Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SOGREAH Eau - Energie - Environnement 6, rue de Lorraine, F-38130 Echirolles, France. Email: yvon.mensencal@sogreah.fr
Abstract
This article consists at the presentation of the various modules included in the TELEMAC system dedicated to free-surface flows and the associated processes of transport/dispersion of dissolved substances and sediment movements. These modules are thus of very great interest for studies dealing with coastal development and may be considered as aids for decision-making and coastal zone management. They can be used to fine-tune knowledge of the physical conditions observed in the study area, determine the impacts associated with development works, monitor and quantify the impact of ordinary or exceptional pollution, monitor changes in morphodynamics, salinity or any other physicochemical parameter.
Contents
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 GENERALITIES......................................................................................................................................................................... 2 DEVELOPERS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2 OPEN-SOURCE : FREE SOFTWARE ................................................................................................................................................. 2 SYSTEM STRUCTURE ................................................................................................................................................................. 3 SPECIFIC FEATURE OF THE TELEMAC SYSTEM: FINITE ELEMENTS .......................................................................................................... 4 TELEMAC-2D: 2D HYDRODYNAMIC SOFTWARE............................................................................................................................. 6 TELEMAC-3D: 3D HYDRODYNAMICS SOFTWARE ......................................................................................................................... 12 TOMAWAC: SOFTWARE FOR SEA STATE MODELLING ON UNSTRUCTURED GRIDS OVER OCEANS AND COASTAL SEAS ......................................... 19 SYSIPHE ........................................................................................................................................................................... 25
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Generalities
The various simulation modules of the TELEMAC system use powerful algorithms based on the finiteelement or finite-volume methods. Space is discretised into an unstructured 2D grid of triangular elements, so that the calculation grid can be refined locally in areas of interest. All the algorithms are gathered into a single library that is common to all the calculation codes, which makes it easier to use the various modules (it is easy to pass from one to another) and, in particular, allows them to be coupled internally and externally. The pre- and post-processing tools are identical for each calculation code. TELEMAC offers the user a set of sub-routines that are specific to each calculation code. These are all written in FORTRAN-90 and can easily be modified in order to meet users' specific requirements: prescription of initial conditions or complex boundary conditions, introduction of new functions, coupling with other modelling systems. A parallel version is available for use on multi-processor computers or clusters of workstations for certain modules (use of the MPI library, automatic domain breakdown operations). As a complement to the TELEMAC chain, the FUDAA-PREPRO software (developed from the FUDAA platform by the Research, Computing and Modelling Department of CETMEF) covers all the preprocessing tasks involved in completing a digital hydraulic study.
Developers
TELEMAC-2D was developed by the National Hydraulics and Environment Laboratory (Laboratoire National dHydraulique et Environnement - LNHE) of the Research and Development Directorate of the French Electricity Board (EDF-DRD), in collaboration with other research institutes. The software complies with EDF-DRDs Quality Assurance procedures for scientific and technical programs. These set out rules for developing and checking product quality at all stages. In particular, a program covered by Quality Assurance procedures is accompanied by a Formulation Document that describes the theoretical aspects of the software, and a Validation Document that describes the field of use of the software and a set of test cases.
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System structure
The TELEMAC system comprises the following modules:
Pre-processing
The MATISSE software designed to generate a mesh consisting of triangular elements, using bathymetric and/or topographic data. FUDAA-PREPRO. STBTEL (adaptation to commercially available meshing programs).
Hydrodynamics
The TELEMAC-2D software designed to perform a hydrodynamic simulation in two horizontal space dimensions. In addition, TELEMAC-2D can simulate the transport of dissolved tracers. The TELEMAC-3D software itself, designed to carry out hydrodynamic simulations of flows in three space dimensions. In addition, TELEMAC-3D can simulate the transport of tracers. The SEDI-3D library contains the relevant subroutines for simulating non-cohesive sediment transport. This document is concerned with the implementation of the TELEMAC-3D software. The SPARTACUS-2D software designed to simulate two-dimensional laminar and turbulent flows using the SPH method.
Sedimentology
The SISYPHE2D and SISYPHE 3D programs designed to simulate the transport of sediment through bed load traction and suspension.
Water quality
SUBIEF-2D (2D suspended sediment transport Tracer transport 2D), not distributed. SEDI-3D (3D tracer transport integrated in TELEMAC-3D). Interface to Delft Hydraulics' DELWAQ program.
