited to particular populations or fields of practice. Ex. Hypothesis