Waves
The ARTEMIS software designed to simulate changes in the features of wave agitation either in a coastal water body or a harbour. The TOMAWAC software designed to simulate sea state in permanent or transitory conditions using a spectral method.
Sub-surface flows
ESTEL-2D (2D flows and pollutant transport in a subsurface medium). ESTEL-3D (3D flows and pollutant transport in a subsurface medium).
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Post -processing
RUBENS, not distributed. FUDAA-PREPRO. POSTEL-3D.
Main applications
The main applications of the TELEMAC system software are the following: dam bursts, flood studies, harbour installation studies (structures, jetties, breakwaters, etc.), impact of hydraulic structures (bridges, embankments, etc.), estuary management and development, water quality (discharges from treatment plants, industrial discharges), thermal recirculation, dumping of dredged materials, hydrosedimentary studies, wave disturbance in a port or bay, river restoration studies, hydraulic studies for tourist development schemes, study of marine climates (generation by the wind and wave propagation).
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Example of a grid for a river and dikes (Sogreah) The tip of each triangle is a calculation point characterised by its planimetric (X, Y) and altimetric (Z) references and by a roughness coefficient representing the surface state of the terrain. The finite-element method on which TELEMAC is based, associated with a calculation grid consisting of triangular facets of various sizes and shapes, enables the topography to be broken down in a suitable manner and hence the complex geometries of the study area (embankments, low-water bed of meandering rivers, islands, structures, roads, streets, secondary tributaries, etc.) to be taken into account. The grid can be made denser (and hence the results produced by the model refined) in areas of special interest such as around discharge structures, bridge piers and sensitive areas. Mesh of the Isle river (SOGREAH) In terms of actual exploitation, TELEMAC models have the advantages of numerical processing: using basic results, it is possible to calculate many other magnitudes, such as changes in water level at any point in the model or in the discharge flowing along a river, through a structure or in a flood plain, changes in the volumes stored in a high-water bed, or an evaluation of trajectories, etc.
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In spite of its apparent complexity, this type of model produces a very high-quality support for hydraulic appraisals in terms of analysing results and understanding hydraulic phenomena in the presence of complex flow areas. It also serves as a communication medium by virtue of its extremely clear rendering and the possibility of producing animated displays.
General description
The TELEMAC-2D code solves depth-averaged free surface flow equations as derived first by Barr de Saint-Venant in 1871. The main results at each node of the computational mesh are the depth of water
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and the depth-averaged velocity components. The main application of TELEMAC-2D is in free-surface maritime or river hydraulics and the program is able to take into account the following phenomena: Propagation of long waves, including non-linear effects Friction on the bed The effect of the Coriolis force The effects of meteorological phenomena such as atmospheric pressure and wind Turbulence Supercritical and subcritical flows Influence of horizontal temperature and salinity gradients on density Cartesian or spherical coordinates for large domains Dry areas in the computational field: tidal flats and flood-plains Entrainment and diffusion of a tracer by currents, including creation and decay and sink terms Particle tracking and computation of Lagrangian drifts Treatment of singularities: weirs, dikes, culverts, etc. Inclusion of the drag forces created by vertical structures Inclusion of porosity phenomena Inclusion of wave-induced currents (by link-ups with the ARTEMIS and TOMAWAC modules) Coupling with sediment transport
Technical description
The TELEMAC-2D code solves the following four hydrodynamic equations simultaneously:
h t u t
u ( h ) hdiv( u ) u (u )
Sh 1 div( h t u ) h
continuity
Z x
Sx
momentum along x
v u (v ) t
Z y
Sy
1 div(h t v) h
momentum along y
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T t
u (T )
ST
1 div( h h
T)
tracer conservation
in which: h u,v T g t,T Z t x,y Sh Sx,Sy ST (m) (m/s) (g/l or C) (m/s2) (m2/s) (m) (s) (m) (m/s) (m/s ) (g/l/s)
2
depth of water velocity components non-buoyant tracer gravity acceleration momentum and tracer diffusion coefficients free surface elevation time horizontal space coordinates source or sink of fluid source or sink terms in dynamic equations source or sink of tracer
The equations are given here in Cartesian coordinates. They can also be processed using spherical coordinates.
Sx and Sy (m/s2) are source terms representing the wind, Coriolis force, bottom friction, a source or a sink of momentum within the domain. The different terms of these equations are processed in one or more steps (in the case of advection by the method of characteristics): 1) advection of h, u, v and T, 2) propagation, diffusion and source terms of the dynamic equations, 3) diffusion and source terms of the tracer transport equation. Any of these steps can be skipped, and in this case different equations are solved. In addition, each of the variables h, u, v and T may be advected separately. In this way it is possible, for example, to solve a tracer advection and diffusion equation using a fixed advecting velocity field.
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Turbulent viscosity may be given by the user or determined by a model simulating the transport of turbulent quantities k (turbulent kinetic energy) and Epsilon (turbulent dissipation), for which the equations are the following:
k t
u (k )
1 div( h h
t
t k
k) P
Pkv
u ( )
1 div( h h
( c1 P c 2
) Pv
The right-hand side terms of these equations represent the production and destruction of turbulent quantities (energy and dissipation).
A complete description of the theory is given in the following book: Hydrodynamics of free surface flows, by Jean-Michel Hervouet (Wiley, 2007).
Applications
The software has many fields of application. In the maritime sphere, particular mention may be made of the sizing of port structures, the study of the effects of building submersible dikes or dredging, the impact of waste discharged from a coastal outfall or the study of thermal plumes. In river applications, mention may also be made of studies relating to the impact of construction works (bridges, weirs, groynes), dam breaks, flooding or the transport of decaying or non-decaying tracers.
TELEMAC-2D has also been used for a number of special applications, such as the bursting of industrial reservoirs, avalanches falling into a reservoir, etc.
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Olonne
SHOM Olonne 60-100
3.5 3.25 3 2.75 2.5 2.25 2 1.75 1.5 1.25 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0 -0.25 -0.5 -0.75 -1 -1.25 -1.5 -1.75 -2 -2.25 -2.5 -2.75 -3
03-janv 03-janv 04-janv 04-janv 05-janv 05-janv 06-janv 06-janv 07-janv 07-janv 08-janv 08-janv 09-janv 09-janv 10-janv 10-janv 11-janv 11-janv 12-janv 12-janv 13-janv
Date
La Rochelle
0.75 0.5 0.25 0 -0.25 -0.5 -0.75 -1 -1.25 -1.5 -1.75 -2 -2.25 -2.5 -2.75 -3 03-janv 03-janv 04-janv 04-janv 05-janv 05-janv 06-janv 06-janv 07-janv 07-janv 08-janv 08-janv 09-janv 09-janv 10-janv 10-janv 11-janv 11-janv 12-janv 12-janv 13-janv
Date
Ile dAix
Aix
SHOM Aix 60-100
3.5 3.25 3 2.75 2.5 2.25 2 1.75 1.5 1.25 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0 -0.25 -0.5 -0.75 -1 -1.25 -1.5 -1.75 -2 -2.25 -2.5 -2.75 -3
03-janv 03-janv 04-janv 04-janv 05-janv 05-janv 06-janv 06-janv 07-janv 07-janv 08-janv 08-janv 09-janv 09-janv 10-janv 10-janv 11-janv 11-janv 12-janv 12-janv 13-janv
Pointe de Gatseau
Date
Gatseau
3.5 3.25 3 2.75 2.5 2.25 2 1.75 1.5 1.25 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0 -0.25 -0.5 -0.75 -1 -1.25 -1.5 -1.75 -2 -2.25 -2.5 -2.75 -3
03-janv 03-janv 04-janv 04-janv 05-janv 05-janv 06-janv 06-janv 07-janv 07-janv 08-janv 08-janv 09-janv 09-janv 10-janv 10-janv
SHOM Gatseau
60-100
Date
Cordouan
3.5 3.25 3 2.75 2.5 2.25 2 1.75 1.5 1.25 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0 -0.25 -0.5 -0.75 -1 -1.25 -1.5 -1.75 -2 -2.25 -2.5 -2.75 -3
03-janv 03-janv 04-janv 04-janv 05-janv 05-janv 06-janv 06-janv 07-janv 07-janv 08-janv 08-janv 09-janv 09-janv 10-janv 10-janv 11-janv
11-janv
12-janv
12-janv
13-janv
Date
Pointe de Grave
SHOM Pte Grave 60 - 100
0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 -0.25 -0.50 -0.75 -1.00 -1.25 -1.50 -1.75 -2.00 -2.25 -2.50 -2.75 -3.00
03-janv 03-janv 04-janv 04-janv 05-janv 05-janv 06-janv 06-janv 07-janv 07-janv 08-janv 08-janv 09-janv 09-janv 10-janv 10-janv 11-janv 11-janv 12-janv 12-janv 13-janv
Date
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3.5
3.5
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1.5
-1.5
-2
-2
-2.5
-2.5
-3 02/01/06 02:00 02/01/06 03:00 02/01/06 04:00 02/01/06 05:00 02/01/06 06:00 02/01/06 07:00 02/01/06 08:00 02/01/06 09:00 02/01/06 10:00 02/01/06 11:00 02/01/06 12:00 02/01/06 13:00 02/01/06 14:00 02/01/06 15:00
-3 02/01/06 02:00 02/01/06 03:00 02/01/06 04:00 02/01/06 05:00 02/01/06 06:00 02/01/06 07:00 02/01/06 08:00 02/01/06 09:00 02/01/06 10:00 02/01/06 11:00 02/01/06 12:00 02/01/06 13:00 02/01/06 14:00 02/01/06 15:00
Date
Date
3.5
3.5
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1.5
-1.5
-2
-2
-2.5
-2.5
-3 02/01/06 02:00 02/01/06 03:00 02/01/06 04:00 02/01/06 05:00 02/01/06 06:00 02/01/06 07:00 02/01/06 08:00 02/01/06 09:00 02/01/06 10:00 02/01/06 11:00 02/01/06 12:00 02/01/06 13:00 02/01/06 14:00 02/01/06 15:00
-3 02/01/06 02:00 02/01/06 03:00 02/01/06 04:00 02/01/06 05:00 02/01/06 06:00 02/01/06 07:00 02/01/06 08:00 02/01/06 09:00 02/01/06 10:00 02/01/06 11:00 02/01/06 12:00 02/01/06 13:00 02/01/06 14:00 02/01/06 15:00
Date
Date
Current fields for a spring tide issued from the SSA Pertuis Charentais hydrodynamic model
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General description
The TELEMAC-3D code solves such three-dimensional equations as the free surface flow equations (with or without the hydrostatic pressure assumption) and the transport-diffusion equations of intrinsic quantities (temperature, salinity, concentration). Its main results, at each point in the resolution mesh, are the velocity in all three directions and the concentrations of transported quantities. Water depth is the major result as regards the surface mesh. TELEMAC-3Ds prominent applications can be found in free surface flow, in both seas and rivers; the software can take the following processes into account: Influence of temperature and/or salinity on density, Bottom friction, Influence of the Coriolis force, Influence of weather factors: air pressure and wind, Consideration of thermal exchanges with the atmosphere, Sources and sinks for fluid movement within the flow domain, Simple or complex turbulence models (K-Epsilon) taking the effects of the Archimedean force (buoyancy) into account, Dry areas in the computational domain: tidal flats, Current drift and diffusion of a tracer, with creation or decay terms. The code is applicable to many fields. The main ones are related to the marine environment through the investigations of currents induced either by tides or density gradients, with or without the influence of such an external force as the wind or air pressure. It can be applied either to large areas (a sea) or to smaller domains (coasts and estuaries) to study the impact of sewer effluents, thermal plumes or even sediment transport. As regards continental waters, the study of thermal plumes in rivers, and the hydrodynamic behaviour of natural or man-made lakes can be mentioned as well.
Technical description
TELEMAC-3D is a three-dimensional computational code describing the 3D velocity field (u, v, w) and the water depth h (and, from the bottom depth, the free surface S) at each time step. In addition, it solves the transport of several tracers which can be grouped into two categories, namely the so-called active" tracers (primarily temperature and salinity), which change the water density and act on flow through gravity, and the so-called passive tracers, which do not affect the flow and are merely transported.
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EQUATIONS
The reader will refer to J.M. Hervouets book *1+ for a detailed statement of the theoretical aspects on which TELEMAC-3D is based.
U V W 0 x y z U U U U U V W t x y z V V V V U V W t x y z p patm
0
ZS x ZS g y g
ZS z 0
U V
Fx Fy
gZ
dz
T T T T U V W t x y z
where: h (m) S (m) U, V, W (m/s) T (C, g/l ) water depth. free surface elevation. three-dimensional components of velocity. passive or active (acting on density) tracer.
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p (X) g (m/s2) (m2/s) Zf (m) 0 (X) (X) t (s) x, y (m) z (m) Fx, Fy (m/s2) Q (tracer unit)
pressure. gravity acceleration. velocity and tracer diffusion coefficients. bottom depth. reference density. variation of density. time. horizontal space components. vertical space component. source terms. tracer source or sink.
Fx and Fy are source terms denoting the wind, the Coriolis force and the bottom friction (or any other process being modelled by similar formulas). Several tracers can be taken into account simultaneously. They can be of two different kinds, either active, i.e. influencing the flow by changing the density, or passive, without any effect on density and then on flow.
The TELEMAC-3D basic algorithm can be split into three computational steps (three fractional steps). The first step consists in finding the advected velocity components by solving only the advection terms in the momentum equations. The second step computes the new velocity components from the advected velocities taking into account the diffusion terms and the source terms in the momentum equations. These two solutions enable an intermediate velocity field to be obtained. The third step computes the water depth from the vertical integration of the continuity equation and the momentum equations including only the pressure-continuity terms (all the other terms have already been taken into account in the two earlier steps). The resulting two-dimensional equations (analogous to the Saint-Venant equations without diffusion, advection and source terms) are written as follows:
h t
uh x
vh y
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u t
v t
ZS x
ZS y
u and v in lower case denote the two-dimensional variables of the vertically integrated velocity. These two-dimensional equations are solved by the libraries in the TELEMAC-2D code and enable the vertically averaged velocity and the water depth to be obtained. The water depth makes it possible to re-compute the elevations of the various mesh points and then those of the free surface. Lastly, the U and V velocities are simply computed through a combination of the equations linking the velocities. Finally, the vertical velocity W is computed from the continuity equation.
U V W 0 x y z U U U U U V W t x y z V V V V U V W t x y z W W W W U V W t x y z
ZS x Z g S y Z g S z g
U V g
Fx Fy W Fz
In order to share a common core as much as possible with the solution of the hydrostatic equations, the pressure is split up into a hydrostatic pressure and a "dynamic" pressure term.
patm
g ZS
ZS z 0
dz
pd
The TELEMAC-3D algorithm solves a hydrostatic step which is the same as in the previous section, the only differences lying in the continuity step ("projection" step in which the dynamic pressure gradient changes the velocity field in order to provide the required zero divergence of velocity) and the computation of the free surface.
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ref
T T Tref )
750 S 10
with ref T being a reference temperature of 4C and ref a reference density at that temperature when the salinity is zero. Hence S < 42g / l . The second law is written as follows:
ref
999,972kg / m 3 . This law remains valid for 0C < T < 40C and 0g / l <
ref
1
i
Ti
Ti 0
ref
, the reference density can be modified by the user together with the volumetric expansion
K-EPSILON MODEL
The turbulent viscosity can be given by the user, as determined either from a mixing length model or from a k- model, the equations of which are:
k t t
U U
k k k V W x y z x V y W z
x x Cl
k t
k x x
y y
k t
k y y C2
z z
2
k t
k z z
P G
1 C3 G
wherein:
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Ui xj
Uj xi
Ui xj
g z
Prt
k2
TRACER EQUATIONS
The tracer can be either active (it affects hydrodynamics) or passive in TELEMAC-3D. Temperature, salinity and in some cases a sediment are active tracers. The tracer evolution equation is formulated as:
T t
with:
T x
T y
T z
T x
T y
T z
tracer either passive or affecting the density. tracer diffusion coefficients. time. space components. tracer source or sink.
Applications
The main applications of TELEMAC-3D concern configurations in which the three-dimensional aspect is preponderant: monitoring water temperature or salinity, owing to their preponderant role in density effects,
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sedimentary issues, in which there are considerable vertical disparities (maximum turbidity zones, etc.), vertically heterogeneous flows, need for more detailed knowledge of flows at a given level (water intakes, outfalls, etc.).
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TOMAWAC: Software for sea state modelling on unstructured grids over oceans and coastal seas
General description
TOMAWAC models sea states by solving the balance equation for the action density directional spectrum. To do so the model should reproduce the change in the action density directional spectrum at each node of a spatial computational grid. In TOMAWAC the wave directional spectrum is split into a finite number of propagation frequencies fi and directions i. The balance equation of wave action density is solved for each component (fi, i). The model is said to be a third generation model (e.g. like the WAM model [WAMDI, 1988] [Komen et al., 1994]), since it does not require any parameterization on the spectral or directional distribution of power (or action density). Each component of the action density spectrum changes in time under the effects of the software-modelled processes.
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over/underelevations caused by exceptional weather events, resulting in sea level variations up to several metres (storm surges). Fine modelling of the interactions between these various physical factors and waves is generally rather complex and several research projects are currently focused on it. Within the application domain as defined in the previous section, TOMAWAC models the following interactions: wave-bathymetry interaction: the submarine relief data entered into TOMAWAC are constant in time, but the sea level can change in time. In addition to the effects of sea level variations in time, TOMAWAC can take into account refraction, shoaling, bottom friction and bathymetric breaking; wave-atmosphere interaction: this interaction is the driving phenomenon in wave generation, takes part in energy dissipation processes (whitecapping, wave propagation against the wind, etc.) and is involved in energy transfers. To represent the unsteady behaviour of this interaction, TOMAWAC requires 10 m wind fields (specification of the pair of horizontal velocity components) with a time step matched to the weather conditions being modelled. These wind fields can be provided either by a meteorological model or from satellite measurements; wave-current interaction: sea currents (generated either by the tide or by oceanic circulations) may significantly affect waves depending on their intensity. They modify the refractive wave propagation direction, they reduce or increase the wave height according to their propagation direction in relation to the waves and may influence the wave periods if they exhibit a marked unsteady behaviour. In TOMAWAC, the current field is provided by the pair of horizontal components of its average (or depth-integrated) velocity at the nodes of the computational grid. TOMAWAC models frequency changes caused either by the Doppler effect or by unsteady currents, as well as by a non-homogeneous current field.
bottom friction-induced dissipation, occurring mainly in shallow water (bottom grain size distribution, ripples, percolation, etc.); dissipation through bathymetric breaking. As waves come near the coast, they swell due to shoaling until they break when they become too steep; dissipation through wave blocking due to strong opposing currents. > Non-linear energy transfer conservative processes: non-linear resonant quadruplet interactions; this is the exchange process prevailing at great depths; non-linear triad interactions, which become the prevailing process at small depths. -> Wave propagation-related processes: wave propagation due to wave group velocity and, on occasions, to the velocity of the medium in which it propagates (sea currents); depth-induced refraction which, at small depths, modifies the directions of the wave-ray and then involves energy transfer over the propagation directions; shoaling: wave height variation process as the water depth decreases, due to the reduced wavelength and variation in energy propagation velocity; current-induced refraction, which also causes a deviation of the wave-ray and energy transfer over the propagation directions; interactions with unsteady currents, inducing frequency transfers (e.g. as regards tidal seas); diffraction by a coastal structure (breakwater, pier, etc.) or a shoal, resulting in energy transfer towards the shadow areas beyond the obstacles blocking the wave propagation. reflection (partial or total) from a structure or a pronounced depth irregularity.
Applications
The applications of this software are connected with the definition of observed wave conditions: definition of the impact of a coastal development scheme (on wave conditions and therefore its implications for the associated sediment behaviour using appropriate software), definition of constraints on structures, definition of energy potential linked with waves, definition of marine submersion risks connected with waves as they approach the coast, etc.
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SYSIPHE
General description
SISYPHE is a process-based model: sediment transport rates, decomposed into bed-load and suspended load, are calculated as a function of the time-varying flow field and sediment properties at each node of the triangular grid. The resulting bed changes are determined by solving the Exner equation using either finite-element or finite-volume techniques. SISYPHE is applicable to sand (uniform or not) as well as to cohesive sediments or sand-mud mixtures. The sediment composition is represented by a finite number of classes, each characterized by its mean diameter, grain density and settling velocity. Sediment transport processes also include the effect of bottom slope, rigid beds, secondary currents, sliding beds, etc. In the case of cohesive or mixed sediments, the effect of bed consolidation can be accounted for. SISYPHE can be applied to a wide variety of hydrodynamic conditions from rivers and estuaries to coastal applications, where the effects of waves superimposed on a tidal current can be included. The bed shear stress, decomposed into skin friction and form drag, can be calculated either by imposing a friction coefficient (Strickler, Nikuradse or Chzy) or predicted by a bed-roughness predictor. SISYPHE can be either chained or internally coupled to the hydrodynamic models (TELEMAC-2D, -3D) or to the wave propagation model (TOMAWAC).
Applications
This type of model can be used to define sediment behaviour in a given configuration and thus anticipate where erosion or accretion problems are liable to occur. It can thus be used to define, for example, maintenance dredging programmes and the associated costs for harbour areas in a given configuration. The extra maintenance costs for a harbour development scheme can thus be defined. It can also be used to determine the environmental impact of such works and of possible discharges at sea (by monitoring discharged material, defining deposition areas, etc.), or to determine seasonal changes in turbidity in estuarine areas and thus anticipate suspended sediment levels that are incompatible with local uses (water intakes, etc.).
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Maximum concentration of suspended matter resulting from oceanic dispersal of dredged material in the SSA Pertuis Charentais
***** Other experts involved: Eric David ; Catherine Freissinet ; Claude Guilbaud
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